Partial Derivatives of f(x,y)

Rate(s) of change of f(x,y) ?

Partial Derivatives w.r.t. x and y:
f f ( x  h, y )  f ( x, y )
 f x ( x, y )  lim
x h 0 h
f f ( x, y  h )  f ( x, y )
 f y ( x, y )  lim
y h 0 h

All rules for differentiation apply:

Product rule, Quotient rule, etc…

Geometric Interpretation

fy(a ,b) =
slope of the tangent L1
(in the plane x = a)

fx(a,b) =
slope of the tangent L2
(in the plane y = b)

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 Second Derivatives
   f   2 f
f x  ( f x ) x  f xx     2
x x  x  x
   f   2 f
f x  ( f x ) y  f xy    
y y  x  yx
   f   2 f
f y  ( f y ) x  f yx    
x x  y  xy
   f   2 f
f y  ( f y ) y  f yy     2
y y  y  y

Theorem

For f = f(x,y), if f, fx , fy , fxy and fyx are

continuous on an open region R, then
fxy = fyx
throughout R.

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 Partial Derivatives of f(x,y,z)
Rate(s) of change of f(x,y,z) ?
Partial Derivatives w.r.t. x, y and z:

f f ( x  h, y , z )  f ( x , y , z )
 f x ( x, y, z )  lim
x h 0 h
f f ( x , y  h, z )  f ( x , y , z )
 f y ( x, y, z )  lim
y h 0 h
f f ( x, y , z  h )  f ( x, y , z )
 f z ( x, y, z )  lim
z h 0 h

Second Derivatives
2 f 2 f 2 f
f xx  f xy  f xz 
x 2 yx zx
2 f 2 f 2 f
f yx  f yy  f yz 
xy y 2 zy
2 f 2 f 2 f
f zx  f zy  f zz 
xz yz z 2

Continuity  f xy  f yx , f xz  f zx , f yz  f zy

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 Examples (pp 815-819)
1. If f ( x, y )  x 3 y 2  2 x 2 y  3 x, find
(a) f x ( x, y ) and f y ( x, y )
(b) f x (2, 1) and f y (2, 1)
w
2. Find if w  xy 2 e xy .
y
3. If w  x 2 y 3 sin z  xe xz , find
w / x , w / y , w / z.
4. Find the second partial derivatives of
f ( x, y)  x3 y 2  2 x 2 y  3x

Increment of f(x,y)
w = f (x,y)

(x,y)  (x+ Δx, y+ Δy)

f(x,y)  f(x+ Δx, y+ Δy)

increment Δw = f(x+ Δx, y+ Δy) – f(x,y)

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 Example 1 (p 824)
Let w  f ( x, y )  3 x 2  xy.
(a) Find w in terms of x and y .
(b) Calculate the change in w when ( x,y )
change from (1,2) to (1.01,1.98).

Solution
(a) f ( x, y )  3x 2  xy
f ( x  x, y  y )  3( x  x) 2  ( x  x)( y  y )
w  f ( x  x, y  y )  f ( x, y )  
 (6 x  y )x  xy  3(x) 2  (x)(y )
w  ( f x )x  ( f y )y  (3x)x  (x)(y)

(b) Change from (1,2) to (1.01,1.98)

x  1, y  2, x  0.01, y  0.02  w  

5
 Theorem

The increment Δw at (x0, y0) is given by:

Δw = fx(x0,y0) Δx + fy(x0,y0) Δy + ε1 Δx + ε2 Δy
where ε1, ε2 → 0 as Δx, Δy → 0

Differential of f(x,y)
u  f ( x)  du  f ' ( x) dx Change along tangent

w = f (x,y)
dx = Δx dy = Δy
dw = fx(x,y) dx + fy(x,y) dy
w w
dw  dx  dy
x y

w  dw

6
 Example 3 (p 827)
Let w = 3x2 – x y.

Find dw and use it to approximate the

change in w when (x,y) changes from
(1,2) to (1.01,1.98).

How does this compare with the exact

change in w?

Solution
w  f ( x, y )  3 x 2  xy
dw  (6 x  y ) dx  xdy
x 1 y  2
dx  x  0.01 dy  y  0.02
 dw    0.06
w  (6 x  y ) x  xy  3( x) 2  (x)(y )
 0.0605
Error = 0.0005

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 Example 4 (p 827)

The radius and altitude of a right circular

cylinder are measured as 3in and 8in,
respectively, with possible error in
measurement of ±0.05in. Use differentials to
approximate the maximum error in the
calculated volume of the cylinder.

