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Manual notations
This manual uses the following notations.
• courier for text that you type in and file names.
• bold italic for panel names, button names, and subpanel names.
Information that is of importance or warning messages will appear in a note box.
Problem Statement
Perform structural optimization on a structural c-clip (see Figure 1-1) ensuring that a
minimum amount of material is used and movement at the end nodes of the opening
(see A and B in Figure 1-1) does not exceed 0.14mm in the y-direction.
Objective function Minimize volume
Constraints 1) Translation in the y-axis for node A < 0.07mm
2) Translation in the y-axis at node B > -0.07mm
Design Variables Element densities
Optimization Process
The process to complete a topology optimization using OptiStruct is a three-part
process.
Create FE Model
<altair home>/altair/tutorials/os/
(Note: The instructor will mention the location of the training file for classroom
instruction. Otherwise, the files are in the tutorials section of the installation CD).
At any time, you can modify the card images and materials for collectors from the
collectors panel. For card images, use the card image subpanel. For a different
material, use the update subpanel.
1. Access the automesh panel. (Select the 2D page, then automesh or press F12).
2. Click the check box to the left of reset meshing parameters to:.
3. Click element size =, type 2.5, and press ENTER to set element size.
4. Use the switch under element size to set element type to mixed.
5. Select the top half of the surface by clicking any line in that surface.
6. Click mesh.
The mesh density is displayed on the surface.
7. Click mesh again.
The automesher should create about 560 shell elements. See the HyperMesh
Message Bar for the message.
8. Click reflect.
Mesh appears in the lower half of the image.
9. Click return.
10. To refresh the screen, from the permanent menu click p (or press P on the
keyboard).
Define Loads
8. Click create.
It is not necessary to assign a card image for these load collectors.
9. When both collectors are created, click return to go back to the BCs page.
Figure 1-4: Mesh showing the boundary conditions applied on the c-clip
9. Left click the node at the center of the c-clip curve (see Figure 1-4).
6. To create the force at the top of the opening, left mouse click on the node at the top
of the opening (A) of the c-clip (see Figure 1-5).
7. Click magnitude =, type 100.0 and press ENTER.
8. Click the switch to the left of N1, N2, N3 and from the pop up menu select y-axis.
9. Click create.
An arrow (pointing up) should appear at the node on the screen.
10. To create the force at the bottom of the opening, left mouse click on the node at the
bottom of the opening (B) of the c-clip (see Figure 1-5).
11. Click magnitude = , type -100.0 and press ENTER.
Analysis of FE Model
Optimization Setup
. Defining the same response as the objective function and a constraint is not
allowed.
8. Click create.
9. Click return to go back to optimization panel.
7. Click the node labeled B (lower opening of the c-clip) in Figure 1-5 to select it.
8. Select dof2 and create the response.
9. Select review to see the list of responses you just created.
10. Click return to leave this panel.
11. Click return to go back to optimization panel.
Define constraints
Set the upper and lower bound constraint criteria for this analysis.
9. Click Create.
10. In constraint=, assign a name const2.
11. De-activate upper bound=.
12. Activate lower bound=.
13. In lower bound=, assign a value of –0.07.
14. Select response= and set it to lowerdis.
15. Click loadsteps.
16. Select opposing forces.
17. Click select.
18. Click create.
19. Select Review to see a list to the newly created constraints.
20. Click return.
21. Click return to go back to optimization panel.
2. Click save as…., enter cclip_complete.fem as the file name, and click Save.
This indicates to OptiStruct what file name is to be associated with the various
outputs it creates and where to locate the files. The actual save occurs at the
completion of the optimization run.
View Results
Figure 1-6: Deformed plot overlaid on original undeformed mesh. Scale factor is set to
100.000. The darker mesh is the deformed plot and the lighter mesh is the original location.
9. Click return.
10. Set the following options located on the left side of the animation panel.
mode hidden line
color contour
lights smooth
mesh on
11. Use the slower button to slow down the animation if the frames animate too quickly.
12. Click exit when you are finished viewing the animation.
13. Click return.
5. Click return.
9. Activate show.
10. Toggle the mode from legend based to value based.
11. Set the iso surface = field to 0.300.
12. Activate include faces above.
13. Click contour.
14. On the triangle shown in the legend (currently pointing to a value representing 0.300
for your density), click and hold the left mouse button then scroll up and down to
change the threshold surface. You will see the isosurface in the graphics window
update interactively when you scroll to a new value. Use this tool to get a better look
at the material layout and the load paths from OptiStruct.
