Created by HOMER PABLO
CASE DOCTRINES AND ADDITIONAL NOTES CRIMINAL LAW II
(Culled from Florenz Regalado’s Conspectus and Ortega’s
Notes)
Article 114. TREASON
 “The details of the testimony on the acts testified by
witnesses need not be identical” (People vs. Abad)
 “The two-witness rule is not required to prove adherence
to the enemy” (People vs. Alitagtag)
 “Treason absorbs crimes committed in the furtherance
thereof” (People vs. Villanueva)
 “Righteous Action, as when the collaborator also helped
save some guerrillas from death at the hands of the
invader is illogical and baseless” (People vs. Victoria)
 “Defense of Suspended Allegiance by reason of change
of sovereignty was untenable since a citizen owes an
absolute allegiance to his country (Laurel vs. Misa)
 An assemblage even without an armed public uprising is
sufficient.
Article 115. CONSPIRACY AND PROPOSAL TO COMMIT
TREASON.
 Separately punished only if Treason was not committed.
 N/A two-witness rule
ARTICLE 116. MISPRISION OF TREASON.
 Felony by omission. Mere silence is punishable even
without attempt to conceal. (ACTUAL EXISTENCE OF
CONSPIRACY is the BASIS)
 N/A two-witness rule
ARTICLE 120. CORRESPONDENCE WITH HOSTILE COUNTRY.
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 Express Prohibition by Government of Correspondence
is a mala prohibitum therefore punishable even if
contained innocent matters.
 N/A two-witness rule
ARTICLE 121. FLIGHT TO ENEMY’S COUNTRY.
 Express Prohibition by Competent Authority is a mala
prohibitum therefore punishable for whatever purpose of
the offender. Mere Attempt consummates crime.
ARTICLE 124. ARBITRARY DETENTION.
 “A private person can be liable and punished if he acted
in conspiracy with public officers.” (People vs. Camerino)
 “Mistake of Fact, Good Faith, acted without culpable
negligence are valid defenses, even if it turns out that
the person was innocent.” (People vs. Ancheta)
 No legal ground, without intent to deliver to judicial
authorities. (Arbitrary Detention)
 No Legal ground, with intent to turn over to judicial
authorities (Unlawful Arrest)
 Legal Ground with intent to deliver to judicial authorities
but unreasonably delays (Undue Delay under 125)
 No intent to detain, but unlawfully prevented for an
appreciable length of time from free movement
(Coercion)
 Victim is a woman and detained with lewd designs from
the outset (abduction)
 Offenses cannot be complexed.
 “Psychological and not only physical restraint is sufficient
for the crime of arbitrary detention, as when victim was
permitted to take meals outside of detention but was too
terrorized not to return.” (People vs. Oliva)
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ARTICLE 125. DELAY IN THE DELIVERY OF DETAINED
PERSONS TO THE PROPER JUDICIAL AUTHORITIES.
 Provision applies to arrests without warrant and it is
lawful.
 “Delivery refers to filing of complaint; Judicial Authority
refers to courts of justice not the public prosecutor”
(Sayo et al. vs. Chief of Police)
 “Failure to deliver the arrestee does not make detention
illegal, it just makes the arresting officer criminally liable”
(People vs. Mabong)
 Article applies to special laws. (..”or their equivalent”,
referring to penalty categories)
 “The hours during which the courts are closed and no
deliver can be made are not to be counted” (People vs.
Acasio)
 Arrested person may be detained beyond stated periods
if he demands preliminary investigation (Sec. 7 Rule 112
Rev. Rules Crim. Pro.)
 Art. 125 made applicable to security guards employed by
a company who arrested and delayed the turnover of
public officers whom they held in custody (People vs.
Sali)
ARTICLE 126. DELAYING RELEASE.
 “Order of release may be given verbally.” (People vs.
Misa)
ARTILCE 127. EXPULSION.
 Only Chief Executive can order deportation.
ARTICLE 128. VIOLATION OF DOMICILE.
 Implied objection, where entry was effected through an
opening not intended for that purpose. (first mode liable)
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 If Offender is a private individual, “trespass to dwelling”
is committed
 A public officer entering another’s dwelling to prevent
some serious harm to himself or the dwelling’s
occupants or a third person or entry into taverns and
other public houses absolves a person from criminal
liability.
ARTICLE 129. SEARCH WARRANTS MALICIOUSLY OBTAINED
AND ABUSE IN THE SERVICE OF THOSE LEGALLY OBTAINED.
 Perjury and others crime separate.
