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IN IR'NIATIO~NA.l CHILD D:EVELOIPMENT CENT.RE

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,PRE FA t'E

T' " NIS ~'I!~I)'~+ ~;!"U '!,\rI~h ~I - ~!li;'lp~, ~ ~i!'d l~L ,~1~ CtiIW~!l~ll't;"j Of! l!-i~ lij~b~~ {It In~' OiIJ~'(;e,I!l,C)~ ~ill]II' ~hc: '·bt:~r rf.-i't:~~ !:if ~I~ ,.,t.li!q". $lvlI~i~I' ~ pl'l1mn!~ lr'! ",Il n:!~Il"I~' ~;i,JIl'IHi'~;'n1ie p11r~ oI!!~p:.I!~ ILl it ,,-.ami!)! oO~ !.'\ti1~1~~~ Mli'ULI.g;KXl! rl~ eo,mrl~IM. ~i'1 !lftlll!P1;1"l1 ~r. ~t ,is lE~ij !.IL l~lrufQJ1 To ~Ik SC'~.j]II(j;I~ ~ ... I ~h:;'!;:1I11.E1 'fVOO'!lII'tl: tfu!ni'ill ~TIirtg (AJ1;iC~ ~J~ 'Wltll r.dl'Jf.."liI;:l' I~ ~Jii:fl:mrJ.l ~sl~i in~p for !~lt IpmilH;h~!!:

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~ra i:QrijllJflJ::i iOC'l !,I,!!th €It~["j~lfn,g ~~ncl!tt" Kl1~,,"li!i1! bei1 jD~~l.c> '!~~rJi!'J ,!~III~ 'Bido~ka,1 pi\i'elll::l :',I:)~ll'1~t ~Ilif!- bii:'it"'.e.',;:~~ 1T,)~!ol~. paJ:t!~~ aal[~I~~i fil1ltJ!l~~, flffirluEJ l"!8al!j~i Il:,'!'l;'iRiiiU' rn~tlf1<'!~, liJxiI ~ff.~IU ,,"i;ln;lb$L'~li~ijI "1/r~I'f;!j1P ~Itjiii:lt'i)i';:$ l~rol~~,l:ie ~te;fl1.;I~101"i .,')!fbe:s( i~~~ ~il'I~ 10 to;: i~l.li I1l1,oj~l.fu;!rl II l,pi'~~I\-~l,qB e:.~~n,~, ,,!!It:!, t:-...>.eI!l,Ij~ ~'41~; !:.!. b",~~ rQr ~hi1. L;h;IIiIIS, ~II~ o;::;Jlj:y ~ llnd~'.:.J'Q4:I(i t\Mf.![~€Jr.~r~ ~ne;r tllliiiji.!ll.J!X~, Ii' I.~ ~lOillldl~t;,;IJli 1JOi~.ee ..... h)" L'ill ~~i;(11 '''It.tll'~ ij)i: !00 rolL.HJ;.".~r~J,Ii (A~i I~, I.'!t)o:.l_, IJ;!' 'S,::;iZl

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pfin~1fl~ h~~'11 ~ .~. ti ukl righl~ 'S.~j t tng 1,~d~'e".iJ, H seems. ~Q T:rllln~ ohSe t'Ver;$'rob~ ! LItle ~~iO~ ~~. ii, ~·n!!1;~la~LOI:I i;ru.Q.'til'1; "]~~1gl:!~g_~ {.1iF 'lh~ (j)\ .... ,oifi,logaM sru{:!~ as "Fjps!CdJ far C.hthlr¢o" dlIliJ'JiCEfJi tit '~Ci]i!tlrer:l flIsl" rLe:ach. 19M), Hut ~J'Ii,:s:a;p~~em;L and lite erl[~lll5iasm \l,1,~I:h .. \II~kh IITlia~y,cOmJ!l~r:lHliw:rl>have ,gtt'If!>crotJ 'r!w pr:!!11- t~rpkjs.· j f1.c-fu~,[,zyrl If) th!'l .'CR"C.CQrlU"lSIS s~'iI.\onl;1!Y w I,jb ~ he ,reserv~;th)~l:S eXP'J'e.ss~cl: Iby otneJ's; Some ha"", ~sk~!ll W fn:ther lMpr:1:1i1cipl'e rell)~ ifI!S ~,t~ Qri;g~.llI<l.l miJ'I!J.I! ,~t tlr~ '011pe (hj Idl1ID·s.ngfll.~; IiIWf:1' I:hiiln i uerel 'j th~i[

· '·.i,n,t.~I)€i'$l:S·'. hil'll!l ~-e11 Te1',\Jgf1i~ed I iO~hel's hftVe"SO;gge£.teQ th~ [_ hrflmeS-mOf:ei '~Iut!~tioml' dmfll.l1Ul~ers-~lnd

:could be rCoullteILpT'~!lddw. In W'11Te respet,f~ (vtiriEh:lIOI,-eil, 19-95; !'lP, 4S~9). . .'

1lie .rriOJllL Mm~l~llt vc~~w.d ,:t12hclady _cri;!ciiill,1 >olF I'fle princ,lpJ.e ~S" 1.t:i1ll ~ I .IS;~IH;~r~le:d !J',r i Ilfdel,ftlmli- n~~e. [Ill, Ol!Jt;:f wmdS;1 lts "pf"h~OIBQn. ]11.<1 ail\lel~ll~u<liuon WII~~.n[)"t heceS"sO!nl~ ~,e<iitho 1In.~ pMltr.:u~iI!n'jul(...(I~Ii~ 'rhe p.ml:llthtlJffi hiCI!!W W mtifll' l~e;dll1,!f::d.a I ~(It !:ilQlllld Ptl· used I.it)~Vi11lfrffi'te: ~.~ tenl<llt~\,Ie~ optionS' Ji.hM ill'e Ope:f1. I~(j il ded:sinll ,naJi:er "SeekinS ,! or 1)IJl:;pofllllJl~g) tOilet H! tiJ.~ dlJld'.s best I uteL'ie..S!5,·As el'i.p..ressed by RtiIDCrl Mn.oobl1l:

nt¢ ch~ce (lr cl'i~1I i~ ~nhe~nLI.y ... alue-I a4an:; Jill ~ often (here:is n Q ~QnioeJ1slJ$ ~LllQu[ wh~I,,!J!'ii1 u<t:~ shml!d 1!:i:fcin'll·I.'1i!l~IIDiQe. l.'.~ j)"rob.lemS· iU:e ·f];Qi UU1IU.'1Ue m thHd'reJII'!\poheici", ~ul~l~y ,"lre efl1Pe(.ia],Jy ,aJ;~[t HI th.L~ ~tmf,.;:n 'beG.,'1l[!~e dl i Idlrer! them~I'IIe'~ .~fl<;.ll ~~I'l!nht ~pe1l!t;: i'Qr H..e1t 'OMI hU1l.1'e's1$.

Even L'r pred ~C1 ~@IIl:il 1;,)& 00 I ~e. ~(lnSleqlJ:e'm;:.e"8 'Cl'f~o~ uoy .~1!.eJ1I1i.1;ti"'ll:s] were J;~osnMe, w~a~ ®e~ ()r V!l:tl;l;~~ ~houM a: jmjge lJ~to~elm1lli~iinL cJ;ril@'~ beilr i:rllere;.st$,,".,[HJe mu.sl h;lVte" ~amt: ""01)' 'g,f ded~ij'il ~'h~t u:ournl:S.:1ll~·g9:O.:;!1 and wfra~'eolill1l:ll ~ bad (fJ.-tlQoklJ" 1~<?oS:.r,p. ~ "l·18j.

Li;~ til) thiS". "<;ril~.ue? ,~r Im:lie'teI'l'flUUH~lt' IS l:1 k\;ling Ilh,lt. ~h~ v .. Jl!:l~s erj1lllgyEld. te gl ~ t:QraH~!V lt~ Ul~

best lruerests p.ri:tl(;Jipte haw ViEll:yor ten ~)eel~ :q l;iI lie _lnllPpwprime. A-!i Pendope Leil.ch il!ls nOled:

The phr:as.e lOb,! ~hc, ~s~ Interests of d~f: ~hlld"'cilO,Md Oneil ~.ret1e(;L .. llll1ore Of less] hel'lf\l'o!JlJe;ril ,fll!~h~i'ilar!,ilh~m', Our.r;'Idfl per1>O:u~ll'ellluon"!ll~jl~\~'i!h tam il~,[eath~jir"!l'or groW!l'U.ll· fwicefu.iS,; u~ ~I ITfI)S!, L'hlk.lun ~~,~, ex'peel of .nl0f>~, IiL:!ll~dl'i; ~ ~tro.n<1ge (I ,em:::n, I '~:;, ,p. lQ1l,.

A.WJ,m:r td I !Cl~!H (if t!Je'~llino ipl~ I ~a;s .-mst:fI! in tne 'OOlil~e~t·~f aM:~~~s Q"lter w hod IS Seerlll.cstht: x;uhm~ a~ty 'bi,olS!;.>dfii"JfiillreQlF ~ ~1re:mEl:nl!~;!1 hu ~Il;;in figh~~ ~;~,w !1m;! itS:~!J,1 t'Lns; Ifli!p:p'~pd~t~'liessjn ~1.'lFl).e (:u !lurnl 'i;~Llin~·nJu: 's{H'.alled f.UJtuitfll reJllth4sm debFlite-). ·fhe ~ sl"i.lUe'!ies~.!q;l" nGlpl~ I~ jj~'"b~ some 1'111· ~ pOl¢:nI'lal ·T~jaLl Il,orS¢'· whkll, wi II' e.mlibb:. Cl;illlnl'~1 ~Olls,kt~1 ~OJ1~, to be' s~nilB$:I,ed i,!,I(1 the i;hildreJI j~ . tlgh~s, clt;l"!:tli1Il!.,,' ~Q.d will ~,jJ,bse~lJe:rit~YiJJndmJ;nin!1llh(l: bJii(l.cQrls¢'~~IJ:l.thM Il~e Con~ien~io.n ,retl~t§,

AJ[ OIf hhe~~ j ~srit:s are rufi~.I ysed if) lbh p<lipe:t ,'\1'1 >mlp.t'HtW. hs~tveli'l m ~he1ll.~m!'lws .. afi:~u~g a,appi}' :i!"l~ the ptil'l.c.iple in eonercl.e stu"aW:ms inYol:vmg ~h'e tl'e~~ITf>!:!~1HJ,[ 'd'lJildren. '!'ire' £lI'1II p.at1 e :'lipl:OfC-'S sCll'li~ hi~ror.Ecal and currer!!. !J.1sa;g.es o~ the prutC ~ple, bm.ll rn dome-1lt~,q il.lml\Ii.m:e!(:ri~U(ltl",d tllW. l"l~f: second PaJ'!. ~~.,;.m~1£~ the ~~IJiIlii"'C~1'0uea~ilf)g ,o:i~het~I",FlIl~;~~tlpl,gil'edJl'!i ~!h1! CRG. ·n[(:~.~~i'd pru1 ~IGru~ l~e P10blt'ii'rl ef ,~il:d~teil1l1,ii'l~.cy" whUi:I~i::.wljrnn ~d 'fm~l' llm1~ mTl~it!ef' SOlff~ pri\c~kalliils~l1iCe$ -of: ind~urrml"~cy' Cifn1iring ,amlltli:! ~·~ues re-I'miiilg '~p c:uhulf,,<ll'!:g ~i~lIll:f(;'e!l, Ti'lifl !5iiUh seclig~a WI15i~f~·d.i'ff'e~!in,t ways 'Ofow:r~ c{!m1ng_1If'!de;lr:m1 il!lllOy~ .The ~.:e'Y'.elll~1l e-xillnl nes ~he pd ri~ll~le !irl~:~~i~jl to' ~h:e ov-e-rall ~d~B:'Ile .~ver CIJ IIlJ.l1d . t.,e;l:n!:",i,SflT, ~~tJthefJil.llll.se.ction '(ln~idffi tlW:'~;Pij:M'(!i:lc::llto 00l~ ~n~erest&,~dQp'IOO to d~~(i:.by I he' C6mmi[la:

0lI; ilt£: Rr:;lIJS .Gf Il'b.l)!: CW,ld, _. -

Thea tudy.s[s concludes thaI ei'f'Ol'iS IO·f!I'OJnolJe~.'i.~c't for ~1l!e;marl()rnll.~U!!Illan n~hl_s s~""illtdaJ!"d~ iI!".e:

· oflil!:tl 'Ilk~:iy m'l'!;,maln &tI~rflC:llIl 31'ld IUlefl'.eQW:ll.J !I!-!'ld~ :s:u~h ume ns i h~}' relate du reci~)' 10. OJ ~d where ];iiOSr

· $~bk i:IIi¥: rroIT1{ltedi%[lV~lgh, IOCOI!1 ":\.1 II IjJ r.I~. 1"eI.igial.!!1 m:I.~ mh:e-r l:mdiHOJlJl,1 ~oonmy~h i~~" ln Ih is Tes;pec~. the besrirneresrs p'~i.ll,1; Ir~I'e rlOllY!' :jl]!l .irnpnn;lnrLJ;lC ii ~1~!uf1l\!: rule', 6y I he gOlirn~ wke'!iI. it '"'<'In. never be ~nvlok~ 10 "O'\f~t'!id~ ~1'Ie ",Jpliclitio:!'! Or(hf'Nlrl)L;)Ul~ ~!,J.bslO'lI1tiV:e r~gIH$ r~(;O~l:rl,j~!!d in U)e eRC lh~"'!1nl£LI'y~ !\i~ i~gl'es 1:tI!U U~e-:.n"dall~ mi lilll~Y .el'.iH'!\Ili'~r j,~lp~ to~,~pl~ irrbl.oth Ul~ n~h~ a~d fhf· ;'i;igrtl rk.l!lrl.ce Qn h~rlliii~," ciple. The Ctinvent1cm asa wllcle: g_(Je;S..a·h;:mg W:a1l!Jw .. m~ :I~,'(j"\tjdhlg th~ bFQ® e:tI'l.h;;;'!~ or\l:l~Yef,,~·t'lle-· 'worJt lIi'mi i ~ o:r~~iI E"iai:m'eD to bEl thi!i .miS~~il;g ~I]gtfldiertt ~'tlljt w.Qluldg.:i~. ,a gmll~~r :1if:e,:grB~ ¢f ,()erl,~irny 'I:~} ~Il~ CDJiltent of~~e beSt ~rltereWt~ pJJirJl1:]:pl!:l, It pH.'O'It ud~s, ill' ~llrefullJ .forlfl~t1.1.a&ed a:fl.Jdbii}ilnced s!,,~em~I!t 'oi V~hie8' .. ~,O w}v[ch: !St~te~~~TTl~.h!iH: 'ro,}rn~Hy ~~,dtISJ!Jrib~tL T~e ('on¥elllt~[J,!! do~s '!lot st:(lt .to pm.vi d~, a!\y ~efi n idvJ1l ~l'It~l1'le:ntor how'" en iJd's ~,~~tC!;lIh1~5- wOUM b~Slb~~~I"\il'11 m !l g,~VTf(ru" 'i!i~lli[l[~lm._A·ny Sblrc~ prereli1l~~:Oflv.'bulkl b~ m~s,pl!lc~d. fi'ililte I'I;O:!lem:r~JI rnl('::s ~jP'll~~ ~ecU:v~IY'pr~hfid~~~1:'i il '~l"'M:mill'n~"hi$ !:;leotr. ~pm.~ \Ull: IP'~iii-e. i In:pJ ~.,::aiiM~Q{ :rl:t~ .p'r~I'I'\':~:rl~ ,'IN U~ ,,:~ry @yi~r il'~~N~ ",.rnd frQa~ M~' s~ie[y wj r~ jlll$ow n e.!.l]' ~ur!lJ. i"lm::t>!'ll an'dl~rhi'.r \i.'llhl~:t~j~cl ~aHHci, ~o' anc;ltihe:r: .[t w'ilt~~1$.o v,Ilry flcwrd ~ng to fill in'" iNI\'il:ll~t(";hi Id ~.~ s.~HJJ~tit)·I1 •.

