SESSION 1

 Inputs and Outputs

 Hardware

 Software and their classification

 Databases

 Interfaces
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 Any type of information that is fed into a
computer

 The data to be processed by a system

 Example: Requirements collected from the client to

design a system.

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 Output is the useful information that leaves the
system; i.e. processed information

 Example: System being design for the requirements

collected.

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 Hardware is a general term that refers to the
physical artifacts of a technology.

 Example: Hard disk, Monitor, Mother board

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 Computer software is a general term used to
describe a set of instructions for a computer
which enable the computer to do a certain task
with a desired output.
 They can be catogorized into
 Operating System Software
 Application Software
 Custom Software

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 Operating System Software – Acts an an
interface between the computer and the end
user

 E.g. – Windows, Unix, Linux

 Application Software – refers to a complete and

self-contained software that helps the user
accomplish a specific task

 E.g. – MS-Office, Winamp Player etc.

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 Custom Software: refers to a system developed
as per the client specific requirements

 E.g.: A software for a Bank or a Hospital

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 Database is a collection of information that is
organized so that it can easily be accessed,
managed, and updated

 DBMS is a software system that enables users

to define, create and maintain the database and
which provides controlled access to the
database

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Early Types of DBMS
 Flat files
 Hierarchical
 Network
Current Generation
 Relational
Advanced Systems
- Object Based

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 Hierarchical - data is organized into a tree-like
structure, implying a single upward link in
each node to describe the nesting.
E.g.

CUSTOMER

ORDER

ORDER ITEM SHIPMENT

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 Network – A database that runs in a network.
It implies that the DBMS was designed with a
client/server architecture.
 A database organization method that allows
for data relationships in a net-like form
 A single data element can point to multiple
data elements and can itself be pointed to by
other data elements

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E.g. :

CUSTOMER ORDER 1

ORDER 6

ORDER 2

ORDER 5

ORDER 4 ORDER 3

ORDER ITEM 3

ORDER ITEM 1 ORDER ITEM 2

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 Relational –

 Database in which all data are represented in

tabular form which contain rows and
columns

 The relational approach supports queries that

involve several tables by providing
automatic links across tables

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 ?
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End of the session

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