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A Project Report On
DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC JACK & ANALYSIS
Submitted To
Gujarat Technological University
Submitted By
RANA HITENDRASINH K. 096350319104
PATEL SATISH H. 096350319082
VANZARA RANCHHOD M. 096350319117
RATHOD HITESH M. 096350319060
Guided By
Faculty Name : Mr.M. K. PATEL
Mechanical Engineering Department
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UNDEFINED PROBLEM
Name of student
Enrollment
Number
Email ID
Branch Semester:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Student Signature
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BHANDU
CERTIFICATE
Mr./Ms
having title
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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ABSTRACT:
Now a day, infrastructure development is very fast growing, for that the use of
R.C.C construction machinery is very widely used, but in any R.C.C construction machinery
proper Mixing of raw material for Concrete is major problem. Proper mixing of raw material is
important task in any construction, for that we are use latest equipments which are mechanically
and hydraulically combined operated mostly. DESIGN OF OPEN HYDRAULIC JACK & ANALYSES is
one of them which are operated by two prime movers one prime mover is use for hydraulic
system operation for operating the hoper and other for operating drum for proper mixing of
concretThe work presented herein is mainly divided into the three chapters. The first chapter
introduces the concrete benching mixing machine with problem formulation and provides
motivation for the project. The second chapter presents the current state of mixing machine
research as presented in the form of scientific literature review.
PROJECT DEFINATION:
A hydraulic jack is a device used to lift
heavy loads. The device itself is light, compact and portable, but is capable of exerting great
force. The device pushes liquid against a piston; pressure is built in the jack's container. The jack
is based on Pascal's law that the pressure of a liquid in a container is the same at all point
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. Titles Page no.
Acknowledgement 1
Abstract 8
Tables Of Contents 9
List Of Figure
Nomenclature
Ch.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Introduction 13
1.4 History 14
1.5 Features 14
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1.6.4 Strand Jack 17
1.9 Advantages 21
1.10 Applications 23
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2.3.2.1.3 Length:- 31
Ch.5 REFERENCES 48
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Chapter 1
Introduction
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1-Defination Of Hydraulic Jack:-
A hydraulic jack is a device used to lift
heavy loads. The device itself is light, compact and portable, but is capable of
exerting great force. The device pushes liquid against a piston; pressure is built in
the jack's container. The jack is based on Pascal's law that the pressure of a liquid
in a container is the same at all points.
1.2-Introduction:-
A hydraulic jack is a jack that uses a liquid to push against a
piston. This is based on Pascal’s Principle. The principle states that pressure in a
closed container is the same at all points. If there are two cylinders connected,
applying force to the smaller cylinder will result in the same amount of pressure in
the larger cylinder. However, since the larger cylinder has more area, the resulting
force will be greater. In other words, an increase in area leads to an increase in
force. The greater the difference in size between the two cylinders, the greater the
increase in the force will be. A hydraulic jack operates based on this two cylinder
system.
1.3-Pascal’s law :-
Pressure on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished and
acts with equal force on equal areas and at 90 degrees to the container wall.
1.4-History:-
The Origin Of Hydraulic Jacks Can Be Dated Several Years Ago
When Richard Dudgeon, The Owner And Inventor Of Hydraulic Jacks, Started A
Machine Shop. In The Year 1851, He Was Granted A Patent For His Hydraulic
Jack. In The Year 1855, He Literally Amazed Onlookers In New York When He
Drove From His Abode To His Place Of Work In A Steam Carriage. It Produced A
Very Weird Noise That Disturbed The Horses And So Its Usage Was Limited To
A Single Street. Richard Made A Claim That His Invention Had The Power To
Carry Near About 10 People On A Single Barrel Of Anthracite Coal At A Speed
Of 14 M.P.H. Dudgeon Deserves A Special Credit For His Innumerable Inventions
Including The Roller Boiler Tube Expanders, Filter Press Jacks, Pulling Jacks,
Heavy Plate Hydraulic Hole Punches And Various Kinds Of Lifting Jacks.
1.5-Features:-
The jack uses compressible fluid, which is forced into a cylinder by
a plunger. Oil is usually used for the liquid because it is self-lubricating and has
stability compared with other liquids. When the plunger comes up, it pulls the
liquid through a check valve suction pump. When the plunger is lowered again, it
sends liquid through another valve into a cylinder. A ball used for suction in the
cylinder shuts the cylinder and pressure builds up in the cylinder. The suction
valve present in the jack opens at each draw of the plunger. The discharge valve,
which is outside the jack, opens when oil is pushed into the cylinder. The pressure
of the liquid enables the device to lift heavy loads.