'THE B,EST INTERESTS PRINCIP'LE IN DIOMES11'C AND! INTE,RNATIOiNAL LAW

T HH~n:lCIg{:l1Joe ·tlfl1!e b~rJjlu~~ts pi'itu::iple in .hiter.I1:tl!honlll1aw ~s ]iIlr,gel,. d,lIe lo~he fat~ - dmt It has lOJ:l! been ;l.ce'J]II;rji· teature ln 'famA

ily law til th~ Ul~UO{fl!lJ. I,ev~] III varicuscounmes, Att:hm.t~hche e.J.tpen¢!l'loe' ,of many Qt dtenl", iJrcJud:lin$. m paTl.icm'I~~,t lht': Ur.i,lr;~d S'l{l[1t:5". Ilugln w1it"H wruranm c:areful srudy. [he appmaches ilidopu~d m the I I1im~d .K~I'l£;djonl .lInd Frllnc.e.'~ 8S:pftclId ~y rele:Y'<l~ l bot,h because olthelil"lJl~rn~'lIG IIiJ~er~s·t l1!.ld' ~b;el"r.- perv ~l vC:~,l.lin~~nC6 i.!!iI the' <lipprQilIch ad,lYpt~ w~th~n fh~jr {Qr.mll.f ·~QI'm.~i;e~, 'rhl]~', befor.e too!k.n!_g "<l.t the: Set/it UI$ off "l:h~ p.~.·l~lclp1~ !~lil1reffilah(mal,la,...,.. we: wlllcon&id~i iL~ e:vQoll!~ IlQJ'ii i n1I the ~a"" of lh.c$ed!iiiO oom1ltrie:~.

IL i 'Ith I .n L

PrJ!itlf to rll.e 6.1.'t n.tlcth cf.;i'i:U:u.ry, .eriti8J!C~!illtnm!' II3i\'o' 'l1'I;tnlf~'s1ied '~~'~fY kiw regard fo!:' dn i Idren ~\'J~'h wi~hi~ 8ociet2 a~ ~<1['~e :~nd wir~1i:'1r,I~it~I'f-'Iiiy:,' b'l~~~d wny c.Ji;):rl(;ep~ ~f tl:n;:;m~h!ts 6J t~e ·(]hi·~d Wil~ ~iltheJy I!i:i~en 1:Q', 'lh~ .L!(immflbJ ~·u...w, l~£E~a:~, lt ncc"Q·j'dj~d . strml\g ~.i)i~l,lHO[1 h;t .llhesl1[JogJ'iQW pa:rel11t;t1 Jlghl.'af a. man: fn ~ fmmi ly. unlit. t:jV6~le:d1 w,i,*fJiJ m;l..ITi,II.g~~~'rld W;;'!Sfll~t'fe. (;Ioncerne:~ ow uU~ ~afe:gualid!i 1CIg_ his' ~:nel}l.lI ~ights ~han TI:I~ il'll~~~I~ or' eh~lcl~!ii~' (GQnl1~C)kere, 1~94~ p_.1 19). ~Li~ n!)ilth~.n s~ci$i.ng.! (~".fi:Ji!.d. LliffiJ~ the law cO:llta iWleil few pro"":l~iQi~S. dcsig;rn.elCi. ~o s,lIfe:g:ullul 11w" illUltest~of children, ]"he.re W@~. (in'e~l1Implr, Ill) le,gl1i ~'Llt.y urt p.are[!i~· !Q ~!,IP'PQrt the:k cilU~re{l. Similruly., ell Htl~n ·wu:!Li.ll.:n~t:&l,1~ a. 'pe~r! ~fi'p~ru,ibl~ lOr ~he dMr.~! ~f a p1l!re;~L for- J!aml Itll~~ l'I1~gbl: r~SH It r~l)nil'~o% of pru.'\illt~t ·SIJ;P.l'lort, lilcl,eerli j l}i.ru:· ~iI1l ~hQwrl th<~t iTI~ny fiT tlle lllws Hurt II~ fuc:~ I;!:ll:ue ~ppea5-ed to prtltec::t' '~~!1:righ~ Cl:f. ~he. .chad w~,rea,crLlaUy c~esig'led OW serve S,Qi'I'Il!: othc,1i tm"ef-' ests. ThUG 'whi le (athe~ lEad Qtlght.lO the ccust~diy . o~ CheJir nemk Ihe~ were neverlhde:s'~L rree to reJec~ an heir, Aii!~her could ,eXJerCI ~e ~ WnJ Q1 w.3!{ld~h~p '·~if h~~Q~~~k :Pe~ll1:n[$. Qi'"·a -. p<:Iti'iJiJ,tlaUy auracllve l'U1ar1'l~gcq~m(l,,~he famHy by me nl1I"]sh-

ment dt" k}la wlIul'" (E~~til~!lt.ir, 198'6, p;1 M t The· IFather Q®"1.I1i:! dfl'lI'i1 for ~o.gSOr ~er\1'lce:~ 1:h.~t would h9Wc[)ee:n iPlfQvidi1id to hum by the .chiJclihht latreI' C"';'e rc injm'u~ ,W t!:;s8enl1e. rth~ ,co.mmon law wl1(ldvedi of tJle cltl,ld .• as a t~SClilrt.e for the:.IJ~~·of hlsdl' her' fm}luand souglluo prLHilcl the f:atirur 's [inand..,] ~lI'1Idillhe, It'lle:nm.:s, ~cilt~1.ngly.

GliadLI1lUy lhe lllw evolved HI the El!irectinil of !:reilli::r S)'llil pillhy wWiu:ds'il mdi.~r limit€lcl I.ltllt~t'l ,of €:bildlfen,'s ·ri;g~l$. These (hal:'lges tniwd.ly OOClJirf.ed dU1)Jug:h .the use ()iF eqilltt,Y as '~r~d to the cmnruen ttl.';(i. U i>ing e.qu.~t~bl .. e ru!es, I~he Cou,rl (It Cha.ne.elY Wtils :aM~ 10' IIilIJ'l!.l''W':nt. Qilil behal101 tJle C'riJwn m mifer lb m~~c the'child m, W~Jl'lir ot [1'leC)Olltl O!'.ellt[oa:retil"ilers ,dahri;g [0 his; m ~ilIel etchJ ~1l:lmill <nOOMseke~" 19'94,. lJ. i r9 L Nevedhde:ss, lite' courts l'(~fITl:f~h:l0d 1'~lw:::t:!Int to p.rwe-( I ch lMren ~s mlli.r~·M~ ,pilI' ~i1" and wern mate conce;rned 10 ~ pho!d wh<lt th(!y Ir:m~rprete::d Ol~. be.inglhe gu~mer SOCIa] geod (EdceJ8!1I1:"IlJj8:6. p, 16B~; These deve'lQp.ments ~nequity Je.d tothe mr..mu'latH:lI'l and ~Lpp'1 i",a;tio.n of the hest.~nre;res!S p!iiU.nt:i ple a n:d gnrouan~ .proo I.me(l a OOrR~prll'ltl" jngchm.nge. ut the. priru::l.pies aftmflfi'il.Gll law, se that fly the be.gl.rm lug oflhe: !twe,ndeth ee 1iI~1JiI7 !~h:e OQI]UllOlI III w ha(Lcome ~:() tte<l[ the pn:nc.lp'ie <IS a p.ara~1QI1l nl: ,co:rl~ld'ern[lC:)n In. cus.~J1 ,d ispl.l tes .. LeJil LS~<J;Hon s ub~quenl1Y n~nected lhii!> .1IPPJ:OOtJ~. Thus, ·fa:. e;(ailltpk~he GUOlj.,y IMiMp or lnfants A1c~. of ~ 9.25' PIJ;O\' ided lh.~,t Ln m.lIb.ng deelSJb[lIS' f€~I.a:l.mg ~:o' dl.e C'U ~W~}!3j~~ IJ;pbr-L~l:,glfl:jl!Cir clJ lldlre:[I. ;:he courrsshculd mak.e~l-ie.chiM·s we~r<lre. "the. J1b:St· .ll,lld p<lr.'lf,!~crL!m . eensrdersaen" n;::;oo'I1e.~ke:I'e~ t994.. p, ] WJ,

Oil'nn~ (ne umeofl:l:l¢' 'Bnl.l.Sih Empire. 111w8 w~;[eeuacm,d cf:':"pw:ssly: I ni;orpora:t~!lg So,me ·fom'i, or .~h¢ beSit Inmres!s· ~I'1'nc!.ple!nto the l1l\~ a~' I1l,1U'l'~roIlJS .eelom.¢~.. S.orn,~ Qr !:I'lese_ 1a~"'<$e ~lket sri II applY.lM.ay or haveu ifl>uallc~~ the kg<1.t ipm) V hWlJirlis, $llb:seque:Jin:l:r adop[li':d by Lhe for(lIlc;rC(:)l.orllJe'i.:., As Goc;mf;sekere lhll;$rn{H~ed '1n r~l:l,tl(HJ It) Sand:! All>l~, the ~ r.lu-s'h P.aib 8 ment f:l'lfIcrt:ed dLe·

3·

a Li_Ot.tJ~li~13iii[Jil ilIiiltl ~'\;'.-u~~ &1 ln i 890, wlik:h ~1:l'11 tJ pi kJ, IN !htiglarJ~~h, 1CJ,;'k\~t~lu;'!l~ Incl~!!i m~)",

:s.he :H)Itlrn[4r.i~, I~~ ~'rofi)i);r::l as fo!!!ITQoW~:

TiiC: i"i.c:L rpt!;h:ltL~ ~!Ofl 'BI'I~ish Ta1,;;,o LiI~ the IIHliii lit'll I thit.r:1!:fmill '!7Ilrtt:~di!l~ Ib~ '5'IJll~!ini pr~i~I'[!j[ji rl;!!rnt of'1ilC:! ra1heu. ~rlr"h.'\i.I~il,'pIDZ:~,illl 1!Ii.lIE~S 111::' :i~ ! ~III f'wl ~~ l~ PI ~lIil1rrhl!li; N~\'uIJIif]f'!i~, Hie A~l .'t&l}l,~llireS.u t::ru~[I'

i'l,ll' ~~(m;ILI~!" !rtl~ilxl'Y ,g,,"¢!jrdlll& ;~I 1'1)1:'. ·~t(;tir.., JJf !'!,c ~l'jJi;oM il:ri~ld" (\~eI~ P'- l ~.~

Gii'Oli}JI I'llIi;a; tl~S~r.[ItJ' il i(S I'm ~lt"plt!~lijg. =~ fllfld'

~hi'!;1 "U .. 'ilJfl~ ",r n~ ~! Im~rt!:$1 lJir.itl.:"~pl~ .:!hOJ L)iiJPh [Ii ';\;'bt~r~, 1;:I1;hMi1 1''Dlli11t:F Bri1iiih rnlDn~

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fb[l: i:C.];Il,iill~ 'r":itl:j;mI w~~:r '!!II!:. ~st m~!:I;dt~, prJil,dp]t; ~~" fii!OO~!tiz!::(!1 lin th~ eRe ~h~!!.Wid dr::-i~!~:p II i1;j!:'~Li'!!i~ !'Inri $i:9,lliinCi\IlC~. qoijtl} ~'rare ~!:~ITI dlEi[ whbclli! H ~1\l;o~~ 111.IDthld"l;iE!i:lt~,i:!f!~ thin,1. I) tltilllmdn]~mJj used In .~iI! m'e!:limti~'1111i..1 I.re"ilt~ ~ 'to IlnOCe; D~f ~ Ii:f,~ {.ii!10 ml!:iEIiI~mg} ~~ r~ o:wii .. , '~,g:-~rdilli'fl!i 'liil wlhtii Iirn~ghl hit~r- ~i:Hi~ I~, Int: vi !'. ,Il!bh:: ·ilfl'J~ri~\:"Il'Io!::-" hoot I~ dill~n~ri.c [~'A' ,t;:(Il1lul$i· I'K!I1 1iiI~r;: ~ liil<\tI~ ~I~ in 1~~1~mi"lhCl'l\nl h~il-li,m-I Itth[.\": 121'11.1 tli.;u .;om ~, '!'I"¥i24 rli.Ii'~':f!i~ ~Ol ,:;:pe:m:ifl~ Qlnmc:it!it:· f(mrnJ~:JIliAJIi'$. TB[~ m3,~' br, !il.LI!Jtrij.E!'id by -rera,elN:e tb ·,:;;~ .. ,tlt1il W(l~~~. N'