Review
1. Have most of your elements converged to a density of 1 or 0?
If there are many elements with intermediate densities, you may need to adjust the
discrete parameter. The DISCRETE parameter (set in the opti cntl panel) can be
used to push elements with intermediate densities towards 1 or 0 so that a more
discrete structure is given.
If it is not, your optimization has not progressed far enough. Allow more iterations
and/or decrease the OBJTOL parameter (set in the opti cntl panel).
Conclusion
The exercises in this tutorial covered:
Problem statement
Perform topology optimization on an automotive control arm. The optimization problem
for this exercise is:
Objective: minimize volume
Constraints: resultant displacement at node id 2699 induced by subcase 1 < 0.05.
resultant displacement at node id 2699 induced by subcase 2 < 0.02.
resultant displacement at node id 2699 induced by subcase 3 < 0.04.
Design variables: element density
Figure 2-1: Finite element mesh containing designable and non-designable material
Optimization Process
The process to complete a topology optimization using OptiStruct is a three-part
process.
• Use HyperMesh to create the appropriate input deck.
• Run OptiStruct using the created input deck.
• Examine the results.
This tutorial will follow the steps outlined below:
1. Load the model into HyperMesh.
2. Define material properties and assign materials to the components.
3. Apply load and boundary conditions.
4. Setup the optimization problem using HyperMesh.
5. Define the design space for optimization.
6. Define optimization responses, constraints, and objective function.
7. Solve topology optimization using OptiStruct to determine the optimal material
distribution.
8. Post-process the results.
.
Since this problem is a linear static analysis with volume as a response, you do
not need to define a density value. Density values are required for a normal
modes analysis or if mass is used as a response.
8. Click return.
Figure 2-2: Constraining dof1, dof2 and dof3 at one end of the bushing
7. Select the background node at the other end of the bushing (see Figure 2-3) and
constrain dof2 and dof3.
Figure 2-3: Constraining dof2 and dof3 at the other end of the bushing
8. Make sure the check boxes to the left of dofs 2 and 3 have checks.
9. Select create to apply these constraints to the selected node.
10. From the permanent menu, click f to fit the model to the screen.
11. Click nodes, then select by id.
12. Type 3239 and press ENTER to select node ID 3239.
Move mouse off pop-up menu to close the menu. See Figure 2-4.
Use the following table values to set the forces. Use the instructions below for each
force.
Node Id Collector Magnitude Axis
2699 brake 1000 x-axis
2699 corner 1000 y-axis
2699 pothole 1000 z-axis
Figure 2-5: Three separate forces in load collectors brake, corner and pothole
Set up loadsteps
The last step in setting up the boundary conditions is to create OptiStruct subcases
(loadsteps in HyperMesh). The procedure is to name the loadstep and associate the
appropriate load collectors to the loadstep.
1. From the BCs page of HyperMesh, access the load steps panel.
2. Click name =, type brake, and press ENTER.
3. Select loadcols and activate spc and brake from the collector list.
4. Click select.
5. Click create.
6. Click name =, type corner, and press ENTER.
7. Select loadcols and activate spc and corner from the collector list.
8. Click select and then click create.
9. Click name =, type pothole, and press ENTER.
10. Select loadcols and activate spc and pothole from the collector list.
11. Click select.
12. Click create.
13. Verify the creation of all three loadsteps by clicking review.
14. Click return to go back to the load steps panel.
15. Click return to go back to the BCs page.
.
Since all three load cases use the same node and direction of displacement,
we need to define only one response for the displacement.
