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331
Summary A transient contact problem with frictional heating and wear for two nonuniform
sliding half-spaces is considered. One of the two half-spaces is assumed to be slightly curved to
give a Hertzian initial pressure distribution: the other is a rigid nonconductor. Under the
assumption that the contact pressure distribution could be described by Hertz formulas during
all the process of interaction, the problem is formulated in terms of one integral equation of
Volterra type with unknown radius of contact area. A numerical solution of this equation is
obtained using a piecewise-constant presentation of an unknown function. The influence of
operating parameters on the contact temperature and the radius of the contact area is studied.
Key words frictional heating, wear, contact pressure, temperature, brake system
1
Introduction
Friction heat generation in the sliding contact of two bodies influences friction and wear
characteristics of brake systems [1]. Its most reliable calculation may be obtained by Chi-
chinadze’s [2] system of heat dynamics equations of friction and wear. Here, the solutions of
one-dimensional (with respect to spatial coordinate) transient equations of heat conductivity
shall be used.
We note that numerous experimental evidence suggests that the contact area is generally
circular, e.g. tread braked railway wheels exhibit circular thermally affected zones on the
surface [3]. The case in which the temperature and stress fields in a conducting half-space are
symmetrical about an axis was investigated in [4] and [5]. It was assumed that the circular
frictional heat source on the surface of an elastic half-space exists, and that the radius of the
heating region is fixed.
An approach to define the surface temperature of the disc brake based on the solution [6] of
an axisymmetrical contact problem for a half-space with frictional heat generation has been
proposed in [7]. The variation of contact radius and temperature during uniform deceleration
was investigated.
The effect of simultaneous frictional heating and wear on the temperature rise was studied in
[8] under the assumption that sliding is uniform. The present paper is the continuation of the
investigation [8] for the case of uniform retardation of the speed from an initial value to zero.
2
Statement of the problem
Two semilimited bodies are being compressed by a force P. One of the bodies slides on the
surface of the other with a time-dependent speed
t
V
t V0
1 ÿ ; t ts ;
1
ts
as is shown in Fig. 1. Here t is a time, ts is a stopping time (duration of the stop), V0 is an initial
speed.
A. Yevtushenko, R. Chapovska
Department of Mechanics, Lviv University,
1 Universitetska Street, Lviv 290602, Ukraine
332
Sliding is accompanied by frictional heat generation over the contact interface in the form of
a heat flux
directed into the elastic moving body. Here, f is the coefficient of friction, p is the contact
pressure, r is the radial coordinate, a
t is the radius of the contact circle, H
3 is the Heaviside
single function.
It is assumed that the motionless body is a rigid thermoinsulator; the convective heat
transfer from the free surface of bodies is absent; the continuity of the normal and tangential
stresses in the contact area may be neglected. The last assumption does not mean that the
tangential traction on the surface is neglected. Indeed, the work done against these tractions is
the source of the heat generation. However, the elastic displacement normal to the surface,
caused by the tangential tractions, is much smaller than that produced by the normal tractions,
and the coupling effect is negligible.
At the same time, the wear takes place. We use the Archard’s law of wear with the coefficient
of wear kw [9].
The surface of the elastic body is slightly curved to give an initial Hertzian pressure
distribution.
The approximate solution of this problem is based on the representation of the thermally
deformed solid by a quadratic surface, i.e. the contact pressure at any instant will be ap-
proximated by the nearest Hertzian distribution. With this assumption, using the method
found in [8], we obtain the following governing equation of Volterra type for the function
b
t 3 ;
1
Z t 3
s3
ds3 1
1:277 1 ÿ 3 1 ÿ 0:783k3w ÿ W
B 4 3 3 ; 0 t3 ts3 ;
3
b
t3
3
0 ts b
s b
0
where
W B 1 B2 exp ÿB2 ; 4
b2
t3
B2 ;
5
t 3 ÿ s3
a
t3
b
t 3 ;
6
a0
4kt 4ks 4kts
t3 ; s3 ; ts3 ;
7
a20 a20 a20
pK
1 ÿ m
a0 ;
8
1:566 at lf V0
1 m
lV0 kw
k3w ;
9
p
1 ÿ mk
The shear modulus is l; m is the Poisson’s ratio, at is the coefficient of linear thermal ex-
pansion, K is the coefficient of thermal conductivity, k is the coefficient of thermal diffusivity.