AT1m!r.~an IE'I ...... ~:hiilt il'o'l.ind:.Ul~lr 'Wt.'ylnla Ifu(: bJ~)C[~ fI~[~'lJtl\!l1 . _'EI'I!i:n~I~~,ljli CivJ I .lind 1~il1iiilfr:~llllg.bt~ ~1lJc.11 I~g "~illl!!: I;),~ess.':'" "~LIf!J1 Pffi'!'E'-!t.~&:ilf· ,fIJlQ ;f~!!I~I, 1~~!iJ!!!~·"1~ y. i,1(~e~lI'lim~. '~~!Fl'j~nl:·I!. J'Ll U'i~~rn<i[~@",~ lQw 'i'1~ fif~l: II\'iJ! rlm~~~ ho'Y.~ t~lioo. SU~3!~it1 dWill. jl;!! aMUIl]'~~~~ ,Li!~h~It.~!ikq',!Ji1! nllp:Kr!::tliiCe: rhi;;ry' !l:F.ij~! !J." ~~ Ed~1l; G'I~ il~~ 'S~mli.c mle:mirit!;l' !h~lJ b.il'L'J!l hear .;t.r:L(itd~d'; ~r:! AI1~ita.o ~i!w. '1'I~ '[I!~rd phm1!se, I!Jir ,miil'trnSt" 'i~ impDr,!iLl~t In m~lJ!iii..~~i"~ M.'i'.! b~~. hL!.~ ll~rt;l!I Ijtlt\~]:irl!il~d 111 ra m<'!f d~~O!!Ui,'rl[ W.,II)q IIiii !'Ii) ,Anl!erli~~il I"Qrubl;;)J~ TI>it!$8 diifir2~-lI1c~.~1'ii: rlUi;: lfi Ii' n,~j1rubf;1 or 1,~~t.O~. Indlldj~~!J trnl.! .dli:[f~!'I:r.ri:' ~~1Ii.liQJ.. ;:tL!-ttlirl$ iA '{i.1h I~h ~~-IjIf~I'I~i,Ii'Ic:.'S, sra l~m.il1d<l[OO'. ~h~ {~iffi!:iunt l~grLl o:K]:to:tll!i ~'bldil ~~ ,iiirfi ~in,g 1:1I~~!ed; BIlD ~lli: intl1~~l.(:e Ifi~ [nitlZY ,diffeueiJ.' 1~I!I.BlI ;;;Ilnll~ 'W~Ulml i'liit"lnl~i IOI~ilil brn!l~ i htl~ j]!pp'~~ !hi!lrti'

ill (~~!$a~l. II 'rrl~ ltile '~ri,1 th~1 'WIIIlr: fh~ ~~~ ilJid j(l !~.liin~~Loil· fir. ~llti ~~I i",i]"tJ~~, p:tll!j' c"j~~ iln dOI,'nl!'£i:lc I;;:!,w'~~~ &~ ;of ~.()'J1'].!;l ml~'!.1·:;!itl0~ ,~ t!D~ .in~tll,ljiJi~:31 ~tfidC:.S~~ i!I~ ,t.~C. ~,h 111!IProotii1les :it~e 'Ill}! no m~tt~ ,tlt5~rnn.ill;;!tL'I'~ Imde~li" D"'!¥r ~ilne!, lml.i<i:'iI1l'l%Ih:i~~!J.IJi '0'f tb~ P!iifl~ip'~~ ,ill ~Iil!!- ill~lj.ilt:1.lfOlJtillll'~":i;1 sh~!(11 P'1f!"'Il'1t~ l!ii' ;e;'j,\Q>, I.Iif,i!JJli ~!~ lf1te:.ilin:~il!l100·(i~ I]~ 'p:r~1'.I i~)j.~ ; rh {1();r11~~[~C: ~~~'I~ A:~ hri~.tJ~ei1 ~1I~m~IL<I::IJ:

ITJllil' \j,i~S: Iii ..... Ntll ~he ('R),il\'e:n~ has 1~11 '1\wrnl.!L\ai~.u~, ~11~I!!il;d ~h~ llrllu."j;I~ ~.t;!Itlid!,'!"'lU1tIl8l11)' ~uJi iilT tl}l;l i:lEe;;j 'f:o~ Hl~~ '~foSll\'" OOIl!IU iN!Ii~! ~f'. ~ lIppi~ ~II.(" COOValtiOO1 nO" ~ ill rn1h~T 'd~fR:!"aI1

7

~h rn:ri!il itlljj·· ..... llfJ.":i1l Itrq i li~~l ~I,,"~ij IllItl~r;j1jj 6!1I~·1O,~; :prii1!!11;ri8)1 ·y,;·j~l'rill ~II lilri1M!:1 ':1,j!ii~~'1 'iiI" ~1~rW~ ~lti.l~nli~

HII!~,l ..

H[!'!f~n8 :pt!lt. d1j_;:! ttiL~'I!;!Ijl1~'o' ~Dn;le:5lIk' fo.r.niAiilaunns .of tile ~~!1t :illlel'(:sls pfi I"iC-lp·h snro pee.$pe;;;:I1. ... ;::.. ...... c I,lWII :riol1loi ~ij u coll1S.i.derntl£iili Q~'q_fu:o ~.P:: <lU1D l1!iMmng oj 1 Ii!: pmlf.''p~ r~ i!'mbod.i~

I i'!i Ihe (\)i'I~L~llrijOM .

B

A,p P LYING THE PRINCIPLE IN' P'RACTI'C,E,

I

T]:> JII)J.P'jl[i[an~ m eKpIQJr!n~ t~',SCQ fl,e' .0 r the

best Inj~.el\e.su. pnncip'l.e LO oOliliS1Jer bot h~ h~ C;~rcLUW\I<'I,t)':es. under ~llich it l$ :requ~ TO

be. a;ppll ved .1.11 d ns speeifie ImpHc."Illlon~' m s ueh 'Situations

I II II h will te IN';;ilil:ed ~~iH A;n'itle li)ro¥iQ~'~M:ar~le. lJl1flndpl~ :shil,l:1 J~e' u'e:oltl1:d il!~ ~ piirn:!X): ~M~tle.~ illior1i "mr~ aU ~uinJil~ cQ.n~¢rrnqg thHdr-erl. wbt'~hf';r uI'Lii'tlr!:~e~1' bypl:lbljc' 9r>'p[\v'[,1,~~ slO.:i~l w~:fa~ In",~![:utipflst ~j[ltt:j,I'~'l). Q'f'lt'lW, 8d:r1'!jrli,~,mllti:\I'~ 'bQ~ll~ -er te~ ~~lmlv~ , 'bud ieg' , . Thb, plmt$t' ftllIS ~'@ek~~o priOV' l[!~' 8L_gn i ficaru gtlidwl1ce as to wl:!en r~~e 'iJri,~£iple; iSI 1r6 bL!. ,~;p'p'h&.d. '~ retlil:ri'lll~e 'to I ~tl'U {ilitioi!s, ~Olll(!lltfllin,f! . .;h~f:d!'e~'· i:s ~~,igntd 'to. ~mpha&i,lt: 1!118t tim ptibr ipleis. 11l:~~~~1:ed ~O:' ~ applied i.'~:r' ;widef~. BI!U ~iirc~ H,'nS nQI atl'SQ~I!I~I'l.I;I 'tl!Jl'!1iPr'T>eh.~,n;S~¥1!; ;w~~Qp;;.i~ i~ ~ec~1UC}' to;Q~)I1i-

• 'lilder w!i~h~mear~~.b~ ~h~ wci:rd~ • ~1'Ir;:tiQ!lil\·· Z'ind • "co~~rn tl"l,g";

One: ,t-ec.h.1l iq!1~ S~I1:1!l!t ',rHes used In lin'! ~'I the '~QP~ ortl1e' '-\fo.:d "a,ctk'!,n5" il~ mcontrB!s:tlrwitll ·~:omi~JQn!;". [n ~i~lHonw the CRC.no,weveI, B isi,nQt ,.cIe:::l.'f~i'[ller thlH d~is',wnu.M' yiebJ a v ery Itt.elpfu!l re'Slill t, er :~h~]!, iT j"vlOiwd Li~ ~ons~~t~~l wjj ':~1 tl'ili. ~ i,i'ltent.1i)~j 6f 'U re dr~dle rs oi Itlt: CD1'J.Ve:n t.i,mt NQ ~,ucliI clbtlncJii()'jI) WflS, :nmd1' .. ,elE1ref 'lmpHcll:i ~ ,(')re~plldt],y, dUli!ii,l ~hf'i dxilfrJLI1I;g of kl\ie- ene. h~ 'f1Qdft.'j'on, t~~ d ~lffe.rililflc(j. h~tw(!m; aellj: IlineJ omi s. ~.~(jnls is ndt iltways, ellL:s,;i ttl mai;~ita.~n '~i'llc~ some

(')~!ntss!lm~:S. 'are .FIIOt r;ead.lly dlulr.g~usha!ble from acts, Tlus is well alu$l~r@cl byrefel't:noe:t:o"lbe fac['s,oi ~hie 1939- CllS~ of-De i8haI1e~\i p, Wlnneha,go Cowuy D,1!f(tlrl!m.lJn~(J1 ,'j'tlo(1:1 S.~I"Io-"l,~t~'; decn:l~d ~y [heJjl'nH~ Stmes, !':il!,preme,u.vull;m WllJcn fhe gover[ll'nefl(tll'~£,~flc, :in qeestlen ".\!<liS fQlU,~d nm tobe 11<'I.bl~''(Ir a: fa I~ ure ~:o '''oC'l In n::Jat·~ofl ~o acaee 9'flX!r_,')ls~eru nlJ!d cQllhm,nl]!~chii~'flb!l!)e wh[~h :~Tided "" 1:~~'pe[llliUlJnt':l[1 ~ud ,!;;,I:<lVe: ],l1~,n:~illli!tt~f~ d.nnxm~f 1:l'tie di~Ldj, n)e Cou!l hdd~~at l!le DUt

,PWC!l!S:~ C~,J[l!~.e.of the Urn tte_d Sl{ll.~S f'...ems:t:ilutinn "forbid's (he State .i.tself urdc:prJv.e:'lllidividualsOf ~ i f'e. H~n}l. Or pn1~l1!y wilho.ut'due; pro~s' (;If 1'!liYo' '. bu ~ Its lal:ltfIJ.:Ei.g:e 'C<l!1tWl :~;;iit];y. be (l:.l(!end0.d. 10 Impo'$e ,m,11] OlfifiJ'rmflilive ()hiig~llig:n M th~'Sl:lte I~ ense rerhat 'mose mterests (J.il) ner eerne to b:IU:r11 I h rm,~g:h lothel rneans", g1n~ the otber H]~flrl!ll in ·qUe-Slron \IIol'~.() the r3~her, whese a¥Jtlsiv(!: WlI)';; were :Iull:y doc ~une I:!ted' (wei fi long p~)(i.()d [iftliUe: by the, SHIt~" thll ·chOllruue'rj,zalJon of !~~ St:<I,le's lc,(~mdl(l'Ct "iSO!"rII~,$I(lfl .rnd'~et thOll~ as a posl U ve al:~, ~f abdJO:lIuOH ()f res,p~r1,s~b-ni,ty has.'bl!£;l'lSM;tlJT£.dy c r~~lcI.;:;.ed by Ame))icm1.f:,otll:me.nthto!t:'S- cA1Mcm .. Il9.~Mb> pp: 13-14).

TIle bmJ~~ of lhe ]errJl '\:;om:::etTIJ r~§ t" ffiTff also all f::fll~ li:Ih to ,dl~CE':rn. V,lh1l!t degu:e fJi rrnpa.'Ct 0 n chHd~e~1 1$ ~eql]~Jjed b~f)JHl flfl· aenon call be s!lld I:G, j'col1a!'!m~' ~~lenllMU3t au' acl:io:rl bediree l1y OQtlremed~'dth Ii' .l?ilnlCIJI,vc:MId IS O!" :g;roup of ohl ld ren 's hr~e.reSfb.~ slUlcb asa >Guswdyuecicswh (}f a den ~10n. ~oexdiUdC,tho-~e ¢hildren. from scnQ~17 Or: does .I~: Irndude rl'lore I nd troeCt "c,muifS sud ~lj, 'to:trn.lllaIIQ[).Qf goverrl:!JlenwJ 1)6] icy te:~auIJg to. the c;l(a.m:pt:t:; dIe ~mV'u:J()nof 'p[;IlJihc hQ~shlg .m; the cJ\O,sll~g or gO\l~Inl('!m,sr::hGol&? The dl'aJf~n ; 9f dle: eRe. d ld nm dh(::~$S d~ ISt5tl!lR HQwev;ef~ I,l is s.~gnhlcflm ((lnO!t:' (11,11 dun I{g lhe dnlm ug, cir the COlilvenuoo pr:o,posil'ls: w Iii III itwe- appliG-afi~ru Q:r the article 'Wlt're rCJMLi'!:d Oac de I'eg;f!llon );t1g~t~d '~~.u T he- p[J.I'l,;~p!e s:n.ould DrIly b6 ~1ev m-til In '<lCl'U:lflS H! \!Q~vmg lh~' weJr <IIJ-e,' of ~l c~Hd 1'hiS WilE OPP-Os.c'li b~ <I f1ll'1'11.b~n)f cleh~g,aTLon$ Ql'l tbt. grollloo th~H tr ,WQll.ld f1f!if;OOW l:he :sc-{ll.l'le:of the, aftlcle T~e resu H was, thf'l~ theJ ter.r.m • w.e.1r fl~' w<! s HoT: !TIC I !,IdeJo!n t he :finO'll dmft

h !,8· -iii tsp ! mpQI'Ul..!\'! ~ l1;1 HO'~il rh~.~ ~he rerru r:hl!~ ,dren r~lth~ tho1J7I the -SJ,ng!1 taw" ch~ Id i 1$ used hl [h I S ~~n11e1'~C(;:, C ~e:iiU"]y IJIfitrerl) rn~y 111l!(.e- ~Qm.e releV~,lil,ce tQ ch, 1,:;1'J;en as <I WlK~k wh 1c11 11 ~)Je nareleV-~ no(- to EI part:m~i I~F ~hr~d, The use 9f I ht~ UrXJad,t.L' ll!lIlg~:rng~> e.8~C'!a!Jy m Il~h~ ofthe (h:(If'~~[ll g h'l:nm.y~ $llgg.eM'.~ .that fin u:~'~rly ]:'eSHlCll V~

lt1l!~J:fK!6I2ilien or:it!!!! Wq;~ C[)IICt'"tli'Jlr/l' ~tl{l;i~I>d, ~IU'I, lie:- niI.ep~q l'b!J! an I1fdln .j!g~ !1nt IJi:; ~Q d~~ I~ iJi d~c:lbiiiii aooll[' tl'it" n~iflj;Dft)'(t!IIlM:III~!'i~~ ",r, i!. p.::Hlil!!l.lilM nliid '1'1'10 !be. ... 1~..:.BiJ liip ·'~"t'II'ti:HI1litfil'· il~ e!1~~! nD~. I p, I ! ~,