7. Activate brake.
8. Click select.
9. Click create.
10. At constraint=, assign the name corner.
11. At upper bound =, assign the value 0.02.
12. Click loadsteps.
13. Activate corner.
14. Click select.
15. Click create.
16. At constraint =, assign the name pothole.
17. At upper bound =, assign the value 0.04.
18. Click loadsteps.
19. Activate pothole.
20. Click select.
21. Click create.
22. You can use the review button to see the constraints you created.
23. Click return to go back to the optimization set up panel.
2. Click save as…, enter carm_check.fem as the file name, and click Save.
3. Click the switch below Run Options: and select Check.
4. Click optistruct to run the check run.
The check run for this model should take approximately 5 to 10 seconds of
processing time.
Once the processing completes, view the file carm_check.out at the UNIX prompt
or through a Windows utility. The OptiStruct output file contains specific information
on the file setup, the setup of your optimization problem, an estimate for the amount
of RAM and disk space required for the run, information for each optimization
iteration, and compute time information. Review this file for possible warnings and
errors that are flagged from processing the carm_check.fem file.
Request both H3D (*.h3d) and HyperMesh binary result output (*.res)
The FORMAT control card allows you to create multiple result files. An H3D file is a
compressed result format used for post-processing in HyperView and HyperView Player.
5. Click return.
6. Notice the Format button is green, indicating it is active.
7. Click return to go back to the BCs page.
2. Click save as…, enter carm_complete.fem as the file name, and click Save.
3. Click the switch below Run Options: and select Optimization.
4. Click optistruct to run the optimization.
Running OptiStruct from this panel causes the results file to load automatically when
the job finishes.
After processing is complete, you should see a new file carm_complete.out in the
directory from where HyperMesh was invoked. The file is a good place to look for
error messages to help you debug your input deck for any errors.
Post-process
OptiStruct provides density information for all iterations. OptiStruct also provides
displacement and von Mises Stress results for linear static analysis in the first and last
iteration. This section describes how to view those results using HyperMesh.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Does the deformed shape look correct for the boundary conditions you applied to the
mesh? ______________________________________________
8. View the linear animation for the 2nd and 3rd subcases (iteration 21).
Second subcase named corner:
In what direction is the load applied for the subcase named corner?
______________________________________________
Which nodes have degrees of freedom constrained?
______________________________________________
42 Concept Design Using Topology and Topography Optimization OptiStruct 7.0
Does the deformed shape look correct for the boundary conditions you applied to the
mesh? ______________________________________________
In what direction is the load applied for the subcase named pothole?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Does the deformed shape look correct for the boundary conditions you applied to the
mesh? ______________________________________________
9. Click exit.
10. Click return.
If there are many elements with intermediate densities, you may need to adjust the
discrete parameter. The DISCRETE parameter (set in the opti control panel) can
be used to push elements with intermediate densities towards 1 or 0 so that a more
discrete structure is given.
In this model, refining the mesh should provide a more discrete solution; however, for
the sake of this tutorial, the current mesh and results will be sufficient.
Regions that need reinforcement will tend towards a density of 1.0. Areas that do
not need reinforcement will tend towards a density of 0.0.
If it is not, your optimization has not progressed far enough. Allow more iterations
and/or decrease the OBJTOL parameter (set in the control cards panel).
If adjusting your discrete parameter, refining the mesh, and/or decreasing the
objective tolerance does not yield a more discrete solution (none of the elements
progress to a density value of 1.0), you may wish to review the setup of the
optimization problem. Perhaps some of the defined constraints are not attainable for
the given objective function (or visa-versa).
14. Use the isosurface post-processing feature in HyperMesh for viewing your density
results from OptiStruct.
Click and hold the left mouse button on the triangle shown in the legend (currently
pointing to a value representing 0.150 for your density), then scroll up and down to
change the threshold surface. You will see the isosurface in the graphics window
interactively update when you scroll to a new value. Use this tool to get a better look
at the material layout and the load paths from OptiStruct.
15. Click return.
OptiStruct 7.0 Concept Design Using Topology and Topography Optimization 45
Review
1. Has the objective function been satisfied?
2. Have any constraints been violated?
Conclusion
You have completed exercises that:
• Create constraints, loads and organize into three different subcases
• Define optimization parameters and describe the optimization problem for solid
elements
• Submit an OptiStruct check run from within HyperMesh
• Look at an optimal material layout from the OptiStruct topology optimization for
three subcases.
