STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES

ATOMS; The smallest particle of an element which takes place in a chemical

reaction. OR It is the smallest and chemically indivisible particle of matter or
substance which can exist separately.

ATOMIC MODELS
In order to study the physical structure of an atom, several theories has been
proposed by scientists and are popularly known as atomic models.
1) Rutherford’s atomic model 1911
2) J.J Thompsons atomic model 1899
3) Bohr’s atomic model 1913
DEFICIENCIES
1) They could not explain the distribution of electrons in the orbit
2) The theory did not explain the stability of the atom as a whole
3) They could not explain cornelation of emission of frequencies of electrons

Bohr’s Atomic model

This is an improved Rutherford and Thompson’s model

1. Electron revolve in certain orbits without loosing energy

2. The smallest orbit has the least energy

3. Energy is emitted by an electron when it moves from a

higher energy level to a lower energy level

 FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
 Electrons- these are positively charged particles possesses a unit positive charge of
electricity
 Protons-they are positively charged particles
 Neutrons-These are electrically neutral particles
 Nucleus-It is a positively charged dense particle of an atom
 Atomic No.- The number of protons is called atomic number
 Atomic mass No.-It is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
 Isotopes- Some elements have the same atomic No. but different atomic mass No.
 Isobars-Atoms which have the same mass No. but different atomic No.

CALCULATION OF BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL

Let E=Energy of an electron moving in an orbit

ᶓo = permitivity of free space=8.854x10-12farad/m

h=plancks constant=6.025x10-34
Z=atomic number
n=number of orbits
m=mass of electron =9.11x10-31 kg
V=linear velocity
W=angular velocity
R=distance of electron from the nucleus
E=charge on the electron=1.6x10^-19
BONDS IN SOLIDS
The physical properties of materials is based on its inter-atomic forces that binds the
atoms of the materials together..when atoms of the element combine to fkrm molecules,
a force of attraction is developed b/w the atoms which hold them together.
 CAUSES OF BONDING
Every molecule or atom of every material has a strong tenedency to become more stable
. The stability means to have its electronic configuration of noble gases in three ways
1)By loosing one or more electrons to another atom
2)By gaining one or more electrons from another atom
3)By sharing one or more electrons with another atom
CLASSIFICATION
Bonds can be broadly classified as primary bonds and secondary bonds.
1)Primary bond- thee are the strongest bonds between atoms in which electrostatic
force holds the atoms together and it is more stable and is interatomic in nature
2)Secondary bond-they are intermolecular bond in which the weak forces hold the
molecules together. It is also known as van der waals forces and the bonds are weaker
than primary bonds and less stable
TYPES OF PRIMARY BONDS
1) Ionic bondS
2) Covalent bond
3) Metallic bond

IONIC BONDS-CHARACTERISTICS
1) Ionic bonds are unidirectional
2) Generally crystalline in nature
3) They are rigid
4) Bad conductors of electricity in their solid state
5) Highly soluble in water and other polar solvents
COVALENT BOND-CHARACTERISTICS
1) They can be solid, liquid, or gases
2) Soft and have low boiling and melting point
3) Generally insulators, electrically
4) Poor ductility
METALLIC BONDS
It exists due to electrostatic force of attraction b/w electron cloud and positive ions of the
same or different metals. This type of bond is a characteristics of the electrons having
small No. of valence electrons which are loosely held so that they can be easily released to
the common pool
 CHARACTERISTICS
1) Crystalline in nature
2) Good conductors of electricity
3) Opaque to light
4) High thermal conductivity

SECONDARY BONDS
Types: Dispersion bonds
Dipole bonds
hydogen bonds

Private practice

Study the periodic table

Assignment

Due date: 7/08/2014

1) Describe briefly the general usefulness of the periodic table in

reference to atomic structure.

2) Differentiate between structure and properties of material.