'~lii!.iIJ '!He. llffl1i 1iiI ,L'IQ~~5itlfT 1111; ,qH!,:~1:jjj11 t.!1 ~\i;t;ti, IUI.I!ill: ~~ !he' :pr.im;l~ ~Itme:r .dli!; ~brill~~ fJ\f ~~ 1li!:l!iT f~!;If rhl!:' cl~f'l'llt;g ti .~~!J&"J {!r i1~ lil1te!e. ~ro,!~\';t 'Il< IjMrC~Ujlt"zy .:0 I I!\il I Wl~~iN6:, T1~ ~J(!!!;lfj"jili'~ !i{jl ~~ @f IM:~r.tl£li:'!, ~;,]!!~riUill~ ~!1WJ '~ffi I l"rlW', 'i~~ lil). ~'I,lIj;f8~nl! ntlll\Y J~j'&On aehnl!l ~[i if ~pil!Jje"r )8~1J Iliig.l! :L"0190. ~ iEhi'ldn!.D iOlu;t '!O11l1-

.. dOI!:F fJr 'dliJ_rIti':5< o:r cii'i~.drm-~ ~~llllL,~n::~1'E!. 111-13- '!!o1!J.\i1i1' IroclJ,iL!le ..g'I:iIi\~.rmmi1~ I jmhEi<r. ~I i'i1Wi1I~ t::~ les •. [iJI"cl, ij:"ld~'l.'ld'IO~1j :~L!i~~ ~ ~fI)JUj, ;tt:li:l i2;ifit ~~'i'i;'~ ~~~ • .Il[:I .. pp.ilfeiU~~ ,1U!JfO\'I!t= , r,mnwIlwIJlJI.1i i~ ~~~il£"d by Ill(" wool; liJEii ~DII~!W ·'i.!.ill[1ll1 i, ~ru [.0 LinUI ~ ~1Cil1blJIl, ,lI!Ir liii!: jM-in'~I~lll." tr:;r ·'~Jr'blk Q[ ill'l'iI"'i'~ secinl 'lVtlih~ ! ns[ll~1,tLI!1Iilli. lO'oiJrlS of liJw,; nd'tmrl r!11'j,1;r,~, !v~ ",l!II_I,it!rl~L-e~ ot 1e,-g1''''i:ltUi;\~' bvC!l~" 1\ ~[,Jln 1'I!hI 1~Q;dl ~ r;Jf 1111~ iJkiro~ ..... !lli:lJdiiJ! !J'.E~~1"h~t d]l:!!~II¢~~C! hi-iPI1rnit!' ~~ ii" Cili"qCjl:rrI£ d wi iJl_~C!i ii .rr' pili I~ I re om £J d: I\S. b!ll t.1hnf k d~g, im'!o'8 sir.lrne tIi~l~hc,,'I.i.lJ:i In ~11l:1!ii)R ~a 'Ilit:!: l1cl~!J~ 01 pn~tt OCw;jtdi If i~ Wf !m"";1i!'Jt ··!~jil2I' wd~nnt" 'bntdbis-, ,l\.rliclic ,) !jill~ ;::Onnlb.NJ~:s. 1l.J11 i!iRP1l!~i mmtlldki·~\()rl 'iiil ~I~ nldtll!~\J;!li", I~' :s~~~jry· ~J,!1i!:) ,i.~ 'b.,mll;rJ. tc ,UPIOiI!t' !ru~ br¢i'~ i [~!~~~3: ~il':ll!~ip!c

T~~' draniH!1 'iii~~1iJo1')' pm~·rn~~,j,j li,tH!!: gmda-rnD:: 611 '~'~ [liQ'irr! '·wtJ dH;r,,~~m~ (i;)Jmllrl!!!iulliill~ii; ~l!:" :pL!!1 fDJ"!!.'\lrib

(rill ., JI"! j,ljU ~i~~, ~ml~[g II~I~~iI ~tLe~f,e:!' f./itlderti'ilAAlij i:L~ dl0i~ !r(~n1S, ~ril1J'rll(m~" ~c;~1 ~"'i~ ~l!ii~ i!1~Utl!~r.f;ln ,;m~ if!. pan:it-Illnil. .I:!~ cQ"[ffij. D!" litv.. ITfld BDrlllirIT!llrali'!'e 21IlWmri~i!!;5:_·": .ti!'4

(to 1 ' , n ,0]1 i:iJj~ p,(j f. i].tllr:rtl$ .ee UI DrnII [I g' chd dt:r;::n 'iI,'~R!4Jir:;-r ~1~i>1~!1 ~y i1~iJt"'" ut Ti'tiV,_J~ Wc:I.il wd~ 1i1~' 111l~~04~1'1 06~!~1'j!. 01 Iii,",. (I!'

Ju;~!Hni~~·~'!.'!!i ~i,!I~!I!!IiLl" ".;.. .

lll~ di'fT:"e;:ron~ ~t~t1:eI1! Jll.lts-r=: fall1Jll;lb1l§d~ pfDdlllccd iii, dr=1I:ro~~ ~~r wl~ 1m' CtJm .... em!l~fT

ilitmld re.~tlJl<'!t~ 1P11\'i!ll!:' ri:ilil'ri~y d~i~i~ .Sc'JI~' ditl~i!!i~IJ;;JiJ'j"; ~li~J:100 111~ .1,IIi'li'Wr illl wrn~ Itm"j"'il-uiatlOO, \""!llel~ ~twtl~ -$I"JII:g,'IU 'il!) Im~' @!idl 'liIbhjIJ1~;JIfl!:!. w.rl"li e ;adJlii~, 'lli~lWftc~ ~Iti[, Igif~ _litI, :J)a.n:e\'!olC~ rOI1l1b]],.I,iO:J1' wtJijiJl~ €:);ohapt15c! j:!~ l'I!1J1;i3.. T.ht' t!r.:dll!iJ:'5; ~.<[!I,'iiCd tin~ ;::~iJh[1 U:;, ,~pi~illi.! 'il~ !WlJj[Q~lIl" i~~ gl pe$till'l~ whi".b ,d,~q· It'O[ J~Ile[ ~b' 'Pil'reot:. Ci~ ~iittiiiiJ1~ ['1!i!1 ~J~I '11iM .iI~r:.~1 I~ iiXII']IflliJ~'t:il[]T ol)J ·dl~ Q~'Jr:I~ m ttffl(:Jj~1 rieti'Jjm~ 1l11~' woti id! ~Jel1i1 '~ij ~l)t:I~iit!lt-iIl ii: ~el~!i"rfl 11.I~! ~t(,j . J7ft:5.'Ilt,'i/Ii!: '!l~ 11(ICi~~'I",d~~1.'rtri!~I)"i¥. It.]~·n.s..~~i: :tf~e;d

lhn.i Artllde' j I", ~"f. ~llj;.j, IJ. l.1il11JH'o Itt.:!J I~, m!n IDR/!.'(" n(."piiici!.~jiil\'l1i 10 1l1'l'i'Jl;I!C' .ilIl.'~~n:s; wliltollt ~MmR ~t:i -rr:.~iltll~~ I iI,'i"ll, r~1 i.lJ~~ ~I~, Ih!!' JIlI~ I~.

(loe~· i~~l~ ~'I\ le IUI!m ~~r;:i nil [;!~Iiie~ .. !lilli' ui:lller ~ ~t.11.il!: :Q R~H!~ ~r!;i)I:ip~' il1:~t 51]Q!!Jllo. iJl[mrn, f~ci~i.;Uiil-mQ~ 1,1;1 ru-1:5tji;l~J 'ID '011 ,1QIiOI1!, (ollo;:miEiI!l diiil!dl'o/liI' ThiUG r.;~ ~rlUtJ~JIi iJ~~ mnv IMI~ ~ tw iJ1~!J~ IL-aii .~ ''[e,gillcm~ jm"'~ro' fAI~~I~)' ~1~tJ[is" ~ ~l;ji~~i~iJ!.',l!lhl~!I !til!: di¥f:!l!1t; rril~. Ii. ~1~n1L plll'ci~ o;l L ~!i~1 be .Jm,cle. ,g~" .ib1.c iru ,~iJCib ~:tII:>:-wiJ!t"!JiJ!Jj, wno!li~fifl!j ~ E"e8::Jip.kll':! ,/til:". n (~~ .. IP' jjJ

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T11¢ tlrnlJ i~LlIi.1i1 'ObJfi1ID.~· i.!i ,lilInl rliih~ntm fll~) ~mpty ,m~.e d~:;IOfI~' lh~ tlR' 5i'''lf-~G' I~\ e ~d i~!)I~ .,illl1~l-o;:'Ild!'JI~. "r elf~'TIIli[$l1iri WGi.tl~ !I!Ilo ..... rI~l] ~CI fultQ ..... ~ on ~.IJ:1:i ._. d!illJri£. .~~ m!il~ i:s. :[Qi![ sel r::d~~ J81m >d~ 11'01' UDJ![y ~Bd~1 nrs., lOll! D.'S iB. ~rr~i?if~~ iF. fifOi'J'i'.t!'1.)I ~Ilittets~ TI~·.[IIm 0'/ s~lf,dtlllerm~1qJ 'I~ to ~~lnllL'l I~I~ ~ ~hi Id dii",~I~ 111'11) !'!m ~ ~~[ I wiih n'n1l·'t1i1",.!dm.lfflil. !!f':IlOiiII4ifi.U~ to if"il}:If;l1 ~. Id ~I~I! ~B: .hli~~p~llil ~dll ~o:t M d~l~ lI~; ~ i!Ole 'ifr[ Blltoo:OmclLiL'il diiOOD':;~· . .lkii~ol'ls I ~I are 50tjf

;k~[ti" il ~IJJd r~' 11m-. 'rl'1il1iT ~~ IlilI!l 'lhlh!~L\lJJ'ei ~ C~.j1' s·~.!1 lIT.!... I, itl S-;J.i:!11 C~i1@!llIJ1i.~ iija >#n-dll.ll:l[ I']'iliBl ~i~f;i.f,I® sl(IiJ~1llI ,be t!f.;:. 1l!mrded '~bidi ... p·, jJ~

Ib!l~r iJ !Il!~ ~c€i:p~lEbt~9i:lr 's 1I1';1!L1~~i5,..J~d. zions .~~hilg Iii:; !be- clijiid~~ ~L iJ~lt;rm~ !:lOO<Llkli iW\!~ b;o ;11li1!h: ,~rJFir'J~ !Jjoi m/~Ri~ i ... wje'~Hi.c:· rn· 'i'!'!l!ll i~taJ. M~·j wilJl.b~ if,! ·H':.~_~ j.li T.I¥.! {.b! II)J). ~Sii l~~l~~!~ ,R~t.lifii:l[;:l!j~tr,.fi I"Ft!iKtn .~I'H!lJ~l Ir..oo~ 'I1U~.lhll; diiiiJ'~ 0\~11 c!e:<'i'i1Di1~i;liIat:jl!lR- as iQ w~r J~. !n Ii 13, 'ur,l,i!\r'lfi ..... j1.Jj~!,L .li~e'fo~-

INDETE-RMIIN:ACY·_, THE THEORY

r ...•.. A.·ll:'uLEHJ~ ~~eC~lj~\,g a[1fI.~ys'~s·Oif ~11d'~e~rti[lg vv o:f th.¢.len:ns !Jse:tll,n Al'u{:I@'3'p':rQvTdes some -- !!ll]d:ruk:t:ill_$ te w:heliJ tJll(li ~~ In:t';fo!sll: p.ri..fI"

~ipl.e, m1J2l;~ l;:1L'l fliPlpBed Ml:d wlwlt weig.n t :It sholillki 00 [LcC'ordeil, 'l'rl~,re·re.i]~Jli~:s, ~he ft~dflet en aJle:,l~gEl ~f b(lW to LlippiliY die prnrlci_p'li!;. trO:pr:llJ.®ti~aJ:pff)1J.. ~e(IilfIS .• 'ntis s~t:tiO!l! disCltls~$ w h;1l1 i ~al5 .~ .~orfll~ lhl.!' p:wb'Te-ll!l of· hlde.le r:m hmcy ', or "Op.e.i1- lem±6~JliIl'S:5, ir1li,s refe:rs lei the ,view lIla>!. ;lIPl,~lia<!· UO:i~ 0 r ~h~be S~uil~e'(e$U pmlt:ljple: d()e~.ti()( kild to !Ii dle~~rmUHIM:: 1l11,$we. HI '~ny parnenlar case, In P[~)~!; word8. nldllC8,~.~)' ,Ufh::relltres u lts could be J ~l8ufied i,ll JI pam5:' u lar S Itll:la tlon, hut in each ·CJ:;e kCI(I~J!d pl auslbly ,be axgu~Jdt!l:mnhe besr ~ntere8it5 PI1I)Qp t~ h,we been ~'PpH~d. Wt: ~I.lm JQ9W lQ> CQI!]· 8kle~rwt;l p:f I he: pdl'lchml !jfjell:lttd~)lbg!,e!l dll'!f cau b(:f Ll~e~t~1 J~ L~ ti.fy Ihe l~u:le:re:rmIJJ,::It:j' th~~ I~: They ,~I'~ l'll[ IO[l~d ChQiOeand rule ~epli>ci Sm,

'Ril:lIQin<!J C'hCHCI:! d)~Gry. ;lschlir<lC~t~" by Stephen .p~r:k~r; sped n~ tnt!.rn1;lJlY d'ecU8;IOfcl p'BQbllj:m Zt 1d.,~l'e!'!illi[l!nC:!)~n~w:e~: will Iml gc!:)1"m;rll~ ~(Ioi [I:; ~ha't .the fol1Q1w~ng J;:ltow~ea!ge ~ond ihullc5 3I~ ~~i$nJoo;

l, AI:I ()Fdon~'1Il1tl$1 b.~.b'Qwni

~. A II' ]xl~i lJl~ r.nUC(iI11~:; (;JJff:"_t1r:h opi:ll'1il 1iI1US~,-~ kl1:0WfI,

3 The prob~hi l:id~s ofe,(lch p[!s8i ble. tiU~lt"'Qm~ ~i.tfr1ng !11 \~~tbe IknO"'J:r).'· !lind

4 ;,,~ \'~hl~ fO be 1Ittf.~hed '1\1 §';aG~ "O~t· ~Qfl11i rHUS!1 be known (:Nr.kJi"T~II!ll\'l4i p.29).