• Recovering the iges format of the iso-density surface using OSSmooth.
Introduction
Using topology optimization can optimize design characteristics such as weight and
stiffness. Performing topology optimizations early in the project assists in generating a
good baseline design and a shorter design cycle. However, sometimes the design
suggested by the initial topology optimization creates a design that can be hard to
manufacture.
Here are some common problems encountered in topology optimization related to
manufacturing:
• Discreteness of the solution
The optimized design may have several intermediate density elements or
checkerboards. These occurrences bring difficulties in both interpreting the
topology results and manufacturing the design.
• Unsymmetrical design
The design suggested by topology optimization will not be symmetric even if the
finite element mesh and loads and boundary conditions are symmetric.
Sometimes it may be necessary to introduce constraints on the model to obtain a
symmetrical result.
• Casting problems
Depending on the load and boundary conditions, topology optimization may
suggest a design with an interior void. Such designs are difficult to manufacture,
especially if it is a casting part.
• Extrusion problems
For extruded parts, it is often desirable to have constant cross-sections. It may
be necessary to introduce extrusion manufacturing constraints on the model in
order to obtain constant cross-sections.
OptiStruct 7.0 Concept Design Using Topology and Topography Optimization 49
Purpose
This optimization problem applies the technique of minimum member size control on the
elements of the model to achieve a discrete solution.
Problem statement
Apply a minimum member size factor on a structural c-clip.
The related bulk data cards are:
DOPTPRM: Design Optimization Parameters
MINDIM: Minimum diameter of members
MINMETH: Method of minimum member size control
. The definitions for all card images appear in the online help. See the Bulk
Data Section of the OptiStruct online help.
Optimization Process
The process to complete an OptiStruct topology optimization with minimum member size
control contains three parts:
• Use HyperMesh to setup the minimum member size control problem
• Run OptiStruct
• Examine the results
The exercise covers the following:
1. Loading the model file.
2. Defining the minimum member size control parameters.
3. Using OptiStruct to solve the topology optimization to determine the optimal material
distribution.
4. Post-processing the results.
1. Delete the current model by pressing F2 to access the delete panel and selecting
delete model.
2. From any main page in HyperMesh, select the files panel.
3. Select the import subpanel.
4. Select FE and set the translator to Optistruct.
5. Click import…, select cclip_complete.fem, and click Open.
6. Go to the Geom page and select user profile….
7. Select OptiStruct from the dialog box and click OK.
8. This sets the HyperMesh environment for the OptiStruct solver.
9. Click Return.
.
Recommendation: Do not set MINDIM to a value less than the average
element size. You can assign a multiple of the average element size for
MINDIM.
4. Select the top HM button and from the list of available formats select H3D.
This button creates the .h3d format. The HM button creates the .res file.
5. Click return.
The result file loads automatically into HyperMesh on completion of the run, so you
can proceed directly to the post-processing step.
1. Launch HyperView.
2. Click the open folder icon and load the file
cclip_complete_min_member_des.h3d.
3. Click Apply.
Figure 3-1: Isosurface plot of a C-Clip layout of the topology optimization with minimum
member size control
4. There are several menus along the status bar at the bottom of the interface. Select
Model Step to activate the Load Case And Simulation Selection list.
6. Select the Iso Value panel and verify Iso value Mode: is set to Single (User
defined).
7. Select Result type: as Element Densities and click Apply.
8. Set Current value: to 0.3 and hit ENTER.
9. Compare this image to Figure 1-7.
The iso value plot displayed is similar to the one we saw previously in HyperMesh.
Notice the smaller members in the original isosurface plot are replaced by more
discrete rib patterns. The design in Figure 3-3 is easier to manufacture.
Purpose
The topology optimization performed in this tutorial combines symmetry constraints with
draw direction constraints to demonstrate one of the valuable new features implemented
with the release of Optistruct 7.0. The optimization will produce a symmetric final design
which is also manufacturable via the casting process.