Solution
V   r 2h
V V
V  dV  dr  dh
r h
 2 rh dr   r 2 dh
r  3 h  8 dr  dh  0.05
V  dV  2 (3)(8)(0.05)   (3) 2 ( 0.05)


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Increment and Differential of f (x,y,z)
w = f (x,y,z)
Δw = f(x+Δx,y+Δy,z+Δz) - f(x,y,z)
= fx(x,y,z)Δx+fy(x,y,z)Δy+fz(x,y,z)Δz+
ε1Δx+ε2Δy+ε3Δz
dw = fx(x,y,z) dx + fy(x,y,z) dy + fz(x,y,z) dz

w w w
w  dw  dx  dy  dz
x y z

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 Example 6 (p 830)
Suppose the dimensions (in inches) of a
rectangular box change from 9, 6, 4 to
9.02, 5.97 and 4.01, respectively.

(a) Use differentials to approximate the

change in volume.

(b) Find the exact change in volume.

Solution
(a) V  xyz
V V V
V  dV  dx  dy  dz
x y z
 yz dx  xz dy  xy dz
x9 y6 z4
dx  0.02 dy  0.03 dz  0.01
 V  dV  

(b) V  (9.02)(5.97)(4.01)  (9)(6)(4)  

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 Chain Rules (case 1)

w = w(u,v) with u = u(x,y), v = v(x,y)

 w = h(x,y)

w w u w v
 
x u x v x

w w u w v
 
y u y v y

Chain Rules (case 2)

w = w(u,v,r) ,
u = u(x,y,z), v = v(x,y,z) , r = r(x,y,z)
 w = h(x,y,z)

w w u w v w r
  
x u x v x r x
w w u w v w r
  
y u y v y r y
w w u w v w r
  
z u z v z r z

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 Chain Rules (case 3)
w = w(x,y) with x = x(t), y = y(t)
 w = h(t)
dw w dx w dy
 
dt x dt y dt
w = w(x,y,z) with x = x(t), y = y(t) , z = z(t)
 w = h(t)

dw w dx w dy w dz
  
dt x dt y dt z dt

Example 1 (p 837)
w w
Find and if w  r 3  s 2 with
p q
r  pq 2 s  p 2 sin q.

w w r w s
  
p r p s p
w w r w s
  
q r q s q

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 Example 2 (p 838)
w
Find if w  r 2  sv  t 3 with
z
r  x2  y2  z 2 s  xyz v  xe y t  yz 2 .

w w r w s w v w t
   
z r z s z v z t z


Example 3 (p 839)
dw
Find if w  x 2  yz with
dt
x  3t 2  1 y  2t  4 z  t 3.

dw w dx w dy w dz
  
dt x dt y dt z dt


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 Example 4 (p 839)
In an electrical circuit I = V/R
V = 80 volts, increasing at a rate of 5 volts/min
R = 40 ohms, decreasing at a rate of 2 ohms/min
Find the rate of change of I.

Solution

dI I dV I dR
 
dt V dt R dt
1 dV  V  dR
   
R dt  R 2  dt
dV dR
V  80  5 R  40  2
dt dt
dI
 
dt

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Derivatives of Implicit Functions
y 4  3 y  4 x 3  5 x  1  0  y  f ( x) ?
dy
?
dx

F ( x, y )  0 , y  f ( x )
dF F dx F dy
  0
dx x dx y dx
F F dy dy F
  0   x
x y dx dx Fy

Example 5 (p 841)
dy
Find if y 4  3 y  4 x3  5 x  1  0.
dx

Let F ( x, y )  y 4  3 y  4 x 3  5 x  1  0.
dy Fx  12 x 2  5 12 x 2  5
   
3
dx Fy 4y  3 4 y3  3

15
Derivatives of Implicit Functions (cont.)
z z
F ( x, y , z )  0  z  f ( x, y ) ? , ?
x y
F F x F y F z
   0
x x x y x z x
F F z z F
  0   x
x z x x Fz
F z Fy
  0  
y y Fz

z Fx z Fy
zx   , zy  
x Fz y Fz

Example 6 (p 842)
z z
Find , if x 2 z 2  xy 2  z 3  4 yz  5  0.
x y

Let F ( x, y, z )  x 2 z 2  xy 2  z 3  4 yz  5  0.
z Fx 2 xz 2  y 2
   2
x Fz 2 x z  3z 2  4 y
z Fy 2 xy  4 z
  2
y Fz 2 x z  3z 2  4 y

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