U'd~dSioo mllkerll1a~ d~j'f~r.~I1lt -iliell\.fS at a[Ji' of the 'aMl:ie $lf1g~ .tllel'!_11 foUows' t!:lRt 'diff-erent ®ci~ibll tJmkem eould 'arrI~~ ·at diffetem~,""er~ to q~est~(JJr:i5gf w_hll:1 Is lIT ili~, ~.1iW '~~5r rut~re$'W· hil idc;l1ti c~1 iktlfati (]!J]$_ ''Th~ !1~oMMIIM;mon \l'it:W'l'~ t.l'IiIH tl~ [lest ~.Htemim lPr~l'IJ:i pT:e ts -1m:i.e'[ermw,lllte b"ec<liUiOO d~el.i>'ioJl mHe1'S wm hen/c. dJi fferelll 'VQ];-

~S iutt!i wi H UllIS lI~c1ljl!t!h~ ;'In!>,:_u.·~ h} nl~ ~Otll1h '1uestiOll dIUere:nJUy,P~r .fll].lm!. fl.oW¢iWf, I hm th,~,~ 'lts' l'Qo~n -for di.s.agl:eenreru lnoellllim1 (>I) tlle (flher ~hr~e· i!:,S1f~ ~ ~1I ~ fe:poiIlr,;E)ut ~btll: fW·e!1 ]f 1lI! d'le lo.ptli(nlS ~ ~rla)wn. ~,ucti $ In ~. cijJstody c~~e'il\Jhere tL1S;t()d'v of I.he: ttrUd.· wil i e ~ttlC:t be ~l ven ttl~he mOlhii:l'L'~ Or ~thc ffltliier .. i:he',ri!lqulreri"lff[]~ of queStiollSIWO anc:1'three·,;.at1 Il~e,r be ~]I~ satistied. lit ~iitll'. the mnge of p~lble ()n~:COmes (l:f ellc1'i 'CIp:U(l'U ,a.m, III P.arker·~ VoI()!'dS. ·\arnatu;1'r or 'pL\ire.$pecQl~lI()n·· beuLi!" b\f~ On ;m '~imp~i;le exercise m Ilppr,f1is;~ng ~~Qple~! OhlotrTOC'[f';r£ rune! (l1sJm$ifrQ)l~"', .1II .mld'iffon. [here l~ the ,probterl1< '()it , d~c::id ung. rh~ probabi I:i~, of diWerem: otl(cOJm~.

wWch"i1I~IiUll5_a ~klbjectJ'\!€ de:c~s~(m iil~_cl"i. ~. 30).

S i ut:~ 'therr~ ~.~Ilt m:1l~~y ,~.ttE}a[t) t}lIl~l~l \'vhiGih d~f· r1)crt:FlII·tI!e,~~lis.iQI~~ nt~~k'e!;5 Gem t(jj@:~citl'tt orre ~i[ ~.rwm Oif~]e ~~S;tj OiJlS di'ffel~Jillt~i',. ~.~ roU:O:>,,·~thar [he ~e's~ lilferes~~' p~;iFllciV!e ~s i !1dele.rm]flia~e, hl)Jthe:r; JAf1JlfOt.., h. diC!e~vn:::r~('j.e,~mo1n:ei or lead i rnl"'Ltably 'tCIi; 11Jtij' PflU~~iI.llar OU~rgm,e- 'Thj~ is said bl l1~ lP roli~em'fitic b~~:au$i'; ~I_ nliefin$- t!lM a, d~l;:ision untk~r cOl;fI jn~tlfj' \I ir:!t\a lly t!l'D,Y irre·rermil1l£LtL<t;lj1l "Q~1

. rJll! 'groll~lds:.th!lr~ ~ t: is: hllh~ ",hrlhi:'.sLle:sr i rU;eI(¢st4 ..

m

Th~ mle lIj~p!lcii!lrr .fl,~lJmlml js derived ITQm rhilo~orl1i(;'~1 cli,'Jcu$$imls o'f~gl!lJ wh~1 UI1l'IailiIlS~o, fQHow il, nll~_II, is :b~€d Qi!l ilI!11 O'ITg.:ume:111 p~lt, Jcrward by ij phil.QiSlOl"he 1:]. ::;~u! KJ:ip.~hrrel a tiCitl to ruli!-:foll~lng in imllh~arlts\ll{rlpke .. 19&2}, II'! hi.$ Ileu)' 'lnfl(!!:mi<i:1 ~o~:k. KrilPt~ ql~e.S-tl()ri~ wheiht;, 'iN.e C~!~.tleaD 1.'1 be '$Iln;l Ih~l a p;;m:iCl;l~nr fl~f' son is< f:6L!t)r"Yi,ng 'theril]~ 'of ~:d~in:i!~~l". Th~ ]j~art of jn.is a1'!lt..llUe1lt1 .ffiiJfiat ~~ QI the 'fll~if~ .fiWl'IJlttl rif lnSi!'anc~s' of ,e-v~r ~:ppl}' in,s a: rule, ,~op!eraD ~'1!,!\eF Ire ~ure ~h<1l:. diners. :r~ .alwappl)flng ih~ $lame: liU.le; 1'"wo ·pt:oplf: cj;'lg~IUbe CQ:mlHg t.i:~, th~ same aJ'I&,,,,.,ot On apilttl;t:-nbr issue at ~i [ hmell rulJi!l IJ!US lll'$em- Iii) be t:oll(lwu,g tht':. ~i1merule-brut.

~c.:,Q~ ~'looo.,~~S~' ).'I~~eml!iiH flft: i,.~§.&lti I~ 'n j1IM~. 1 i h- ~~i}:;loI)l !t.u i:Il!:Y jiliL': .t:liuI11~ !ill'll,l)' ,iriS .qi~iII~ f!li~;M~~a~ wM I jJl'@jj~~ ~M!li{:~,!l d[r r~«li~~~lt:i1:'1IJ~~O(b. ilt Ifi Ili!t'!1 pol ni in'tilli!!_

if I~~~ al'!tjjt"tl~i~t rela i If]:ll-r.n i1_11'B'--:rljlll)'",il~S l:io 1iII!X'Iilj.j!eJ!]l, :i!sd 11[; 1!'"1!:l'~ rl)O t;,])m:mr: ~~ ,r,du~J!J~llell iC:qJii~irm!d or ,k!f!'t[tkd !&!rnm th'e- cotl:f:l:uid tl'f'lliIi~ il!n~'l!1il;_ U .l'OI,I'Qii!-'~ r;;}or :p~&eil[ pu:rpo:se:~ fiUll one !!!n~ ill! I!"(!r iIllUL-Rn~ !It='' ru[C;·tllIl.1: ~ ~kI!,! rlllll;a . i~ ,.))It(ilW!I~FJ, d~ !'lIIr~· iliai: dJ.(! (iF f.1c: IfImt !~£"-Ifl!!

I_m~~ l'iTl""..z.w Of "11I'i(.l'""I'''' Ii ... \.,_"..," ... "1iI!iI •.• I_""'-1i ,~." .,.,.,~ . . .... -'., I'!h. , .. ~ .. ~!'J'i"_~... .~.

ImlL P.nri.irUlll1rdrei:s.iOJi;1ii1ilb'i<! n[1l~' ~~l!Lr lo:~' .oi-pp.1~mg ~b~ D,tci'l mf('m-i:!3 pri lII1'!':I~e, ~ r:ll~ mil lic\'iU be .~ri: ~-d ~n1Jj"1f .Imtorri..~ o:J appZir~l~ .Eiffl1~llmtlqi'l Qi 'ih~ riiJ~ .n,re f1i1il~iJ: .LM£f ~.er:5.JOI~~ er lJ.clt_]j"'jil'lj~ iJlltJ ~~ldl,{:8'l~ 'ih~u .J &ci!ilion tnruk'll.l Wn-:li .rlQ"t.ljIllJy 1IiP,P~~~ili£ n TIli~ Oiifl\~l~lit f(i1 ~ilh8~ ()'f II~ M~t. ~m~~rtl;::ll!i1 of i~i! _emii~iiI :!'iifid kt '!II3.l. pk~ i:-aJ[ldi~~ i!" 'ihm itJ~ f,011Uill1 d~D$i!TIflIllppe.'"ilCli m fc~l:ow el'Oftl npril i!f~i"h)l'j a(~ ~~lO·beJ;t mS:F~~t!il I'liI:le~

Ir Q~ ne~~pm, Ifitillfl:', I:I! ~Qtt.1 Ci~ tIw.~ ,~r~ u lill~~~. ~1fi1M11 I~ '!.\ouailJ fel l(jw 1ti~r .11i;: OC~[ h1Tl}r~~· iJlf!il1Q!j)!~ ¥~!'!!l~11- ALmld~:\j, Itlf '.II} r,:'~li~;~" ,,-'I'i II 1m\!!!! I~t:i 1i.l1 lirIl~ ii:fflMi. JIi,!I'tJ~lijlll, il} i'llr'i ~1'1:Ik:: Si::tpt:i Ciull, m~!II'lCUflr 0-J1!;' ~Tiji1I~· !.ie 'i\lIRI!::· i1)l"If . ~~i:sl!,Jn ~llllib)t~"(!"'i:J! !il1~pl~ i!1:g ~l:t!;!ifrl~Il:i;I~C'~ l.\I!ilk ~!'Ig m lliril" nu ll;m ill I .;;hokl:: .jjr:IDJilrl~li~1 'III~" !'r I'b.t' d~~i;;}_fl iTltL~l~ "'PP!.,\'l!!ii'ill~' Illllrltipl'=;. .l1.'CiJI~ ,tc" ,!Rd II) 1~I$.t~t)' ;[!ll1l1Osi' .. lI.lII'Y ooli:rnnlt- ~~X~1i);l 'w.::: ~~1l.mj_m &lir.b~ ll:~~I~I!'~·-lti ~JOJnd~il:i!i~, h:i~l}' ;re..iU~r:1;j1 i(M;jl!ilI~~r.~ 1.IIII1M[ 01 e:A:tII.Tlples,of indo- 1mr]I!1iX:,,' ui ,!id~1 Ltl ~ 'p,I"liltt1!:,;[e:.

ILL USTRATIO'NS OF INDETE;RMIN,ACY - 'CULTURE

T'-·' HE \nnuel1;!;e of(!uhll[:e on if ~()_ciety:s VO:1tu:e S:l''1inem 'wfill lllu.Sll'\liIe:51 'lh.e "]jm1eT!tl~Jiride~ep mf~cy of theibe:.<i;l . fil'i!~~$t$ l\irinc.~ple" Ihv¢ l:m:.ke ill~ one~J~TI!WL9f ·[[le. nttin:tMlcJl!oice tl1eory,

11~IDl~Y' thttlJnJiJe'~ be; ru~:Relc)edl Itl'd ill"ie:~e~lt {)~I'~' oom~~. i~ ci:n 'l;:e.fJemons.tratfld: lli~f li1ere-S;t 1mt.tr. &;.~prt~jl(:~pre -OU,I ILi t1~d ~itltler(9 j~s~~f)l :Of t;'q~. d!eI'lTII the·~rn!ilpi!'.a>:;:i i ce, Th~'iniJ~b:a~i(Jl~ elrP:~~I1-e~ 1 n '111l: 'oo~lk !J flO"' wJ;].~~hi th~~.$.a,]y~.i$· i~ b£¢d lIe~1 ",,:i~h_i(;!Su..t:~ re~\l!l~~li) ,hlW~\.Js;t,()~Jy~ 'female- cu~· ~iJn'lc.iS"io.l1, t;1l1 Idl. j't1Jfllt1;a;g;e-. ~'rn ffi.~ e~h,lc~uio"',

Cultnfail ~iderflt1~~~ m<I,y~ III (j"9m~ c1rc!!Jm;>[tJjn<;es., he ·s·~id i;;l bere:~e:\';:"rlt to !'II ~Il:lri:rrni!in~~i.;m oiw Ii ali '~,~n ~he ~hjldl'~ '~~'I in,l~re.~~$-ir a~uSit.Q4y rO!!tLeri T!liUI:J~lrntt how th.i$ rl1ighl be-the C~ le~ 'Ustf'l~~ the e;llllrl P\~~" 'ot' ~he ttlfl(.eP[ tlf fa inl] 1~'1~1 es, i'lppH,~~ jl'SQ1lne'iradltlQ;~~:1 AiI'U;:'lfl wd.e'liei), AB, r<weUlutal'~OO 1'\.rmslil'oJ"\g M~, ~he '!!lI;i~LWy ,M ,,:lhli fd ren in '~!Jch Ij~c;il!'tie~ i·$ i:nHma.tcly Lm!~t!!.d ~[1 the .~vh(j~i!l··sOG·l:d strm~ l!IFf" F~t$.l~ ~t' j& 'related m th~' pn:tc i lti ,QbniITI'i~.g~ t~bnughl h~e.Xf. h AlfI'g(l ,of h~d~w~il.hh~ ~. Wez:;:U'~r-a deE_e:rHx:'~' the . ~o1illpl~!i. relMtQll]5:hlp ret\"'e~!l chiklf~n,'~rld 11l~~ prO'lol;tiCE:-1!s 11 :r~1 ~fe~ [\~ ~hiHd i;:u8todj""~~ :rQJ k,lw~:

ill moot p<!tJi]lnea~ African ooc!etl~$ I11mL"iO!,E.e 1 ~ dfecnedl bx the 1mFi,$;fl':rof resousces bOW~l, ·gen,~]iC<I~ Iy l:1$ bndew:eallh, The Tr<tll~iei Qf Imdt'Av~lt~ hum ,rne . fan-lily or the husband .19 (he (cimi i b' Qf l.he~[Q>Scr,leC:live brJdfl. h\l$. lWQ mam 'rl[J]1~~ lion~. T~~ flisl I~, ~(), v~Hd!Me tl~ rJ;]~~gt, The- . M,;(;o~d 1 ~ lO' effec.T it t1'~fef elf 'the ~]~.'~ p:roor.ative CEl~~Ij' frornber fmti'ly tiD rMr ':Df her h"tlsb.:l1l1d. Tn us ~8futl! e:nli.tlt1uh~h~~ ;md bis fumily IQ.t1,:tIim :&!lIllie dliJ.dren ~tJ;re w:ifebt..w whet,h~r ~f 'ill)t he 6 Ihe ·bi,ologi~al p3i(e'i11, B~\C;tJ.u$:e [!!l'ltru if~i1' $X~fies ooil1sltkr tha~ <l]J chn~ (Irefll bern d wing. nHll!'lli~glll bd@l7TJj' ttl the

hus bruWl and hiiS".~rni IYj o;;!.I$too)1. of .;;hiid:~n ·I!Il.ltre hm~'of s:ep~ti.QH or dlV!Q\I'Clil is; cJ£iim6d~ ~.Tllit{u.et of ri:gJH '~'Y 'tho;; 'l?atl:J.~r ..

RWe;l1lllrr.1 gives €X:ilr)l l'l'1~~· of thes~ 'prffi>c,~ii)es on I,he'p\~n 'O,F II~e ZtlLl1 'of Nat,lt thy Kuhfi of'Thoz<I" !If .. , 'flnd the T~W.<'!flill <'!~'I SW?ll<1, pe®ple:,s

('Rwe+l1:Lll'l1, 1994. pp. 86·87). .