Problem statement
A topology optimization will be performed on an automotive control arm with the
simultaneous application of the symmetric and draw direction constraints.
The DTPL (Design Variable for Topology Optimization) bulk data card is used to enter
information relevant for this method.
This tutorial will use the same optimization problem considered in Chapter 2, except that
a refined mesh will be used on the automotive control in order to better capture the effect
of simultaneously applying symmetric and draw manufacturing constraints. The model
used for this tutorial has a pre-defined refined mesh.
Optimization Process
The basic two part process involved in topology optimization including the application of
both symmetry and draw direction constraints is as indicated below:
• Setup the topology optimization problem with symmetry and draw direction
constraints.
• Examine the results produced by Optistruct.
This exercise covers the following aspects:
1. Loading the model file into HyperMesh.
2. Defining the symmetry and the draw direction control parameters.
3. Exporting the Optistruct input deck.
4. Loading the results file and post-processing the results.
5. Click Open.
5. From the pull-down menu under pattern-type:, select 1-pln sym (one plane
symmetry).
6. Click anchor node and input node id = 3241 and press ENTER.
7. Click the switch button to the left of first node and input the node id = 3877 and
press ENTER.
The plane of symmetry is perpendicular to the vector from the anchor node to the
first node and passes through the anchor node.
Figure 3-5 Isosurface plot of Control Arm for topology Optimization with Draw Direction and
Symmetry manufacturing constraints
14. Click and hold the left mouse button on the triangle shown in the legend (currently
pointing to a value representing 0.3 for the density). Then, scroll up and down to
change the threshold surface.
Use the isosurface tool to get a better look at the material layout and the load paths
from Optistruct.
Purpose
The extrusion constraints method allows you to perform an optimization problem with
extrusion constraints to obtain a constant cross section along a given path, particularly in
the case of parts manufactured through an extrusion process. By using extrusion-
manufacturing constraints in topology optimization, constant cross-section designs can
be obtained for solid models – regardless of the initial mesh, boundary conditions or
loads.
The exercises show the steps involved in defining topology optimization over a curved
beam, simulating a rail, over which a vehicle is moving. Both ends of the beam are
supported. A point load is applied over the length of the rail in seven independent load
cases, simulating the movement of the vehicle. The rail should be manufactured through
extrusion. The steps taken to define the topology design space, extrusion-manufacturing
constraints and optimization parameters (responses, objective and constraints) using
HyperMesh are shown.
Problem statement
In this tutorial, you will perform topology optimization on a curved beam so that the
extruded rail will be stiffer and have less material. The finite element mesh of the curved
beam is shown in Figure 3-6.
Objective: minimize weighted compliance
Constraints: Volume fraction < 0.3
Design variables: element density
The DTPL (Design Variable for Topology Optimization) card is used for this optimization.
Figure 3-6: Finite element mesh of the curved beam showing loads and boundary conditions
Optimization Process
The three-part process to complete an OptiStruct topology optimization with extrusion
constraints includes:
1. Delete the current model by pressing F2 to access the delete panel and selecting
delete model.
2. From any main page in HyperMesh, select the files panel.
3. Select the import subpanel.
4. Click import… and select the file rail_complete.fem.
5. Click Open.
6. Verify that the optistruct template is selected.
6. Click Select.
7. Select the component type by selecting the type: switch and choosing PSOLID from
the popup menu.
8. Click desvar= and assign the name solids.
9. Click create.
10. Click return twice to return to the main menu.
11. Select the extrusion path by selecting node list and click by path.
It is necessary to define a 'discrete' extrusion path by entering a series of grids. The
curve between these grids is then interpolated using parametric splines. The
minimum amount of grids depends on the complexity of the extrusion path. Only two
grids are required for a linear path, but it is recommended that at least 5-10 grids be
used for more complex curves.
12. First, select node 71559 and then select node 70001.
13. Click update.
A line of nodes starting from 71559 and ending with node 70001 should be
highlighted, indicating the extrusion path.
You do not have to select as many nodes to define the curve. This is an exercise to
show that the nodes by path option can also be used.