1.6-Classification Of Jack:-
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1.6.1-Mechanical jack:-
Jackscrews are integral to the Scissor Jack, one of the simplest kinds of car jacks
still used.
1.6.2-Hydraulic jack:-
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1.6.3- Pneumatic jack:-
Fig 1.3 2.5 ton house jack that stands 24 inches from top to bottom fully
threaded out.
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1.6.4- Strand jack:-
A strand jack is a specialized hydraulic jack that grips steel
cables often used in concert, strand jacks can lift hundreds of tons and are used in
engineering and construction.
1.7-Working Principal:-
The hydraulic jack is a device used for lifting heavy loads by
the application of much smaller force. It is based on Pascal’s law, which states that
intensity of pressure is transmitted equally in all directions through a mass of fluid
at rest.
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cylinders connected together, a small one and a large one, and apply a small Force
to the small cylinder, this would result in a given pressure. By Pascal's Principle,
this pressure would be the same in the larger cylinder, but since the larger cylinder
has more area, the force emitted by the second cylinder would be greater. This is
represented by rearranging the pressure formula P = F/A, to F = PA. The pressure
stayed the same in the second cylinder, but Area was increased, resulting in a
larger Force. The greater the differences in the areas of the cylinders, the greater
the potential force output of the big cylinder. A hydraulic jack is simply two
cylinders connected as described above.
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So we can apply 1 lbs. to the small piston and get 10 lbs. of force to lift a heavy
object with the large piston. Is this 'getting something for nothing'? Unfortunately,
no. Just as a lever provides more force near the fulcrum in exchange for more
distance further away, the hydraulic lift merely converts work (force x distance) at
the smaller piston for the SAME work at the larger one. In the example, when the
smaller piston moves a distance of 10 inches it displaces 10 cubic inch of fluid.
That 10 cubic inch displaced at the 10 square inch piston moves it only 1 inch, so a
small force and larger distance has been exchanged for a large force through a
smaller distance.
Hydraulic jacks have six main parts. These are the reservoir, pump,
check valve, main cylinder, piston, and release valve. The reservoir holds hydraulic
fluid. A pump will draw the fluid up and then create pressure on the down stroke as
it pushes the fluid through the check valve. This valve allows the fluid to leave the
reservoir and enter the main cylinder. In the main cylinder, the piston is forced up
as the cylinder is filled with the fluid. When it is time to release the pressure and
allow the piston to return to its starting position, the release valve is opened. This
allows the fluid to return to the reservoir.
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Show In Figure;-
1.9-Advantages:-
Safety First:-
Hydraulic jacking System is one of the most safest mode to erect
storage tank, complete work is executed on ground level preventing risks of
accidents. For decades, there has been not a single report that proves its credibility
in being the safest and most likely method for the storage tank construction. The
hydraulic jack systems has now gained a lot of popularity.
Easier Inspection:-
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Our efficient hydraulic jacking systems needs various
scaffolding and attachments to offer comfortable access for welding heights.
No Scaffolding Required:-
Welding inspectors can now perform ultrasonic as well as
several other non destructive tests on welds at ground level, it allows easier
inspection for better quality control.
Faster Erection:-
The shell plates are erected at ground level in place of being
installed at the height of about 30 feet or more, in order to save construction time
required for the alignment of plates. The time and manpower needed for lifting the
plates to the height is amputated. Construction work remains unaffected by snow
or rain.
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1.10-Applications:-
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2 Design of Hydraulic Jack
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Confined liquid is
subject to pressure
For example, in an inflated tire, the outward push of the air is uniform throughout.
If it were not, a tire would be pushed into odd shapes because of its elasticity.
There is a major difference between a gas and a liquid. Liquids are slightly
compressible (Figure 2.1). When a confined liquid is pushed on, pressure builds
up. The pressure is still transmitted equally throughout the container. The fluid's
behavior makes it possible to transmit a push through pipes,
around corners, and up and down.
D2=F1*D1/F2
Where
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2.2-Basic Systems:-
The advantages of hydraulic systems over other methods of power transmission are
A- Hydraulic Jack:-
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B- Motor-Reversing System:-
Figure 2-2, shows a power-driven pump
operating a reversible rotary motor. A reversing valve directs fluid to either side of
the motor and back to the reservoir. A relief valve protects the system against
excess pressure and can bypass pump output to the reservoir, if pressure rises too
high.