 If a private individual conspired he is liable under this
article. (US vs. Ponte)
ARTICLE 130. SEARCHING DOMICILE WITHOUT WITNESSES.
 Applicable in searches with a warrant or valid
warrantless searches; also where there is consent of
owner, or incidental to a lawful arrest.
ARTICLE 131. PROHIBITION, INTERRUPTION AND
DISSOLUTION OF PEACEFUL MEETINGS.
 Public Officers vs. 153- Private Individuals
 “This cannot be committed by a person who is a
participant in the meeting” (People vs. Calera)- <Unjust
Vexation, proper crime here>
ARTICLE 132. INTERRUPTION OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP
 Public Officers vs. 153- Private Individuals
 Customarily observed and authorized by authorities of a
religion.
 “There must actually be a religious ceremony. If the
offense was committed only in a meeting or a rally of a
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sect it would be punishable under Art. 131” (People vs.
Reyes)
ARTICLE 133. OFFENDING RELIGIOUS FEELINGS.
 Public Officer/Private Individuals
 “A public rally by itself conducted by a religious group is
not religious ceremony.” (People vs. Mandoriao, Jr.)
 If acts committed in a place devoted to religious worship,
unnecessary that a religious ceremony is conducted.
ARTICLE 134. REBELLION OR INSURRECTION.
ARTICLE 134-A. COUP D’ETAT.
 Both crimes can be committed in peace or war time
 An armed public uprising by a substantial number of
rebels is generally required.
 “Rebellion cannot be complexed with but absorbs acts
committed in the furtherance of the rebellious
movement.” (People vs. Hernandez; Enrile vs. Salazar)
 “Offenses committed for personal reasons or other
motives are punished separately even if committed
simultaneously with the rebellious acts” (People vs.
Oliva)
 “Illegal Possession of firearm in furtherance of rebellion
under PD 1866 is distinct from the crime of rebellion
under the RPC. Therefore violation of PD 1866 being
malum prohibitum, invalidates the defenses of good faith
and absence of criminal intent.” (People vs. de Gracia)
 “A crime under the RPC cannot be absorbed by a
statutory offense, therefore charging one of illegal
possession of firearms in furtherance of rebellion is
proper.” (People vs. Tiozon).
 “No crime of misprision of rebellion” (US vs. Ravidas)
*Misprision is only to treason!
 Concealment by the offender of the rebellious activities
may make him an accessory.
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ARTICLE 137. DISLOYALTY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS OR
EMPLOYEES.
 No Crime under this article if principal crime is treason.
ARTICLE 139. SEDITION.
 Arms not necessary as long as there is tumultuous
public uprising.
 “Sedition does not absorb murder committed by reason
or in furtherance of the seditious activities.” (People vs.
Cabrera)
MAJOR CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC
ORDER.
1. Treason: Conspiracy and proposal (Art. 115), Misprision
of Treason (Art. 116) <No Crime of Inciting to Treason>
2. Rebellion: Conspiracy and Proposal (Art. 136), Disloyalty
of Public Officers (Art. 137), inciting (Art. 138)
3. Coup d’etat: Conspiracy and proposal (Art. 136)
4. Sedition: Conspiracy (Art. 141), Inciting (Art. 142)
 BASIC RULE: Conspiracy, proposal and inciting are
punishable only if “major crimes” are NOT COMMITTED.
Otherwise they are absorbed and offenders will be
principal by inducement.
 Acts or words of incitement must have been
premeditated, otherwise if they were only spontaneous
the crime will be tumultuous disturbance as an outcry
tending to incite rebellion or sedition (Art.153)
 The assemblage of persons present must not have been
called for the purpose of listening to such incitement,
otherwise the crime will be illegal assembly (Art. 146).
 Misprision of Treason and disloyalty of public officers
can be prosecuted independently.
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 In re: Sedition, “Knowingly conceal such evil practices”
<Art. 142> principal not accessory!
ARTICLE 143. ACTS TENDING TO PREVENT THE MEETING OF
THE CONGRESS AND SIMILAR BODIES.
ARTICLE 144. DISTURBANCE OF PROCEEDINGS.
 No public uprising involved.
 Force producing physical injuries, or Fraud involving
falsification. Said offenses are complexed as necessary
means employed.
ARTICLE 146. ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES.
 Assembly was for the purpose of committing offenses
other than treason, rebellion, sedition or assault.
Presumption is that there are persons armed otherwise it
will be covered by Public Disorder (Art. 153) or unlawful
utterances (Art. 154[2])
ARTICLE 148. DIRECT ASSAULT.
