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Notes on
1.63 Advanced Environmental Fluid Mechanics
Instructor: C. C. Mei, 2002
ccmei@mit.edu, 1 617 253 2994
ρt + ∇ · ρ~q = 0 (4.1.1)
There are 5 unknowns ρ, p, qi but only 4 equations. One more equation is needed.
Use the kinematic transport theorm, the left hand side becomes
ZZZ Ã !
D q2
ρ e+ dV
V Dt 2
Becasue of momentum conservation, the terms inhluded in the underbraces cancel, leaving
e = e(p, T ) (4.1.7)
ρ = ρ(p, T ) (4.1.8)
Now there are 10 unknowns qi , Qi , ρ, p, e, T , and 10 equations: 1 from (4.1.1), 3 from (4.1.2),
1 from (4.1.5), 3 from (4.1.6), 1 from (4.1.7) and 1 from (4.1.8).
3
ρ∼
= ρ̄o (1 − β∆T + ε∆p) (4.1.14)
For liquids
O(β) ∼ 10−3 /o K, O(ε) ∼ 10−6 /atm
Rewrite Eqn. (4.1.5)
DT ∂qi ∂ ∂T ∂qi
ρCv = −p + K + τij (4.1.16)
Dt ∂xi ∂xi ∂xi ∂xj
DT ∂ ∂T ∂qi
ρC = K + τij (4.1.17)
Dt ∂xi ∂xi ∂xj
4
Recall that
∂qi
Φ = τij (4.1.18)
∂xj
is the rate of viscous dissipation. Thus the rate of change in internal energy is equal to the
sum of rate of pressure working to compress the fluid, viscous dissipation, and heat diffusion.
More will be said about the incompressiblilty of liquid later.
∆ρ ∆T 10o K
∼ ∼ ¿1
ρ T 300o K
Therefore,
∇ · ~q = 0. (4.2.1)
The fluid is approximately incompressible even if ∆T 6= 0.
ρ = ρd + ρo
Hence
ρo = ρ̄o (1 − β∆To ), ρd = −ρ̄o β∆Td ,
and
(ρ − ρo )f~ = −ρ̄o (−g)β∆Td~k = ρ̄o gβ∆Td~k (4.2.5)
For mildly varying ρo and small ρ − ρo , we ignore the variation of density and approximate
ρo by a constant everywhere, except in the body force. This is called the Boussinesq
approximation. Thus
D~q =
ρ̄o = −∇pd + ∇· τ +ρ̄o gβ∆Td ~k (4.2.6)
Dt
where
ρ̄o = ρo (z = 0)
Water Air
◦
C (erg/s-gr- K) 4 × 107 107
K (ergs-cm-◦ K) 0.6 × 105 0.3 × 105
2
ν(cm /s) 102 2 × 10−2
β(1/◦ K) 10−3 1/300
E 0.25 × 10−2 10−4
Re 105 0.5 × 105
Only convection and diffusion are dominant. This is typical in natural convectin problems.
Remark 1. In many engineering problems (aerodynamics, rocket reentry, etc.), heat
is caused by frictional dissipation in the flow, therefore, Φ is important. These are called
forced convection problems. In environmental problems, flow is often the result of heat
addition. Here we have thenatural convection.
Remark 2: Since T̄ appears as a derivative only, only the variation of T , i.e., the
difference T − T̄o matters, where T̄o is a reference temperature.
Remark 3: In turbulent natural convection
u = ū + u0 T = T̄ + T 0 (4.2.9)
DT̄ ∂ 0 0 ∂ ∂ T̄
ρ̄o c =− ρ̄o c ui T + K (4.2.10)
Dt ∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
| {z }
heat flux by turbulence
If the the correlation term is modeled as eddy diffusion, the form would be similar to (4.2.8).