C-Open-Center System:-
In this system, a control-valve spool must be open in
the center to allow pump flow to pass through the valve and return to the reservoir.
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this system in the neutral position. To operate several functions simultaneously,
an open-center system must have the correct connections, which are discussed
below. An open-center system is efficient on single functions but is limited with
multiple functions.
The return from the first valve is routed to the inlet of the second, and
so on. In neutral, the oil passes through the valves in series and returns to the
reservoir, as the arrows indicate. When a control valve is operated, the incoming
oil is diverted to the cylinder that the valve serves. Return liquid from the cylinder
is directed through the return line and on to the next valve. This system is
satisfactory as long as only one valve is operating at a time. When this happens, the
full output of the pump at full system pressure is available to that function.
However, if more than one valve is operating, the total of the pressures required for
each function cannot exceed the system’s relief setting.
2.3.1-Parts Of Cylinder:-
2.3.1.1-Cylinder Barrel:-
The cylinder barrel is mostly a seamless thick walled
forged pipe that must be machined internally. The cylinder barrel is ground and/or
honed internally.
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connection from the cylinder end cap to the barrel. In this type the barrel can be
disassembled and repaired.
2.3.1.3-Cylinder Head:-
The cylinder head is sometimes connected to the barrel
with a sort of a simple lock. In general, however, the connection is screwed or
flanged. Flange connections are the best, but also the most expensive. A flange has
to be welded to the pipe before machining. The advantage is that the connection is
bolted and always simple to remove. For larger cylinder sizes, the disconnection of
a screw with a diameter of 300 to 600 mm is a huge problem as well as the
alignment during mounting.
2.3.2-Piston Rod:-
2.3.2.1.1:-Metallic Coatings:-
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applications. Other stainless steels such as AISI 431 may also be used where there
are higher stresses, but lower corrosion concerns.
2.3.2.1.2:-Ceramic Coatings:-
2.3.2.1.3:-Length:-
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Chapter 3
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CALCULATIONS:-
D2=F1*D1/F2
Where
P=F/A
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D = Inner diameter
p = working pressure
D=3000/0.785*300
D2 = 12.76
P = working pressure
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= inner diameter of cylinder tube
1050 = 300 ×
750do =2700000
do =2700000*750
do =202500000
do=73mm
Tube thickness =
=73-60/2
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=6.5mm
DESIGN OF PISTON
We know that cylinder’s inner diameter is equal to piston’s outer diameter so piston outer
diameter is 60mm . Generally piston’s are maded from MILD STEEL & SUITABLE
MATERIAL……
3000=0.785*60*60*1750
3000=4945500kg/mm
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Chapter 4
LITERATURE REVIEW
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LITERATURE REVIEW
If the word hydraulics is understood to mean the use of water for the
benefit of mankind, then its practice must be considered to be even older than
recorded history itself. Traces of irrigation canals from prehistoric times still exist
in Egypt and Mesopotamia; the Nile is known to have been dammed at Memphis
some six thousand years ago to provide the necessary water supply, and the
Euphrates River was diverted into the Tigris even earlier for the same purpose.
Ancient wells still in existence reach to surprisingly great depths; and underground
aqueducts were bored considerable distances, even through bedrock. In what is
now Pakistan, houses were provided with ceramic conduits for water supply and
drainage some five thousand years ago; and legend tells of vast flood-control
projects in China barely a millenium later. All of this clearly demonstrates that
men must have begun to deal with the flow of water countless millenia before
these times.
Though both the art and the science of hydraulics treat of such flows,
they obviously differ significantly in time and substance. Hydraulic practice
necessarily originated as an art, for the principles involved could be formulated
only after long experience with science in general and water in particular. However
necessary the conduct of the art thus was to the eventual development of the
science, it is almost exclusively with the science of hydraulics that the present
article will deal. As a matter of fact, the subiect matter of the traditional college
course in hydraulics -- particularly as it was taught in the not-too-recent past --
provides a framework on which the history of the science can conveniently be
based.