FIRST FORM: (Force/Intimidation + Objectives of
Rebellion/Sedition – Public Uprising
 “To constitute direct assault against an agent of a
person in authority the violence, intimidation or
resistance employed by the offender must be serious.”
(US vs. Tabiana)
 “If the victim is a person in authority the degree of force
employed against him is immaterial as the mere laying of
hands on him is sufficient” (US vs. Gumban)
 “In all forms of assault, resistance or disobedience, it is
required that (a) the accused knew the identity of the
victim and (b) the victim was then acting in the due and
lawful performance of his duties, or the reason for the
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attack against him was his performance of such official
duties.” (People vs. Rellin)
 If both are accused and victim are public officers, NO
DIRECT ASSAULT, because it presupposes that the
accused was not discharging his official duties during the
attack. Offense may be coercion or physical injuries <II
Viada 246>
 “Attack was on the occasion of the performance by
victim of his official duties, motive is immaterial.” (US vs.
Garcia)
 “If the cause of the direct assault was the past
performance by the victim of his official duties which the
accused resented, the accused is guilty of direct assault
even if he attacked the victim while both were going out
to fight (Justo vs. CA)
 “Direct assault is committed even if several days had
transpired between the victim’s performance of his
official duty and the assault, as where the judge was
attacked by the offender by reason of a contempt order
he issued for the incarceration of the latter several days
before the offense” (People vs. Torrecarion)
 “If motive will not be established, as when a judge was
boxed out while it is standing on a railway station, crime
will be physical injuries” (People vs. Sañiel)
 “If a school teacher was slapped by the accused not
while she was performing her school functions nor by
reason thereof, but in the presence of her pupils, the
crime was held to be slander by deed” (People vs.
Gamo)
 “If direct assault was committed with slight physical
injuries and the victim is a person in authority, they will
be separate crimes; but if the victim is an agent of a
person in authority, the slight physical injuries will be
absorbed in the direct assault” (People vs. Acierto)
 “If the public officer was acting with abuse of his official
functions, he is deemed to be acting in a private capacity
and if he is attacked, there would be no crime of direct
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assault. Thus, where two councillors fought in the
session hall, there could be no direct assault if the cause
of the fight was a private matter.” (People vs. Yosoya)
ARTICLE 149. INDIRECT ASSAULT.
 Whether or not there is request or order from the person
in authority to aid the latter. (Said person is considered
an agent of a person in authority)
 If the agent of a person in authority is attacked and a
third person comes to aid, and the latter was also
attacked, the offender is liable for physical injuries or
coercion depending on the acts committed.
ARTICLE 153. TUMULTS AND OTHER DISTURBANCES OF
PUBLIC ORDER.
 “There can be separate crimes of physical injuries thru
reckless imprudence and tumultuous disturbance caused
by the firing of a submachine gun. “ (People vs. Bacolod)
 “An accused could also be liable for the complex crime
of assault and tumultuous disturbance if the latter
offense was committed on the same occasion and by the
same means of attacking some election inspectors.”
(Villanueva vs. Ortiz)
ARTICLE 154. UNLAWFUL USE OF MEANS OF PUBLICATION
AND UNLAWFUL UTTERANCES.
 “Paragraph 2, should be distinguished from inciting to
sedition as the latter requires offender at the same time
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to incite the people to rise publicly against the
government.” (People vs. Arrogante)
ARTICLE 156. DELIVERY OF PRISONERS FROM JAIL.
 “Conspirators are liable under the article, but the warden
or jail custodian of prisoners is liable for infidelity in the
custody of prisoners” (Alberto vs. dela Cruz)
 Bribery shall be a separate crime.
 If the prisoner is detained for the crime of treason,
parricide, murder or an attempt against the President’s
life it has been suggested that those who delivered him
from jail are accessories to those crimes.
 “When a guard who was off duty took out a prisoner from
jail for 5 hours replacing him in his cell another prisoner,
guard is liable under the article” (People vs. Del Barrio)
ARTICLE 157.EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE
ARTICLE 158. EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE ON THE
OCCASION OF DISORDERS, CONFLAGRATIONS,
EARTHQUAKES, OR OTHER CALAMITIES.
ARTICLE 159. OTHER CASES OF EVASION OF SERVICE OF
SENTENCE.
 “There is no evasion of service of sentence if the
escapee is (a) only a detention prisoner, (b) is a youthful
offender committed to a rehabilitation center, (c) is a
deportee who violates the deportation order.” (US vs.
Loo Hoe)
 Article 157. Applicable to Destierro (People vs. Abilong)
 Article 158. Imprisonment. N/A Destierro
 Article 159. Applicable to Destierro
 “Accused was forced by some detainees to leave the jail,
but he returned thereafter. There was no mutiny.”