How~'!,'~r:, I'he. concl':pi· . .sf 'patdHI~e a ~ -Qrw.Iii~~ ill, ~ (Jf..':; h i ldren is a':~,s;o:.li~rme.cted w ~d~ wMe ~ ~~i~ I coh:esj,f.ln MlIl'f~3,g1i fllmal'ly ~]:.IC h soc ied~~ h~sb~en 'aliTi~ris: ·of s~~ring.allitan~s i;let\'\,,~.e-I'l ~rOl!p~ of .~6plce Thil~ dli Idnm were5een <liS tl~~ tl:~~I11~id.~ iuk Jl<erw-e.ent w9s~G~a~grolLI?$..

Tn rela~i~iI'! loG ZliI'rib<1.bcwe, .4. rrrl!$:I:fImJ;g' rlOl~S tl'la~: the.. pe·ep.1e fire o.rga,nbed. :illito (amily .g1(iUp~ ~"f18'istinig l1J tWqJ ,~rl.ci.<!liOfil;S. 0;( ~~cind.<ll1i:s from one m'lJfl.- ri,m~ll' 1r~Uj'jfl...s.. hi£ d@g.hle~ .MOI hI!; .. ~(ln ',s e.Iii M[1'::['L l I. jt lhi,~, grQiL.!p !±ilrl is responslble lo~ 11'nport.ElllL sp1htuBI and .riw.al pracdte s 1':{ln!'ler:tf',.Q IN rfrl -rcIfj a:ia:t' as.pe'0!.s oJ' Me sueh a~ lhe;ailh. ·lrl<i:lTill.ge ',sod deadi In fhlS <EOrlt~;<J, Ar:m~I:rOrig ~l:O~~ I halt i L f!i I f!l:ptfUl1'lnt for ~he frHfuer of a child, and fo:, the ~Jj.ole p,a~.e.rnlll ~a:m· ny, to' eS[8.bh::.h. hs r.l ghts: t.o dt-e chiidreru in bJ;der . to .Tl:I.U11 fhe'r'~tua'I:-~lllr1O"tlOllS of the i~ml~ly fArro~'j.trell£. R994. pp, .157-] :)tn

The Gt!S'tom:5~ Ie ~ 1!mw cu~;tody ·Q:.fc.hildren III ~li;Ieh Jr.aJiY[(lm"d SiOOl~H~:~; . .lIe then· clQ~cly re'~ated [1m only ro I'Iw~[a] ues b'LIt. 'aJ~o [0' the rOt-malilofl of fiiirn d ~<l1. ~J r I a§lces f!lrtt'l th~ I~Tibrn1am;:e' of r~l igli9l;1s pr;Jcticl'l8, I fI t~ is ~Ql'lleX i' ·iIi decls Ion mlJike'f might d~IJ:!;l to "JWll~ cuswdy ~o ~he f<i.~h~~ (.lU. ~h,e b<i~lS t,lf c;u.~t[lni,l CO~lSl [J!t[ij:!c]on~. Tht tmj011a~e wou'lClbe 'Ilut. 11'1 ". iew af file '[mdrti OIL'll ~PJffi~· of social @.rg:miz;atiOTI<;lTIe;:I renfj~G'llN unrlTu~tiQTI, it ~&. ~.ef~niwltl' inl I he ch He! 'so be;$:1 ni1Lli!r~$U, !,Q um1!~JT wilbJ th~ .' fa(tJ.-::!:r.

HO.1iVeyu, ~hl(':: txiJ;tJtfl~c lof tl:!~ .:p'i<l.c'~k;.e~ ~ett.l 'I'IClI me.,;~s;;arily pl(](lu;::e~ ~etet]itimi!e <;i!ppi u~t ~tm (If ~he- b;e3:t I\rit.er~s.~ priu~ ~pl~. 1'&t r:!g w~~!i1~rete ex,u:np·le.~I:!'ppOS~ 1Jla1' 111 ~nr.!!:eb·hp9"" !;"H)'J . Zi~.Mb",-.:¢.1i' 1:1lothitr .if,fI{j f:-alhe.r: ,t:lIOQ$~ 1.1.'1

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"""tIm. 'ill~~ !!'~IJc:iUmf!JL. I~ mighL a1~i&· 1:i1!i!rf;:re wl11L 'f~ thH~ of PfulY rnldl 1~~1.l!~ Ihl~!I', til1w I~i¢ij Il{jrn~' i)/tl-ujd !:tl'~ll!" ~ n~~U'y 'f;1!..r ~le, c::J~11i:3 'Sd(),!,f;!~p~ '~ t ~~;111~. I ~ PiP' 71.J}IJ).

'ldi,I~11Ii1 li'1fi,iII~ltit;:"jj' .!J~. IIIjj,!J' relM'".1Iml tQ 1m fI!l.;Y ;'~:~C:ts "Or II~~ f'Otilli:ri1 ,l1:d~f!i;!iI~l!Jn !I!lr ~:hlh:il'itlll A~ !.ill'! J!~(!Ii1d>, !I~j fl~~r~~L h ~~ \':il:s~~mftfi liii fLlCllrl,)' !"\Frl~1!rt H!e~~I,!I.'jS ~ Of dll h:hij>~i1I ro ..".ott from !Ii .... ~lr· ~1'1:y.!1J~ ie ktGlp !.!UJ:iporr i~ frtilJ;iJ),. HJ;!~ e~~. m'IC·h ii'ti:livi~y call lI;j~ bi:' ~"110 .9~' l! "'if~ti:1 ~~.lirrijri_~1 Qlnd ]ecm~i:m't.i.7ru Jrli5-i:itulti:arnft rAil, NfI'Ill!. j 1194, p, nt ~Ji ,'I!il§\ ;;:;o[!I~xl'i '~m~~ ~(iI ].iil~~ .r:Wldrll:i1 ln !ill!Jil.J1 r,::dll!~IIIJ_I;!it!, i;M" tl:l~f tii.l~l(I~nt i'ii;'IIIU'i' I', UIII!i:~li ~ ~~l~ ~o ~ m Itllwl' ~fil' iI1te.~I!'Hir5 i-1t'j~!I"Stl, IW !<i.I(iitl.l;!fl~ i~~~i!:lld, ~111!'o' 'iio I'i'l i!l ii!l m ~1 i:lll ln i iIlilmill ~ dll£'\lll ti OIl IlfIrl :s:ocm U Z'lI !lom iUII~ ,:!lrnQ 'ht~p L(I.'eiil!iL~G:"I~I"-O'\'_~·I1. I1'S ..... '"'=u ~~,

thdf 'F.r!i'l! I!)' 's pti:rsif.il!! _s,1.lf'/~ ... ~1 l~r.o.,;;.!~ ... t!:l, ,[lwjllhl'rr fktl!J!~~ ~J.1:a!!1;I·f ....-ill.1 1l'iPDn ,trilli"i!!' 'i'IL~1IIi! 011 r",,lf!,l:J;1 .;..41oo~lior~ UI i;glilt 11~t'i~; tI~!L'['ilt ~~ i!I-~Li:' ,c.bHd[J:!IJ'~ ~!, il'll~~~~ '!Lil bit :~LJtfl!'ltl:! nt ~,_IIIO~ 1r1'lI7l[l[l~ 'K:hm;i1- :f.Ill'IDll~ Ttus y'tz.1,t' fl~i'g'j~i: b!t- mpjiiQ'tfu;d b".·1!tI iUl!lJimfit !Oi'i1 li5Ftlm1IId, ! ratU!.lflD·1J I i1dlll:;m;Q!! fill. i~t~ l'!1lj;!i'In!!s]~ J);i.~I~iI.I I~ jJio4.lJlb"!" ~I<.:tlowll of r~lI'ltil1t\1 'r"utlll~ 'tiF ~!!.i.,l "_I Fj~(;[I:ij)[i.I ~ I:i I ill~ ~.h·b"5!~ ~ E me-e.

T!1.'rd~t~i)fla' "nLtlJ.::l!i~ in A,fll'beir.! tiXtI!.! ~ ~ .lil,5io1! .of p<llI1jmkQr f~t\!;'y.$nee. iOi .11~· UMI ic..~ti.pII' illr Ih~ ~5~ ~!lltlfii:;jl p.l1m;·i~ [00 .~I~ .)iMtmLi. .~J.ltr.:~tl:un M !llil1:sil'1 dill{~ Jji;'!h'0!:"2:i11'i:O!I Il.@S, "t)(:lll~ll~-riI~d· !IUi 11:1t· .~rUM11~mm;d\!~\¥ !lir the ~"OIII! ~ 'J!l~'ri,~rl VI I~m I!:'iM '~J("~~n! ,~ij(;fl'ljM j~ i"lO!" ~J:!;lU)jl ('tIIt~ld'i!J ~ ~~, !Jt hi..a ",-'W.dli...

i' "'.rmfI~ ~~ cl ... !1kiJ i'I~>I!r i 11l!J ~~td.:r ..... !=~ . ~irl fMj~rel~ 'Ilf.1!: 'iI~ I/;,,~ Q, :Fllrtll(!~_ ~I.!I~~ 'I]j lJl>:idd .... 'EII.lift! 1ifl~ ,~~ :lijllil'ir.i.J.G~ Jmd i['Jl~"Id ~iiiriD~ !li1"iE ~l:!I::'H n~:~f!e mfljm Ii'Dl.2.IIUtJf I (<IlIF WtIliWrll r!L'Tri1tll qtlll,'~'U~ wi [IIII"-t ~ eOlj.~'n'IC'r;e.d t:i mil' p!~Dri!!¥ ~\OJ ID~iu \;Ili:~~I}UM ~~Jii,I. PI lOOt

I~!:! !Jg.\~ j~l",r ! li!'ilIII1t.IOI~ I;!nI~"11 ~§ u~gg, ~IU~ 11110 OOflflliel "'" ilh fonu~'l.r Ii:dl!~:ltl,Qr~ ~·!l I'i' !;;;\~~ reti rI!1I! [g1!l:1 ~i,ldi Ll!'i] 'W !l' ( ~r.<p tll.lt (If ~c! 1[li;~J to -a11.:lr:td rffili.1t~ ~1~lri~hOil F,illtS w Ili".n lill ~~ . .:::a~i::f l1!b ... :f~y~1 mon1hi.. 'io I::am,pil:'~'" SimiIMf),. I n Egy~ riEl~' (At tof ctilitU!l~1.liiJf 'Ie '::i"lr,rClTlj\"ln~J dro-p iI;illf ITl' gIrl: ~h1ldr!!lIT 1'S,!1lC,··II'l"f'ii!:d W p~j.:Gl1l't: Ft'!~-rli~rrl~g.:'" fAk-t, WlIllI, 'P, Z47; In ~~!oNi __ ;o:tLl~t!: ,! ~'FIIS~I~ IIii;; Ml • .ll~M"i"r :IIDI110~ T liilril)' i[ili .tl~ I!j.irl ,["IIi"!~·:iI h~[ ·r!)~14 1(..," l.~j~'el ~Qfr!lllli !i!lLll!llIt!"l'iii f.,:rr·lfclh w I r "rJiJ.-fr "9~.I:t!ir.:~;I;eil1' ,~~il ~Q' kll;'~ if!" ~ktlli ~ril'i8- run ;:::~ \'!,I ife 010(1' fmah~_ .n mli'i~' ~. 11l1~.N,:' 'r!1JM_tlililit IIUJi her II:l1 &11111 ·1!lfum.llIr t'aiii I,7J.lliw ill 111~ hom!'! PLU'ijJftll"r, !11i!!: Ll~l·i.;:h··il!I:i(JI.lE Iff illilol'il!jlj'j rf~i':1 .,~ ~fli ~1;ri\jrI~ dl[1J.., II! Wr~· ''!I(It;;'~~ 11ru;. t .g~'hllojJ oNl~o OOJ::;s,llOI ijb ~!(:] (I11Jl,I) 1:I~rn :J!00t1)(i1'

.miln')'. $I~ e:."uC""~IWi i! j:.b~JthL ~ti 1!1rN<fL:['o; <Qd.~:I!; 1[['B,clij:pmn I ~d1~;!I;If l"jiJ~~Tfll~Ili~'~' ~:irl "i1i'~>(:j ~_(idH}, .!Ji: 1'Ili~.e:~i Wi!U ~ ~tlli~ ,1) 'Ix- in ~!Ioi!. -gi~'l'i ~t .Pl~~~i~ EO {'l:!rgo. i!!lyed'lIC;mOr:iSiI ~r.!tij1~ I~ 0.1< k ~~! lmnd,. II DI~bt ~~ .Iil$!,~ !b ... 'J1J,~i;!.X11:J ~1lI~r~h~~il:InI~' Ihc' Arnportuno.:! <!J( dRIi1'e~~j,11: '~.Iil~::..~ i:1"uhf !i:'J!,!~, ~,I gl~~~~l~~' :!oii.rnpl~' 'llru:l'~ r4~~DI ~Wili1l3<rt~"l ~tt"!~!fI~ W(J1;1!i!I"!i!'lt~ i~~'T &clrn::l'tl()l11 It a mi!lI.fl~ (jf,~~"g ftiI o.;::i(oo,t llliU Ii.flll ~lI"t!ilf'l'V ... he t~n!ll.ol' ~"FFI~'IL

Al ~. ~ ~~ ~i.1 .1{:];1iti~~i· 1,1"1 'H.!f'li

~rg.ume1!it~

'The ,n;:ul o~Je!i;~~1,'.;:; . .'!Jr 111~'lj:ulhJ"mll ~[ o1ugt11"tM"lt ~ IXI,=, ~~I~lll~l~!~~ til' :5ilrurtiJ~ aU aCllill11!i!1!Iti'A! fliJI oof~i'rui Dild '" !~W5. httL~ (ii~ 1~i:Jt~l~nt !1iIo Idi.l \\.·1 f~1 r:I!II~ j'r:lllmrtlJ"' 'LV[IJi~j~ 'P~!lI8~ -("If thLii <3r;gnJTilI:lrlJ!:- The ~i'O' 1!I!:;'~~eni IJIO.:1: u.li tl~~ :.-iI~~I~~m:!i: i:m.~i:" 1m OOI'l1R100 is i~ IOP~Dfl of till!! iil!uiil!I!I n~ln~ oat wQri:1erl {O:Ii!).k:a O\!i,Y~lf ~o and "1.rimDl[t . ~ q9'.!i~ ~[J, "J~ 700'