We note that Eq. (3) differs from corresponding Eq. (30) in [8] by the integrand
1 ÿ s3 =ts3 .
If wear is absent, a0 in (8) becomes the radius of the contact area in the steady sate [10].
333
3
Numerical algorithm
We shall build a numerical scheme of the solution of the nonlinear integral equation (3). With
this aim, we divide the integration interval 0; t 3 into l equal parts of the length Dt by points
tk kDt ; k 0; 1; 2; . . . ; l ; 0 tk ts sDt :
Since for small values of time t ! 0 we have B ! 1; W
B ! 0, thus Eq. (3) may be rewritten
as
1
Z t 3 ÿDt s3
ds3
1:277 1 ÿ 3 D ÿ W
B 4 3
b
t3
3 ts b
s
0
Z t3 s3 ds3
1
1:277D 1ÿ 3 4 3 3 ; 0 t3 ts3 ;
10
t3 ÿDt ts b
s b
0
where
D 1 ÿ 0:783k3w : 11
At the first time step we have t 3 t1 Dt ; and from (10) it follows that
1
Z t 1
s3 ds3 1
1:277D 1ÿ :
12
b3
t1 0 ts3 b4
s3 b3
0
where
a
0
b0 b
0 :
14
a0
At the k-th time step it is t 3 tk kDt ; bk b
tk ; and by the quadrature formula of the
trapezoidal rule it follows from Eq. (10):
( h )
1 X
kÿ1 00
hi kÿ1 hk 1
0:638Dt 2 D ÿ W
Bi D 4 4 ;
15
b3k i0
4
bi bkÿ1 bk b30
where
ti
hi 1 ÿ ; i 0; 1; . . . ; k ;
16
ts
b20 b2i
B20 ; B2i ; i 1; 2; . . . ; k ÿ 1 :
17
kDt
k ÿ iDt
P
Here and elsewhere, the summation sign 00 means that the first and the last term of the series
must be multiplied by 1=2. Having multiplied both sides of (15) by b4k 6 0, we get
where
1 hk
d1k ; d0k 0:638D Dt ;
19
Bk Bk
( )
334 X
kÿ1 00
hi hkÿ1 1
Bk 0:638 Dt 2 D ÿ W
Bi D 4 :
20
i0
4
bi bkÿ1 b30
The largest positive real root of the fourth power polynomial (18) will give the required value
of the dimensionless radius of the contact area b
tk at the k-th time step.
It may be shown that in the absence of wear k3w 0; D 1 the existence of such a root is
ensured by carrying out the condition
1:35hk
Dt < 1 :
21
B3k
From (21) and (16) it follows that the time-step magnitude depends essentially on the
stopping time ts . If k3w 6 0, then it is difficult to obtain an estimation of type (21), and the
choice of Dt is made by selection.
4
Temperature
The temperature on the surface z 0 of the half-space due to the heat flux (2) is defined by [11]
1
Z tZ a
s Z 2p
q
s; s
T
r ; t 3 3 exp
ÿX 2 s dhdsds ;
22
4qc
pk 2 0 0 0
t ÿ s2
where
r2 ÿ 2rs cos h s2
X2 ; r 0; 0 t ts :
4k
t ÿ s
Here,
is the maximum temperature at the centre of the circular contact region r a0 in the steady
state of heat generation at long braking
ts ! 1 [6]. From Eq. (24) it follows that, for the
given power of heat generation f V0 P, the maximum temperature may be lowered if we use
materials with low shear modulus l. Such are composite materials of brake shoe pads which are
more effective in exploitation than cast iron shoes with a high shear modulus [2].
The function U3
B in Eq. (23) is
U3
B 0:5B1 ÿ F1
B ;
25
where
Z B
ÿ1
F1
B B exp
ÿB 2
exp
n2 dn ;
26
0
!!