(People vs. Padilla)
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 “Violation under Art. 159 is substantive if penalty
remitted is 6 years or less since a penalty is imposed
therein” (People vs. Martin)
ARTICLE 160. QUASI-RECIDIVISM
 “The offense committed while the accused is serving
sentence must be a felony, not a crime punished by a
special law. With regard to the offense of which the
accused was already sentenced by final judgment, it
does not matter whether it was also a felony or a crime
punished by a special law.” (People vs. Peralta)
 “Quasi-recidivism can also be committed while offender
was at large after escaping from the penal institution”
(People vs. Maternal) or “while he was in the act of
escaping therefrom” (People vs. Tiongson)
ARTICLE 161. COUNTERFEITING THE GREAT SEAL OF THE
GOVT. OF THE PHILIPPINES, FORGING THE SIGNATURE OR
STAMP OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE.
ARTICLE 162. USING FORGED SIGNATURE OR COUNTERFEIT
SEAL OR STAMP.
 If the document is one supposedly signed by the
President in a private capacity the crime would be
falsification and not forgery under the Article 161.
ARTICLE 166-169. FORGING TREASURY OR BANK NOTES,
OBLIGATIONS AND SECURITIES; IMPORTING AND UTTERING
FALSE OR FORGED NOTES, OBLIGATIONS AND SECURITIES.
 “A Philippine Charity Sweepstakes ticket has been
declared to be a governmental obligation” (People vs.
Balmores)
 Intent to use illegally possessed counterfeit notes and
instruments of credit may be determined from the
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volume or number of said notes and the acts of the
accused taken in connection therewith.
 No impossible crime here, as it deals with crimes against
persons and property only.
 “Where the accused encashed a treasury warrant, which
is a governmental obligation, but he did so by posing and
signing as the payee thereof, the crime is falsification
and not forgery” (People vs. Samson) <Art. 171 Par. 2>
ARTICLE 171. FALSIFICATION BY PUBLIC OFFICER,
EMPLOYEE OR NOTARY OR ECCLESIASTIC MINISTER.
 “In imitating or counterfeiting there must be some
similarity or resemblance between the original and the
counterfeit” (US vs. Lampa)
 “Voting in place of a registered voter, an example of
violation under par. 2” (People vs. Abubakar)
 Paragraph 4:
“Making false statements in an application form for
patrolman examination (Civil Service Form No. 2), under
oath as required constitutes perjury not falsification”
(People vs. Cruz)
“No such legal obligation in the preparation of the
formation papers of a corporation to state the truth, so
there is no falsification” (People vs. Quasha)
“There was no legal obligation to disclose the fact of a
previous conviction in the personal data form submitted
by the offender to the police department since that form
was not an official document, hence no falsification was
committed.”(People vs. Poserio)
“There is a legal obligation to disclose the truth in entries
made in a residence certificate, hence the accused was
liable for falsification.” (People vs. Po Giok To)
“NBI personal data sheet is an official document”
(People vs. Uy)
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 “Where force was employed to compel another to is an element only when the document is introduced in a
execute a contract, the offender is not liable for proceeding or transaction other than judicial. (People vs.
falsification as such compulsion does not make it a false Prudente)
instrument, but only a voidable one.” (US vs. Milla)
 “Falsification can be committed by imprudence, either by
a private individual (People vs. Bañas) or by a public
officer” (People vs. Castillo)
 “The person in possession of a falsified document is
presumed to have falsified the same, especially so if he
had the opportunity and the motive to do so.” (People vs.
Manansala)
 “What is required to be true is an assertion of fact by the
accused; hence where the declarant stated that she was
“eligible” for the public position, an inaccuracy therein
could not hold her liable for falsification as she was
actually expressing only an opinion.” (People vs. Yanza)
Similar to the case of claimant of land (People vs. San
Jose).
 “Making alterations or corrections in a document to make
it speak the truth, even if unilaterally done, cannot be
falsification as the essence of this offense is to make the
document tell a lie.” (US vs. San Mateo)

ARTICLE 172. FALSIFICATION BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS.

 “Damage or intent to cause damage is an essential

element. Damage to honor is sufficient.” (People vs.
Marasigan)
 No crime of estafa thru falsification of a private
document.
 “Falsification is not a continuing offense and is
consummated when the document is actually falsified,
regardless of whether or not it was thereafter put to
illegal use.” (Alfelor et al vs. Intia)
 “Damage is not required if the falsified document is
introduced as evidence in a judicial proceeding. Damage