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This scienceactually had its origins some two millenia ago in the
course of Greek civilization. It must be granted, however, that Greek physics was
of such a hypothetical nature that with one exception it had little positive influence
in the millenia to follow. The part that concerns us here is the then-prevailing
belief that the universe consists of four elements (fire, air, water, and earth), that
each is displaced by the next in order of increasing weight, and that the space
around us must be occupied by one element or another. "Nature," in other words,
"abhors a vacuum." In due time the concept of a fifth element, ether, came into
being, for want of something to fill outer space. To the Greeks, the abhorrence of a
vacuum served to explain free flight, a body in motion presumedly being driven by
the fluid closing in behind. Known as the medium theory of motion, this was one
of the teachings of Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), who wrote on a wide variety of
subjects ranging from physics to metaphysics. The so-called impetus theory of
motion was proposed nearly a thousand years after Aristotle's time; however,
because impetus could not be seen, the concept was not generally accepted, and the
medium theory remained in favor for at least another millenium.
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direct study of nature in its many aspects. Leonardo's hydraulic observations
extended to the detailed characteristics of jets, waves, aud eddies, not to mention
the flight of birds and comparable facets of essentialIy every other field of
knowledge. In particular, it was Leonardo who first correctly formulated the basic
principle of hvdraulics known as continuity: the velocity of flow varies inversely
with the cross-sectional area of a stream. Unfortunately, not only were his copious
notes writteu in mirror image (probably for reasons of secrecy), but, in addition,
most of them were lost for several centuries after his death. Thus his discoveries
had little effect on the growth of the science.
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the Italian Domenico Guglielmini (1655-1710) is similarly considered by many to
have been the founder of the Italian school. But whereas Mariotte was a laboratory
experimenter, Guglielmini made extensive field measurements of river flow.
Interestingly enough, Guglielmini eventually became a professor of medicine!
At about the same time, the short-lived French savant Blaise Pascal
(1623-62) concerned himself with the same barometric problems as the equally
short-lived Torricelli (not to mention Mariotte), but it was Pascal who finally
completed the principles of hydrostatics. Not only did he clarify the
transmissibility of pressure from point to point and its application to the hydraulic
jack, but he also showed that the barometric (i.e., atmospheric) pressure must vary
with elevation and hence that the barometer would have a zero reading in a
vacuum.
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One of the earliest mathematicians to apply Leibniz's calculus (and
even to contribute some of the nomenclature still used today) was the Swiss Johann
Bernoulli (1667-1748), who was also noteworthy for the mathematical training of
his son Daniel (1700-82) and his son's comrade Leonhard Euler (1707-83). Johann
thereafter went to Paris to collaborate with the French nobleman the Marquis de
l'Hopital; Daniel became a member of the Russian academy at St. Petersburg,
where he was later joined bv Euler. L'Hopital eventually published his and
Johann's (largely the latter's) joint findings without due credit to his collaborator,
much to Johann's chagrin. When Daniel published in 1738 the original treatise
Hydrodynamica, Johann proceeded to write a book that he called Hydraulica,
which -- whether through envy or bitterness over l'Hopital's failure to acknowledge
his contribution -- he purposely predated a full ten years!
Daniel's work contained much that was new for example, the use of
manometers, the kinetic theory of gases, and iet propulsion but nowhere in the
book (or in his father's either) can one find what is known as the Bernoulli
theorem. Just as its source, Leibniz's energy principle, consisted of only potential
and kinetic terms, so too did the Bernoulli equation; the corresponding pressure
term was evaluated separately by means of Newton's momentum equation.
Even Franklin was not the first to conduct scale-model tests, credit for
which is due John Smeaton (1724-92), an English engineer who was one of the
very few practical people in his country to become a member of the Royal Society
in the course of the next century or so. In his prize-winning paper of 1759, "An
experimental Inquiry concerning the Natural Powers of Water and Wind to turn
Mills, and other Machines, depending on a Circular Motion", Smeaton described
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experiments on models of undershot wheels, overshot wheels, and windmills,
evaluating there from the general power relationships.
Two essential measuring instruments came into being at this time, the
Pitot tube and the rotating arm. The first still bears the name of its inventor, the
Frenchman Henri de Pitot (1695-1771), who called it a "machine" for determining
the speed of flowing water. It consisted of two vertical glass tubes connected at
their top by a valve, one tube simply being open at the bottom and the other L-
shaped with its open end pointing upstream; the difference in water level between
the two tubes after closure of the valve and their withdrawal from the flow
permitted the velocity to be computed. Use of a rotating arm to propel a body
through air for its drag determination was developed bv the Englishman Benjamin
Robins (1707-5 ), who also invented the ballistic pendulum.