~ j'I "!11lI) !i'!.tw, I"Qfi'!'iIIliL·~PliJqlli:il}11 \i,:!dJJ Id l\t o=i~f~"I~ .i!"rqotl 'I.'ilI be In tj;l~ blml' i~[I:e~~,> <CIt tim:' 'cb~~riI_

.... lF104hl"'i··~rn~~ tOlI~~ jU.~"In '!,Ii'I~ii4;11 ~:i~ w\!\,:;f! -p~ 11!!. some tI~~.;:rs W 'be .on rI::DllCiilkifli ~Y':Il'1mllillt I Ilor~h ~fll~·'i;L'1I!I~:JV!:..iU 1iM~' If~ st)l(fIe f!!:~~~' 111;: 5;iiST<"ftlI i~,e~!~~~Il!¢I>, OCHtJpe'lI 'IY~~ . -'!1H~ t!i-I!~ r!J~iE'f!!:.. Ct! !'1.I1:1I'11 -,!:Ii 'I'U! I~M~ 1tl1~li:!ie 1ti;_~iQm Fa;sure'!bKau-oc t"lTt.Ji( mslJliS JJc~rD1 ifll!l. t~lr 'nooe-<~ OO! t!;Jrt :~(i[lP ~i1IO&l~ ;;u:i.d .Ilnl",)!:,m~il:i:-" it Il: Hoi ~UIJll'h~lll:l Ihll;m to tmd' Ihill

lTIuch of dl(HT- $l'>,ISi{;"f'lGe 'IS taken u~ by ! IT[en~1 \ie . ~;rudy, 'th~ l}!PI,.a1 :ra~e~!'l lJugh -iG~J)'fl~~Wld~J ~,pe~d.~ 240 .days B rear !ltteIlding ~or;rTiIl~ *GhOQ:1 qn~ '1.9 huulll·.~ wetlk olJ.~sldl: sc,hool ~rudJ'i~~g .. Fj fty -Ot'lt]_Je"1'"C~~~[ Ijf h Eg;+lsChoo I $tu9f1l1!ts !i,~.n;d i:lJdHiOi u~:1 h{\\l.Il~ III crnm SCilJ()Qls ~ f] order lQ boO's! Ur~l:r gm:de~ (M~Tmmikmil, ~~94~ IJp::2$.1 ~2});.~l)., .

Afteftxjimi n)rGg 'patt:M:l ~althmies Ito thr~ ~'$ tern Miln~niikl!l.ii. i:li~o",.er,e'd no ~;mM~iE:lfiEt~ .ilS" 'to wh~ th~; :or !'lOT bt ~ ~ . ~ ~1 .~hc clrlld !~. besli nfeJ'e$ts. Some IJm:eIl t.} ~hQ!Jgh~ ~'hl:lJI' ~"~ \Villi', llj"~(:~tls-e ~ f l tetp~d, .c~1Hclre:n ";l'Ilt'ljTulre ktlQw.leJ~g~ f.I!·nO ·:O{;~'~'I.iJfI· melmil Ic.onc~R~:r(l(ip'ri or : ~au~e ilit.\ dhHd~~1

<liCWOlI ~ en,)oyed: it . At ttle: :o:tJ~~r end of the specrIlHl'k ~IGlrn~ p;:1Jie:[)TS'. C~I'!'S ~dcl'eld ]"b~t [~e; !>rs1t m WH';>.I:iI.I:l! ill th~lr~hiIQji.eflls best Jmeres~~ because it ~..:: I i~ tht;i[l, not to g1!!!'11 kJll~w ledge ·b~~lt ©~llly ~Q CEMl. ThyJ 'fdI t,hnt(. bl:'~"L~$e .i~: ~l iliib~i$i~ work ~nst~ ~r r.l,ayl1tin{i rle,g~ec~te;d 'DQ"mp~~S:SlOPI "I'h'f:ur dMidr.en w{)M~d !l~l !iFCl'W vmo lff"t:l H1lL~OO1~Ill~ fithl ~t~ .A:~ a{rrJ .W~ see 81 p;r;aotLCI'! I, i I ~1,.!srriulQlTof. the. ~.Hktt;~irrn"~y gf' I~~ bei~' .i!I1[~~t$ pri nci I)l~, De~M.U:tg ·on whll.! .~.iiI of Y~lu~~ ttr~ pil~ill~~ 1 n rMi :~mdy el1l~ph1l5itlMi. rl:rey camfd'o' diff~rerH corrdas i ens ,00btllH whl!!'~ W<l15" in IrITe- l'lesl: ;1 r~te.h':$t~ ~t -1h~iT tl:iird~~n_ ... " .. ,

23

ILLUSTRATIONS lOP:

IND'ETERMINA'CY' - RESQiURCES,

T' ' -Hl1 bes~ J~~:i",C;sli~ piI:i flt:'m.pJ.e is $l)I:neli ~~i~~ . lllvQikbl in.eQr:]lul!cli6n wifl1 rt:SPi.Htes.iJs.'§l1es, b~th in I'ed~~tion te gtn,.en'ifl1~'r!~cal b.udgetil~Y

~JI.QL;j't1.0IlJ .. (Jr fr.llilUet' lIIal ill,e:;,(',nnme.{J fiJrthell" I.atf;~) and 00 rhe re~6wlr,;;e$ .al,o;a~lab le ~lllil partlcu~ar t: h~kl' tJl1~~ ~Hiffl'i;~iluo~narioi. M i.I~l,)' of the extmlples JiM~ COl'1,si(h~I)~ (:-11;01 -a.~~!;)' b~ vi~wCod fr1)i11 ;~I resti;lID~eS' p~tspecth',e.,

The JmpaCl ofres;()iu we' 'fa(ll~!rs In cl:nkl CHSIQtiy ma[{ers provtde.s a uselul iIIu$uati()n Qf ],ndele:rJTll !lacy. POrl'J<l.Y ~Il\g I h.1t' MUJiltiO!:l!iU Zimb;l'b:we. ft)r- ti(~I]jJ;pl&. "j!I.;nll~'trong Jind~ t~]iI~ "the UlOg~. st'l~u]~(;h!lf{ljct~nsh'" 6f (.t!~J¥"'t;{j,r OU!:j:I~dy ~n Zlf~~:b!ibw~ fG"&y'i~ fll~r;11jaJlfm: M.i1Iiny.. if !lot m~)1l1 eltddt~H, 'S~<l)' wIlh <I 1'll1ntb~[ (if ,(hff~r,~rrr ~~~H'i'e-s, rol~ ~rfmts ofLI~eir I iY~S, 'I11i~ P!ut~. ,~Jthou:-g!nJf1i;[ore \AI itclespreqq i1Lrrro:r~g,. lOw. !fI...-Qm:e gml:lp!i.'~TIQ oft:e;m tf.arr~~r cu~~pd)' ~~ ~ W.1~ c>f tj,l;:,tring. ~(i)f1jQI~nic res,o'i,l]ires, mlmlt)n] ~'~.mi II}'. ~n:l. b~, js· nn:t te!~,trit:!~11 'to th~cCOI'I!,lm,iCI'l~ t; i!¢l.e-dy. \\Ie I:hiflj £hor!~'1' {alUiill ~e ~ <!l~o I,!'~I [~ft;rte:r:npQ,1r~ry /lh)'1lcj:c{!1 ~~~i;ly of Ih;e:i;;' ~lr~ld:ren with]" the eXJended f'l!m.il.y Chiidre!\l ;tye'I'l'H)iveq fn,\lln re:la· ~.~!o'\(; ~!';i ~]inti ... el'!,l>;u1iU)' kI ~iZle Iti!::o,nnm.iiC' ~dv-(l!l:'!. t'I.ge:s" (A,'i1TI!$r.rQugj ~994. f' l10),.

·S~ IT! i ~ffilf] y. R ""'-ezaurn h~sCl)]]:1I ~rum~~d I h'<iJI ilL$ ~; eornmen pr.H'1 ice' 1 n $'u b·S ~h~1 ,au Am~ 1:0 fieJiid a, ehHd a~,.t~y ''to n~i'~~ 01· r_e_larj'\'e in dOl 11:; h!:H.i~· w.orJ.:; ~.ru. !il~f:i;l fci r tu it] (lll Il){l!i~y IInd.1 pl,~ ara 1:1~ fgl!d-rourhig: ~hO(l1" (R WI'i1;aUf.a, L994, po 101J. lilia.rUe·lI to 1;~lakl" ~t~ b6s't ~fecQ~ro:l'r'lk n..e.~o'l !iCIfl~. ch~~d ~u~~Qd)' lillf~~1n'1lJ~ :~'~~' wi~ih I:he' \!;'~de~ ~tiu:rnj~y,

: Ina ':Elnm.':lLHn whi [!~~t?-soUl.l't(';:~H3~·!'! '~~~.~L.; ~~ migl'J[,'woI",U b~utg,llCd ~Ifla:~;tbe&e p'~LC'[ke~_l;i:f fl.W.-:lU~ling ~us:tod y ~; rfii ~ a 'oN ~r f.amIll bll se!~ ~r ng_ me in the );11 ikl 'so bfiSt~l'Itere$r~bi!~~~~ they eJ!'!S ~r~tieller ~hOOfu:k!1i opjIDnuuitie1' ~M L~I !kr Utd'ri'titoli!. HQIWiI~rvc~. 'as we lil.1've s~t-_n in e:atHe~

H~I.I~rrilti"nil.~I)~.e ~t't' .a[s9{',ounte:Ntl~.Hnt con!S,'imer1t[I,Ql'I ~ that to()rukl ju.:tLfy ~r~ (ifl'lem nrjv'{',' ime'F-p~e·~ati(lfI.of whil!r .is in !h~ c!hd·Gr,~b(:~~ Jntote!)f:$.

AIDII~\n;mg iln!~ !he'ftl is fi_ SllrrJng;' ~~ew, .m:r lea~t In westem disco!l!!:5;e., ~h91t i~U.s.'v4'Y h:;rl'portal1~ for ~Il i ldJ.'itIL!~I'i lie W ~-tlT ~E Je.1~[ one 'gill!'¢nt. :1 f that is 1'i~:1 p~ulbL~, il 1'~ c{)'H!lide:r~d. imJXin~:[I ~ t1:lI;f~ t.b_eJl de'v'dQPsUXJlng 'ocm& With, anerher ,pd. l:nmJLy clIf-e.g:hr'(lr Y~r the proclfoe uf ph~sicalous-m~1t ,being \!/Lth 11 v1lri1'lty' of filJ]~U}' fll.e,mbers pre\!l~nl S.1I!i.hl1~ r ()(Ille~e ideals-from be1!i1,g realIzed U mil)' be, :th~ref~ tb~l: In i~ vie,,\, IS' S,~if~L':: EOI ,CP',r;. L8.i n C!J h,ur~s 'ill'id ICiCii ~h:artcl lJy m:ltlygtoup1;, 'Vo'nhiu Z.L~'1bllbwe Irldeed, A.t111SifO!ll:[\ neres rn<!l l'I1;ill':ll!' Shonll p;;uents r<':gis,m' III nltl ple p"renlJlll.g·J~, hl:ght,l' des LrOlbl;e for thlllir ·cbJ kl'rell. T~~ tb:e ~<U~ie ~Q~:e!l;~(J'wl~ ... er, A;rrr,sltrcln .. g 's te~eilrcl~a~:s!o dem(li1"'1nlle~ $tl,prr)['! W~:~~ In Z1H]1tmbw,~ rOJ a de:gree of s:rablllryilricnswal!fJ a,!]'!lin:.g¢ltle:~ns. M~jr~ of those she Il)rervllr.:wed .. cS~GlmUy wheYI prob~d. stated thO'il H IS :II,! [h~be.st !li'Ile!'eSJ$, -of·" diliid I)~ ! ,"'e: with In~ (lr ,!:ref parenls.As, one 'lll.l(TYH'lWee' I~pli~-d:

~. Uit~nf(. tile bi$~ th ing i:§ f\).li' l~er, tel Ihrewith ht'fP~f.cJlIS,:.whi 1f;_th-a.!I' set: J~ ~be i:s.,:sf(IW': : ing lip, . c-ve.Ji)'llling -lohC' ~b ... w~~ .~~ 91re,:f;~S. MlpporUng. her,. e\'ltrythl1lg that$h~ nee~o$ ~ 1'1 lJlft",.. ~let w.Jjok lff-e Stre.srnolili'l J !\le ·.wttfi'l M~Tparent,s ~1\~,trw~g~ ~91j:4.1P, .~),

It i~ !'hUo$W,ll ~J~'11'1 wh~~ OO'il~ld~toll~. iii ~):""rS_t;lfl m.ait..llltl 01 cl!JMpcfy d~tisji;l'~ s~Ny~d :reach I~ M.J;~l1 l1ast]s Qr wh~,twelg:hl~b(,uM b~~~e~,,~~d~~'sr:~c~ 1,IV'ely '~'eJJ[Jc{':r[1 foJ' the ~~ild's e'inotionIQ,1 Mve:.l~~'rJlemQI';~~8~, ~IQ r-eh)u~. Afibdi~rC:o:n3ILd~~~ !l;r!<£ltl hils ,~e!1~l!Ilgg~~d by 1~ wezaura, He t:mH:l1, E,h2lL '\vb!l:l'f!b:l£~EliI 'C"~~I,bdYimfll'l'$.~m~i~~~, ar~ ~C!LiaJ!e,d, "Uhi most~.s.es there i~~8J1l gip&laIlotl! on vii'! (lllngf p<lre:nns ~~at ilif;~r el ~ild wUI. be I rea !~~ asa Inmlhi:;rr D[I he f:.1lm~~y. Tn i ~ i$ b(lCaU;9~ Ute el:Uirt iln:ll.ng~ff!enl~ is 'y il.lli!o'w ln ~n A ftlC£Ln t~'adiIJooal ftru'tli!;;worh . ..B I~ r hhl~1,1 hM~'

T.trorJ~ei I ;!;irld 11.Wl !~~ ·~~~jIFi_iiiS ~if.!S 'ill) 3i '11~lilt:fem dl_rMnnL ,:liIuc.ru Iii !<lhMd mlJ':r 11~~ tr ~ emalJ~ .ill n,:!:icbaoi <),-,.,bo/!o"ill~ bi=1l!11 'rnrol~~d, ~~h:b~ IITI~,~ be ~!I::~wllh MII~ark ~ iilln;- ~ gel TI!:I~q~I'i1r{' Ume IIi}do pri ..... ,n=f: ~I,I~~, Tfll6i i};jnJdl}.lil!~ Ti~ I~i!~i nlil I!>~rlld 11~1'll t~111'1' ~..mi,",rUij~'I.il~:" ~ R'(~E:~l'fi:I", r~9\~; !~P 1!'Ji I I ([I]).