Figure 3-7: Isosurface plot of a curved beam rail layout of the topology
optimization with extrusion constraints
1. De-activate show.
2. Select the cutting subpanel.
3. Activate xz plane.
4. Click contour. See following image for contour.
Figure 3-8: Contour plot of a section cut on x-z plane of the curved beam
OptiStruct 7.0 Concept Design Using Topology and Topography Optimization 67
5. Toggle the single button on the right of xz plane to double as shown in the following
image.
This will bring up an additional section about 100mm from the first section. By
changing the value of t, the contour of the section at different intervals along the
length of the beam should be possible.
It should also be possible to view the contour of the sections at different intervals of
the beam by clicking the mouse at any one of the eight corners of the section and
moving the mouse along the length of the beam.
Problem statement
Increase the natural frequency of an automotive splash shield by introducing ribs in the
designable region (the light gray region in Figure 4 -1).
Figure 4-1: Finite element mesh containing designable (light gray) and non-designable (dark
gray) material
Optimization Process
This tutorial is divided into sections in which you will perform a normal modes analysis in
OptiStruct using HyperMesh, then view the results.
Step 1: Retrieve the file and load the OptiStruct user profile
1. From any main page in HyperMesh, select the files panel.
2. Click import.
3. Select the FE subpanel and select optistruct.
4. Click import…. and select sshield_opti.fem and click Open.
5. Go to the Geom page and select user profile….
6. Select OptiStruct from the dialog box and click OK.
This sets the HyperMesh environment for the OptiStruct solver.
9. Click return.
6. Click return.
MODE 1 - F=4.33E+01
MODE 2 - F=6.82E+01
1. Click responses.
2. In response =, assign the name vol.
3. Change the response type to volumefrac.
4. Click create.
5. In response =, assign the name freq.
6. Change the response type to frequency.
7. Verify the mode number is one.
8. Click create.
9. Click return.
If there are many elements with intermediate densities, you may need to adjust the
discrete parameter. The discrete parameter (set in the cntl cards panel) can be
used to push elements with intermediate densities towards 1 or 0 so that a more
discrete structure is given.
Regions that need reinforcement will tend towards a density of 1.0. Areas that do
not need reinforcement will tend towards a density of 0.0.
If it is not, your optimization has not progressed far enough. Increase the iterations
and/or decrease the OBJTOL parameter (set in the control card panel).
8. Click return.
14. Click and hold the left mouse button on the triangle shown in the legend (currently
pointing to a value representing 0.750 for your density), then scroll up and down to
change the threshold surface.
You will see the isosurface in the graphics window interactively update when you
scroll to a new value. Use this tool to get a better look at the material layout from
OptiStruct.
15. Click return.
78 Concept Design Using Topology and Topography Optimization OptiStruct 7.0
1. Press the F2 function key, click delete model. At the prompt “Do you wish to delete
the current model? (y/n) “ click yes to confirm the delete, and then click return.
2. From any main page in HyperMesh, select the files panel.
3. Click import.
4. Click the radio button to the left of FE and select optistruct.
5. Click import…, select sshield_newdesign.fem, and click Open.
6. Click return.
MODE 1 - F=8.38642E+01
MODE 2 - F=1.14202E+02
Review
1. What is the percentage increase in frequency for your first mode
(sshield_analysis1.fem vs. sshield_newdesign)?
_______________________________________________
2. The new part has how much additional mass (check the mass of your ribs in the
mass calc panel in the Tool page)?
____________________________________________
3. What is the percentage increase in mass? ______________________________
Conclusion
This concludes the lesson, you have completed exercises that:
• Setup a normal mode analysis.
• Run a topology optimization to maximize frequency by introducing ribs in the
structure.
• Compare the frequency change between a design without ribs to design with
ribs.
Problem statement
Figure 5-1 shows a finite element model of the torsion plate with loads and constraints
applied. The objective is to minimize the displacement of the node where the force is
applied in the positive z-direction. This problem assumes that the part is to be formed
using a stamping process. To achieve this objective, apply a bead pattern to reinforce
the structure.