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by the mathematician Baron Augustin Louis de Cauchy (1789-1857), next by the
mechanician Simeon Denis Poisson (1781-1840), and finally in 1845 by the
Cambridge professor George Gabriel Stokes (1819 1903 ), the latter eventually
applying the equations to the resistance of small spheres. It is significant, however,
that in the meantime (1843) a more general form of the equations was developed
by Jean-Claude Barre de Saint-Venant (1797-1886) and later found to be
applicable not only to the laminar phase of viscous flow bnt also to that known as
fluid turbulence
In the first half of the nineteenth century, the German Gotthilf Ludwig
Hagen (1797-1884) condncted in 1839 some very meticu lous measurements of the
flow of water in small-diameter tubes, utilizing the water temperature instead of
the viscosity as one of the parameters. A few years later the French physician Jean
Louis Poiseuille (1799-1869) repeated the experiments independently using even
liner tubes to simulate blood vessels, and oil and mercury in addition to water.
Except in Germany, the phenomenon is known as Poiseuille flow, even though
neither Poiseuille nor Hagen really understood the mathematics of the
phenomenon. Hagen, however, had remarked in an 1854 paper that the flow was
not always laminar, the efflux jet sometimes being clear and sometimes frosty;
similarly, sawdust suspended in the water sometimes moved in straight lines and
sometimes very irregularly; in the latter instances he noted that his resistance
equation no longer applied.
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law has come to be known under Froude's name, although it had actually been
announced at least 20 years earlier by Ferdinand Reech (1805 80), an Alsatian
teaching in a naval college at Paris. But Froude was the first to note the
development along the hull of ships of what came to be known as the boundary
layer, a phenomenon of viscous shear which eventually was shown to be a function
of the Reynolds number. It is hence only fair to note that Reynolds was the first to
utilize the Froude law of similarity in model tests of tidal action in the Mersey
estuary.
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recounted elsewhere , American hydraulicians gradually became aware of English,
French, and eventually German discoveries, utilizing their coefficients and later
repeating and extending their experiments. But it was really not until early in the
present century that America began to contribute much that was new. To be sure,
Professor Felix Klein of Gottingen is said to have been so deeply impressed by the
shops and laboratories of our land-grant institutions that he began to employ men
as practical as Prandtl. Much of America's accomplishment, however, came about
through the Yankee engineer John R. Freeman (1855-1932), who not only
stimulated the foundation of two federal hydraulics laboratories but also
established traveling scholarships with three of the leading engineering societies.
Most of the Freeman scholars followed the practice of the German civil engineers,
who adhered to small-scale model studies based primarily on the Froude criterion
of similitude, but three or four gave heed to the teachings of the Prandtl school and
stressed the principles of fluid mechanics. America's prime contribution was in fact
the broadening of hydraulics science to include both a reasonable degree of
analytical rigor and experimental verification of the physical analysis. The advent
of wartime exigencies led to an intensification of laboratory activity in at least two
institutions, the California Institute of Technology and The University of Iowa,
where those who had studied in Europe under Freeman's auspices were in positions
of responsibility. Their experiments ranged from torpedo cavitation to ship drag,
from the diffusion of smoke and gas by wind to fog dispersal over airplane landing
fields, from the throw of fire streams to atmospheric turbulence.
I had the distinct privilege of knowing all three of these very effective
engineering scientists. Not long after the war, moreover, I encouraged one of our
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own graduate students at Iowa, Simon Ince, to undertake as his doctoral
dissertation a review of the developments described in the foregoing pages. This he
did; his 1959, dissertation was entitled "'A History of Hydraulics to the End of the
Eighteenth Century." Later that year I received an appointment as Fulbright
research scholar at Grenoble, France, where Pierre Danel, director of the
hydraulics laboratory at the Etablissements Neyrpic, had developed a magnificent
library that included many of the historical works mentioned herein. With such
material at hand, I rewrote and greatly expanded Ince's dissertation, bringing it up
to the middle of the present century. This was published as a bilingual supplement
to La Houille Blanche, a journal of which Danel was editor, under the title History
of Hydraulics and thereafter in book form by the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic
Besearch.
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Chapter 5
REFERENCES
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SOURCES USED
DOCUMENTS NEEDED
These documents must be available to the users of this publication;
Department of the Army Forms
DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms.
February 197
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