Hermann Scheer

Nuclear energy belongs in a museum

Article published in The German Times, August 2008

We can meet all our electricity needs with renewables

Producing nuclear energy is neither cheap nor safe. It’s time to pay more attention to alternative energies
– and to promote them the way nuclear energy once was.
Around the world, there is much fanfare announcing the renaissance of nuclear energy. The International Energy Agency
is even calling for the construction of 1,200 new nuclear power plants by 2050.

The agency considers that a necessary answer to climate change and says the move would also help to lower
dependency on fossil fuel imports, as well as helping to stabilize fuel prices.

This argument ignores the many and serious risks of nuclear energy – which remain unchanged – as well
as its true cost. It also denies the huge potential of renewable energies, in an effort to establish the fundamental
indispensability of nuclear power.

The nuclear industry is the result of a gigantic machine powered by political subsidies and privileges. Everywhere, it gets
tax breaks for nuclear fuels, exemptions from liability insurance, as well as favorable loans and investment subsidies. But
that is not the only reason nuclear power is the biggest subsidy program in global economic history. Governments have
already spent more than $1 trillion on the research and development of nuclear energy alone – 20 times what has
been invested in renewable energies.

As costs skyrocketed and public opposition grew in the mid-1970s, the construction of nuclear power plants was largely
halted. The dreams of expansion were over. In 1974, the International Atomic Energy Agency forecast that by 2000,
nuclear power plants would have an annual capacity of 4.5 million megawatts. Today, 440 reactors provide 300,000
megawatts – a mere 2.5 percent of the world’s energy needs.

It is estimated that the current number of reactors will exhaust uranium deposits in around 50 years. Without an
immediate transition to fast-breeder reactors, which would make uranium stores last considerably longer, nuclear power
plants will run out of fuel. If their number were to double, not one of the new reactors would be able to operate for more
than 30 years.

But the history of fast-breeder reactors is a fiasco. Their high susceptibility to breakdown showed them to be unfit for
commercial operation. If the industry does succeed in making this kind of reactor workable, the additional costs would be
incalculable.

Our nuclear waste is a 100,000-year legacy. What political and economic order can remain stable for that length of time?
There are four more important reasons for not returning to nuclear power. As asymmetrical conflicts intensify, the danger
of nuclear terrorism increases around the world – in particular, the danger of missile attacks on reactors.

Nuclear reactors’ enormous water requirements collide with the growing global water crisis and compete with the
water needs of a growing world population. The surplus heat produced by nuclear plants is difficult to harness
productively, which is why they are basically inefficient. And to be profitable, expensive nuclear power stations must
operate at full capacity – something that is only possible if governments reverse their liberalization of electricity
markets and guarantee the nuclear industry a share. The nuclear power economy is and always has been a state
enterprise – sometimes openly acknowledged, sometimes hidden.

The most powerful argument against the nuclear renaissance, however, is the potential of renewable energies. There are
already scenarios showing the possibility of supplying all our energy needs from renewables – using technologies
that already exist. They form the basis of the latest speech by Al Gore, in which he calls for American electricity suppliers
to make a complete switch to renewables within 10 years.

In the past 12 years, an electricity generating capacity of 30,000 megawatts has been created under Germany’s
Renewable Energies Act. In 2007 alone, new capacity grew so fast that it produced 15 billion kilowatt hours of electricity.
That equals the annual output of two nuclear power plants.

If this initial rate were to continue for 25 years, Germany’s electricity needs could be completely supplied by
renewables. Germany has an area of about 350,000 square kilometers and a population of 81 million people. What can
be done here, can be done anywhere.

On top of this, nothing can be implemented faster than the expansion of renewable energies in the existing central
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 Hermann Scheer

facilities. Highly-centralized conventional power stations can be replaced by many smaller and mid-sized generation
plants. A solar or wind-driven generator can be installed within a few days, while a nuclear power plant takes an average
of 10 years to build. The argument that we should switch to nuclear energy to protect the environment because time is
running out, is nonsense.

Nor does the final argument in favor of nuclear power hold true – namely, that it is needed because renewable
energies from wind and solar sources are not constantly available. No power grid functions without alternatives and
storage capacities. The same applies to nuclear power stations, which also have to be taken offline for differing lengths
of time.

Of course, that is also true of renewables, which have to be made available as a mix derived from different renewable
energy sources that complement each other. In addition, there are many different ways of storing energy, such as using
hydrogen or compressed air. All renewables (with the exception of bioenergy) have the unique advantages of having no
fuel costs and producing no emissions, of being available from local sources, and of leading to long-term energy security.

The cost of nuclear energy is rising inexorably, while that of renewables is falling steadily due to serial production and
technological refinement. We must overcome the unjustified technology optimism surrounding nuclear energy as well as
the shortsighted pessimism about renewables. It is time to pursue renewable energies just as ambitiously as nuclear
power was once promoted. And renewables do not come with an incalculable risk. The place for nuclear energy in the
future is the technology museum.

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