Objective: minimize nodal displacement at a given grid
Design variables: shape variables on the designable space
Figure 5-1: Finite element model of the torsion plate with loads and constraints
Optimization process
This tutorial follows these steps.
1. Load the finite element model .
2. Set up bulk data cards for topography optimization.
3. Solve topography optimization using OptiStruct to determine bead reinforcements on
the structure.
4. Post-process the results.
Step 3: Define the parameters to create bead patterns on the torsion plate
1. Select the bead params subpanel.
2. Set minimum width = to 5.0.
3. Set draw angle = 60.
4. Set draw height= 10.0.
5. Click the switch under boundary skip: and select none.
6. Click update.
7. Select the pattern grouping subpanel.
It is possible to generate several different bead patterns for a given structural
member. However, we will generate linear bead patterns for this torsion plate, as the
structure is square and coplanar. Further, for the bead patterns to enhance and
simplify die design for stamping, we will use a 1-plane symmetry.
8. Set Pattern type: to linear.
9. Click the switch to the left of subtype: and select 1-plane.
10. Click anchor node, type 2551, and press ENTER.
11. Click first node, type 1177, and press ENTER.
This describes the data format of the DTPG (Design Variable for Topography
Optimization) card and what the values mean.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
PID1/
DTPG ID TYPE PID2 PID3 PID4 PID5 PID6
DVID
BOUNDS LB UB
Table 5-1: DTPG card for topography design variable.
Where:
Field Contents
ID Each DTPG card must have a unique ID.
TYPE Indicate whether DTPG card is defined for PSHELL, PCOMP or
DVGRID.
PID/DVID If TYPE is PSHELL or PCOMP, this entry is a property identification
number. Use ALL if it applies to all properties of type PTYPE in the
model. Numerous PIDs may be given.
If TYPE is DVGRID, this entry is the design variable number for a set
of DVGRIDs. Only one DVID may be given.
MW Bead minimum width. This parameter controls the width of the
beads in the model (recommended value between 1.5 and 2.5 times
the average element width).
ANG Draw angle in degrees. This parameter controls the angle of the
sides of the beads (recommended value between 60 and 75
degrees).
BF Buffer zone ('yes' or 'no'; default = 'yes'). This parameter will
establish a buffer zone between elements in the design domain and
elements outside of the design domain.
HGT Draw height. This parameter sets the maximum height of the beads
to be drawn. This field is only valid if TYPE is PSHELL or PCOMP.
norm/XD,Y Draw direction. If the norm/XD field is 'norm', the shape variables will
D,ZD be created in the normal directions of the elements. If all of the fields
are real, the shape variable will be created in the direction specified
by the xyz vector defined by the three fields. The X, Y, and Z values
are in the global coordinate system. This field is only valid if TYPE is
PSHELL or PCOMP.
Field Contents
SKIP Boundary skip. This parameter tells OptiStruct to leave certain nodes
out of the design domain. If ‘none’, all nodes attached to elements
whose PIDs are specified will be a part of the shape variables. If ‘bc’
or ‘spc’, any nodes which have SPC or SPC1 declarations are
omitted from the design domain. If ‘load’, any nodes which have
FORCE, FORCE1, MOMENT, MOMENT1, or SPCD declarations
are omitted from the design domain. If ‘both’, nodes with either ‘spc’
or ‘load’ declarations are omitted from the design domain. This field
is only valid if TYPE is PSHELL or PCOMP.
PATRN PATRN flag indicating that variable pattern grouping is active.
Indicates that information about the pattern group will follow.
TYP Type of variable grouping pattern. Required if any symmetry or
variable pattern grouping is desired. If zero or blank, anchor node,
first vector, and second vector definitions are ignored. If less than 20,
second vector definition is ignored.
AID/XA, Variable grouping pattern anchor point (Real in all three fields or
integer in field 15; default = blank). These fields define a point which
YA,ZA determines how grids are grouped into variables. The X, Y, and Z
values are in the global coordinate system. You may put a grid ID in
the AID/XA field to define the anchor point.