; B<3 , 335
F1
B P
27
>
> N
:
2iÿ1 !!
; B>3 .
2B2 i1
i0
5
Numerical analysis
The input parameters of the problem are three dimensionless quantities: the stopping time ts3
(7), the coefficient of wear k3w (9) and the initial radius of the contact circle b0 (14).
The dependences of the dimensionless contact area radius b (6) on the ratio t 3 =ts3 at fixed
values b0 10; k3w 0 (continuous curves) and k3w 0:2 (dashed curves) for two values ts3 are
shown in Fig. 2. The corresponding distribution of the dimensionless temperature
T 3 T
t 3 =Tmax is shown in Fig. 3. The value of the coefficient of wear k3w 0:2 is appropriate
for ceramics/metal interfaces at high sliding speeds [14]. From Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 one can see that
the maximum temperature on the contact is reached at the time moment when the contact area
radius is minimum. Wear reduces at increasing of the contact area and at decreasing of the
contact temperature. At small
ts3 20 values of the stopping time, the influence of wear on
the contact radius b and on the temperature T 3 is negligible. Another picture is observed in
long
ts3 50 regimes of braking. In this case, at t 3 0:8ts3 ; k3w 6 0; a sharp increase of the
contact region takes place (Fig. 2). Thus, the contact circle radius at t 3 ts3 50 in absence of
wear
k3w 0 is only 30% of the corresponding value at k3w 0:2. The maximum contact
temperature is reached approximately in the middle of the stopping time
t 3 0:5ts3 .
The stopping time depends on the friction force and can be defined from the equation
d
MV
ÿf P ;
28
dt
where M is the mass of the system, referred to the radius of the braking surface.
Since the decreasing of the mass M due to wear is small, taking the Eq. (1) into account, we
obtain from (28)
MV0
fP :
29
ts
Further, using Eq. (7), we find from (29)
3MV02
Tmax ;
31
2a30 cts3
3MV02 T T
T1 ; T13 :
32
2a30 c Tmax ts3 T1
Physically, a30 c is the heat capacity of a cube of given material with a side length a0 .
Therefore, T1 is the temperature which is equal to the ratio of the initial kinetic energy of the
system to the quantity of heat in one third of this cube.
Figure 4 shows the dependence of T13 on t 3 =ts3 in the absence of wear
k3w 0, for fixed
values ts3 . The behaviour of T13 is different, depending on the magnitude of the stopping time.
Two intervals of its change may be choosen:
– a rapid regime
ts3 < 50. High contact temperatures do not develop, and with increasing ts3
the temperature falls. In this regime, the maximum temperature T13 is reached nearly at the
middle of the stopping time,
– a slow regime
ts3 > 50. The braking period is so large that the surface temperature is
sufficient for hot spots to arise. The temperature will reach the maximum value Tmax in
steady state and, therefore, from (32) we find
1
T13 :
33
ts3
The influence of wear on the contact temperature is shown in Fig. 5. In this case, the
maximum contact temperature is reached during the rapid regime of braking. The dependence
of the maximum temperature T13 on the stopping time ts3 at b0 5; 10 and k3w 0 (continuous
337
curves) and k3w 0:2 (dashed curves) is shown in the semilogarithmic scale in Fig. 6. We see
that there exists a stopping time ts3 at which the temperature reaches the minimum value. At
slow braking
ts3 > 100; the temperature reaches the steady-state value, and T13 asymptotically
tends to the value (33).
Conclusions
The main deductions from the obtained solutions are:
a) The introduction of wear into the analysis of the thermoelastic contact of two sliding half-
spaces with uniform retardation leads to a decrease of the maximum temperature and an
increase of the contact radius;
b) The maximum contact temperature and the minimum contact radius are reached near the
middle of the stop, t 0:5 ts ;
c) The significant increase of contact area due to wear takes place at the end of braking
t 0 : 8 t s ;
d) In a slow braking regime at absence of wear, the increase of contact temperature is suf-
338 ficient for developing hot spots;
e) When wear takes place, the highest value of the temperature T1 , which is independent from
the initial kinetic energy, is reached during rapid braking.
References
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