FID/XF, Direction of first vector for variable pattern grouping. These fields
define an xyz vector which determines how grids are grouped into
YF,ZF variables. The X, Y, and Z values are in the global coordinate
system. You may put a grid ID in the FID/XF field to define the first
vector. This vector goes from the anchor point to this grid. If all
fields are blank and the TYP field 20 is not blank or zero, OptiStruct
gives an error.
PATRN2 PATRN2 flag indicating variable pattern grouping continuation card. This
card is only required when a second vector is needed to define the pattern
grouping.
UCYC Number of cyclical repetitions for cyclical symmetry. This field defines the
number of radial “wedges” for cyclical symmetry. The angle of each wedge
is computed as 360.0 / UCYC.
SID/XS, Direction used to determine second vector for variable pattern grouping.
These fields define an xyz vector which, when combined with the first
YS,ZS vector, form a plane. The second vector is calculated to lie in that plane
and is perpendicular to the first vector. The second vector is sometimes
required to determine how grids are grouped into variables. The X, Y, and Z
values are in the global coordinate system. You may put a grid ID in the
SID/XS field to define the second vector. This vector goes from the anchor
point to this grid. If all fields are blank and the TYP field contains a value of
20 or higher, OptiStruct gives an error.
BOUNDS BOUNDS flag indicating that information on upper and lower limits are to
follow.
OptiStruct 7.0 Concept Design Using Topology and Topography Optimization 85
Field Contents
LB Lower bound on variables controlling grid movement (Real < UB, default =
0.0). This sets the lower bound on grid movement equal to LB*HGT.
UB Upper bound on variables controlling grid movement (Real > LB, default =
1.0). This sets the upper bound on grid movement equal to UB*HGT.
Bead Width
Note Refer to the on-line help for bead patterns. In HyperMesh, click Help/Altair
HyperWorks/OptiStruct/User's Guide/Optimization/Topography
Optimization.
6. Click return.
This launches the Optistruct job. If the job is successful, you should see a new
results file in the directory where HyperMesh was invoked. The
torsion_plate.out file is a good place to look for error messages to help you
debug your input deck if any errors are present.
Figure 5-3: Contour shape of the plate shows the bead pattern at 6th iteration (converged
solution)
Review
1. Is the objective function satisfied?
Conclusion
This concludes the topography optimization of a torsion plate. The steps in this exercise
covered:
• Defining a topography design space.
• Defining linear pattern groups with 1-plane symmetry.
• Post-processing topography results using apply results panel in HyperMesh.
Problem statement
Perform combined topology and topography optimization on a disk drive slider
suspension to maximize the stiffness and weighted mode. The lower bound constraint
on the seventh mode is 12Hz.
Objective function Minimize the combined weighted compliance and the
weighted modes.
Constraints Lower bound on mode number 7 is 12 Hz.
Design variables Element densities and shape variables in design space.
Optimization Process
The process to complete an optimization using OptiStruct is as follows.
• Use HyperMesh to create the appropriate input deck.
• Run OptiStruct using the created input deck.
• Examine the results.
Optimization Setup
12. Select the pattern grouping subpanel and set pattern type: to 1-plane sym.
13. Click anchor node, type 41, and press ENTER.
14. Click first node, type 53, and hit ENTER.
15. Click update.
16. Select the bounds subpanel.
17. Verify the bounds are as follows:
upper bound = 1.0, lower bound = 0.0.
1. Click the checkbox for MATINIT to activate it and assign a value of 1.0.
2. Click return.
3. Click return to go back to BCs page.
5. Click return.
This launches the OptiStruct job. If the job is successful, you should see a new
results file in the directory where HyperMesh was invoked. The following files are
written to the directory.
100 Concept Design Using Topology and Topography Optimization OptiStruct 7.0
Post-process Results
OptiStruct 7.0 Concept Design Using Topology and Topography Optimization 101
Review
1. Is the objective function satisfied?
Conclusion
This concludes the combined topology and topography optimization for a slider
suspension. The exercises covered:
• Defining the topology and topography design spaces.
• Defining responses, constraints, and objective function for combined linear
statics and normal modes.
• Post-processing the results for the combined topology and topography
optimization.
102 Concept Design Using Topology and Topography Optimization OptiStruct 7.0