TI$: 'P.Oi~lliti1l1 rili IUfl:: (If 1-UL'~"11!7illn~J:<1111ln~~ ,t'iJ' -!lD(L:l3.J 1 'I io;1k~m'ifd tli1=' (;"!l.Iid'it' wdll-lb::mg Ji1.31~ 1'::~,!ii~JIT'!1l: 'i® !ij!o'litoi:"l1,!:d.,:' !tlm ~iJIi'll,'infDliln~,l r:"IJ''1~~ ;jmlil~i:li~~3ijl~~;oe mOfitl LI'i1.ll ~hlld1;, IJ.i:s~ 11l'~~S!S

b :,~~oo !!:!~~IJ¥ d~;!I' d~~! '~I'-I,iJI,_:,rui-Q11 Il~ ~1l11! i'taBI !:rm:m'!m~- prtnl:'lJ)l!':' !I;_.lIilJilD~; Qi1i jliJl ~I':pn:w~ ,[jn~ ik!IeirrnliI1'o1~L'!,\~ ~8IL11tion~ 1.0 Il~ i:s.~5 ~lIrronJidin,g, j;lblld' ~l": O~~ii1i:l~i1I1l:'!iII'U 1li:i: wll"l~ ~ITh:d; ia diffOltIll \mh~s.f i~ ~e-~IiTl~ ~ibl:.2lti Jl!~l'if~~ .ihii{"'li~ q.'~' ,,*ITI ~~ 1[,1 'I 'IM",h IJ!I!l U'i!i ~i' l"h:I~"~i3 ptfn· ~irl~ @n ~~ iD!!II;I b;;!.r~. I~ 1.1. ~ONii~i["M~",~~W'I~. ~ lE2!~t hi n:[~nllli II]I~' i"!f!ifJ1f p*rF !~Iji.:!I.!~ '01 ~~ ~o.r:.d. fM~ the. nisrnilN"",ofdlj~ lnboot j~ In ~~ ~[jj[!'i ibi<:'I: 11'i1t:FI'~~~' r!i!t ~L !i"i;~hlc. ... ~h~ L">'iiikllill ~.dril :k!11~ roDj:)~!). ~ It~ (fur';:I'i!i Or 15;jJ(i!~1 im5;)i1~,"" ~ITI;: 1",i'i1i'1~ w illl.,1",~ ill~uJfl,"iIl'J It nillOi,.j~ 1>0 ~~ ,lJ(Kj[ '~iJ:e C!l!lC.! and 'i,ls 1I:!1hI!I 'iii!(l1~~ :rlequa~I!J~_ lt

m"~ be, AI~ ,All N"" "nn 11~6 rggi!Ji;tli;!!lfl't':(!, ~_j -~hllil ~~OOil!i L'i ES"£~1] .. 1 1'itrr nl~ W hC'T !IDJIl~d~i1~~ lIIi11cl ~g-'I;rrr.rl ~I!lFMwfkl b. ce 1iI1II ill' ~il'\~_Rli.oi'iiS'1 j~rl'~~llili11' l~, rr 11)

The ~Jjjti.eI!im_lr btN.w~~f1 ~OOOOTII: foci~ ~Eli'L i:lhiw liIl'bd~I~' iu '11i1~ l:~l;ifI" [i[(!~i,=;ol.t hfla ai~ '~ flD:l~ h)" ,I\:rer .hi!%: IijJ[lT1!i n tfIJ£i, In. wilkih ';9~? ~J' ~j;I or !C~iltlm::l~ o::rni:u~~ Iii t~OClllr. l!olblu. '1~~II~h '~Imll!l"~' 1M!.; t)f 111~~~~'lh 1~:~I~l1 iflg ~1.i~1ii'II i9 l.~;! lip ...... Oi~ {\ '~I'ii1i;';1 4'9-6 ~r ,roenL Ibl~ Et)1JC.~~lOl.1fLI r-'Ui.lL'IiE I~" ~ 1l1¢lj\:3.~ilm fiii=!it:q ~ltholJi!ih ~h:rt joo 11J'8~ 1)1: :It:I~"6t,l1UI1.l~· irn!ril;iiJi~1!i!~ ~t:1 Pi;Jo'.1rt~" r!l!:!i:PrIoi ~iJG_h ~, I~~ !I'll' ~~ILL! timt ij,l ~~:5:t ..... ;~~,i% !(!(!oi"~iii; tI'Jpdl:,iJ1"I~~a~ t1J pro... ~ il~o~ nlr~~liir~ ~1Ii1' l'll'e,lj' 1!l !.lJffc!;';1 !1 ml'lti \ ";:llibi IIi)' i(t aeh~1(1!; ~ A]P.r. l'liQ-.1. p )4"1.)

~!j !.'!'.It:.,~',(-U 'l~ ml ... i1iliiO!i!5., 1!~~ ~ji!: lIl~ ,co:J,l:~}m'-ncgJIrn::I,l1~ fhl3~ :m.p[.l!in I tile. !X!1'Ir::l1J~1ora !I:w ~'.hlifcl. !flhQy~ ~ lItl'Il; ~~ jllt o!illlJ~r .1Ji!.~ ~1lI~!'J!iI~

lr~rnit~ .i!1JiI ~1¢L~c;:~ 'Glf illll:i[iiff , , r.R~)' tM,'Ii, ,1;i!~1ii ~11re~1"f!11 '!i!.i!l ~l)'iI'ic~l .prlg i'm:111i9i1 I [cailill '0'11 'the ... trHtI. 'Dllia ;cl~!Jo fijJ~f!''''~ '1lif1i (I!' ,[)I),~ ~f th~ b~jC" ne~ 01 11~~ljjmllC.., il:dlh.!!utlUfi ~ A,!I'Nil' i III! 1 ~J. pp: I"J 1&)

1.11 tJdldlrjoi:'i. be~r,jt {tI~ ~Ill' ol:ni!:il~-llrJ:iiibil4lf Ijj~): d'-il~i'~ "bDI~ rL"If' Ibl;:'~ 411:!O1 hfliiPfi: '1~I:r.u!I Lb~. Ulli'.i i;,:"oo,Ye1:J! nn ~DF.I$irilMT:: ~o be LI~~I~ Fi;gibt TIiC:I&,Q~(: ~hjl/!'": iI!NI pl~ iU.gWTlJ::lli's 9i'!I br;r11'i ~ ~f ~~~ {;"'!ill:

!\u, NQI·!l:illj1(3.eff~~::> ~ ~ilJdI)I j)ropilfHi (<hi'" 1'lre

, 'r.lIi'i Ll!:"~gtI!:! ~y I iliI:Iil Silhn A~ml 1A'1'Iid), 'j,:Li,t~$t::!i Ii 1311 .~i,"Ij ~~ 1r.'!1'l:H:~~ !i)if rhiil: orAl dd mi~l~ W.D.1!!J!illt !~SIiiJ::!!ilru~ Df 'i~.e IIab01illl rr::LlMl.t~.R! i11lili: chdd h'l:~Lllr 'j:, ~rtQnm'~ IIJ.!ldc-r ~IiDitiOlilil'.98 r.:. f,i)nhl!: e.hlJJ L!lid ImiJi'dl m ~lI~l~ull .1LI!l! '!;klf!:rI ~."'i!l~!;IpIT.u:lIlt. 'i!1I11: ~~urlr prCjpto~to ibiill' ,~..,m-, 11tt:i:U ,pbl j~r ~.rn.Jllcl·~~ cllre~ ll'ti L'ti. ~tl;im~I~~ :h~~ I.11j~,I~ ~ri -Aiil81i'i.!1'~ d;:'i~. MIC'h Iii [)~~ili!flifl .... ~il .... t:'i~, d1~ riln~i.Tl!::.Ilt!U ~ Ulf"mll'M Qf Imlhlil); iri,& .L1nd rl!OiJnd bll!. PIl'i.llYri~I,)1 t'i:lfi'1.rnrrril. iU.il~~ IlIe~~ ~~ ~~I _I~ F:ii!~~~.t ! h~' ~eSrllJfl (I """~jiji '!ill'!"lif:h=:1 "ill~ JI~,5a[lJ,d: 1(11" v.,; I KiIJi'· ~ ~~t-rJ.; IV 77J ,,\ {I'j n~ ~III f1PP'~!:::il I!i! Ab:~.tj'g .. ~! pr.'.iln!ll!1id

~If~ ~u~ .. ~~~ "'~!N~ ,Hbey:~ llie !rUI~i!, ~I'f 'f(lttll.!!1 ml'¢:l'Jl:iO:IiI9ind 'I:~ '!!alll.:! DL1 ,Il'.Ii1~ ~rtd k~'11II mot, .. I'd \!l~n~.11 ,I"'" %~ pl:~1.. ,iI'I»ul '\I~ '~~1~1J!'iJ li~ [lHjf~Ji:(: o-f i:l:~ll.!iJi:,~~ ~~8.ur: ~,l'l:!(H!I.jj ~I~!;;i~~ ~ uJll~"fLJ.D'" \, .. ~U :llwtl"m III!!! rn: ... ,;::IU!iiOfi [[~~~, tLFi~ fi;~rrieqH'1i! ~I jl;;}' 13 !~! [1'Ii: ,t'l1'11cl 's, ~llll~rJ~sl~

1{e!:lou.r~.£I((; ::;ilw Impi)'lllD.lI!' In reluuorr 11iJ< ~he l1'Vll~l!b)Jl' i).f ; 1rL'! I iI'!~! rnil~::;I'I pri~dpi.(: rfi !Iill!:' n~:l.p( il3dXl~Ibi!M iFllal:: ~~~)1 ~:I~t clar~ ~I!'I.!t:i l"I!:Nct.TI pOVGI'I'Y, ;;h~IIlI i:.,00:iu aoo e;fu!::lrlM!lII_ ~ I "1r.1J~r i'!J en !.!1i. iJI1 y~!ij!i~ l~'y i~,~ll, 'liii!!! tltl lid .~ I;WtN,J tb :.~U~ ~m~l, ~;[j ,ru~E:l~r. ';;:1;.r~!l.(iI[ f,!iini:::ivali:'

11~:-::rLY, ~f [I~ !4U, Ii1 ~'ml1mt ~liIl:l!Itl:rr1i 'lli<;.,j'!.~Il-' em: ~ ~~ b~~.11~~~e:fnt:~,"j il) If!;;:· Ei:rpl~!!!l ~I)rf~l'i~ 1iI~ ~;r~I": 'f,!(IIJ ~':Ft!m!!!il.='·. ,In o[irr~' ie~i1:i1:l ,O""t'~i!!wt I~ f:lliYpKClll~ rrt!!: i II ~~!i': 'rvrsl "i'~ l'~i'l' ro '$C ,,('jO:1i(j~

:2:1

WilS Z9 ~v~m. {)ftbis ,grOlJlp, 4,j.tf.pfli!fCf,n~ ~'f'.~ £aJrJne.!'ijj· thlldwfl iUl:d _32,ti ~~ r c.arU weft ,aho.IiJ~;;.· ~t-'i.'Jdren. O~v,enlbi:s. h(l'~ak.clQw~ QiJ:e" 'may' eX~I' ![i~r '~(;oJ'j.om~""facu~r~ \io>er~ ,~~gll~'[ir :C1Iiflt. 'fflf s w'a~ wnfi:nmeod blll j h e .s~dy whl<eh repCl~1!B,j ~:h!l.t J~ ~r celm l ,~f tl~se: .flf(~;~~e9i fit:tnb~ lJ.t!ltq ~he d:~OIH'Y:1 ~i'i 't:ht fftHli,Iy'~ need rot~:i':n:a' ll1c.~n~~. A f~rthe~'OO_IJ)er cent d~d edur.::ltrriona~ ffLf.'OO"r:s, wl1 i,ch I ·gjS nOI~ ,'lb(lve,ma~ also'be' .illtlU;er.ced 'b')" plJverL!!t. Wil,en ~~h\'lf;e ~s .1]',0, $.I;Ipporl: ~t hcmlC lot ~(h~~~tj~l1Ibec,aJu$.e p:~'11~ {I're tcO<6'blU~'y. Or w{lJe:n. lnoQ<~le i:< w ifJ~"'" [.hat bQ()t'SCJlrlOOl ~ p!ln::lh.as.elJl, dliltirerl rure ~u,~j(ieJ~ to s'U1C~~d! or \"':~t f.o 'sueeeed al'~cI~o:ol. l}J,e :a:W 11'c~tJ.w of the !Jest rn:tiill'ests Itr:il'l!Clple '111 [l~e:s~ tirc:uln~,t~B1ees rmfof;'..$" ,~'nmllm C(fl'i!;;ide~l~l~tlns, to li1t~~ enCiOu:I1. t.erci'l' in JeJa:liOrl to eil ife! I abQu~.

R<l'so.1:ltee 1 ssues !¥l-e aIsCi" rdev1!l:It to wider 'g~vemm.erll~1 po! it 1M 'pe~aruing to eduJCiIliorl. Azet ilh:lst.L'i1leS'rhls by a q[,le:Mjm~ n:h~l~!loed lhe-, ugYiNlOlin,Oove:ffiI'I1leA.l'a~ Orl~ s.t~g;~, "Dlle to the sl'lo~;a;g_e .of sc:hoc)j btl! Id~rtgs. I:heg~~~mm.ent was r~ced: 'W irh a ,cn.l;::;.n~11 pOllC-Y conside rattot1 - In: faT;[ ad i lernrna-> whh~h ,requ I.~ecll]l~:kl ngJn'l:l\d

c:Ai~K:~~. 'Th~ mi!!Tt~r bQ1J~dl (lo.wl1- 't~r whet~er Ii w~l:ll!h.l b~ 'tlot!!tt,r' r~ 'h':!lU(:.'!l~ hri.lf. Or ],~,~, Qf the, ~[!~rn:beiof'.blll.M~l'lil~ wht:l.:i~ IlintLtl.~ W !.J,ffSil;) ,tdu',c:'lIi~o"l)r:l{)f!Jd{!pt j: ~wo-~'h if~: $YS~fin1 wM~J~_ w~ltd UII d'Qwn the sc·tmo:l, hOL~~$. b~j l 'WOIll ~d -:iom m!JtI:i!l!C:,at~h~iI$b:lo!!ibl~",,~ne itumb.~I of fh~~c wh~C! wf)l~kI 'f~4".mKlny, :attetl~da r.'IH-driyUb:O'oJ 'SYS,tf"All:" ( A,21e~ I 1,99-4" p. 2;;9).

Appli~ii.liQlI I:!fr,he l;)est !nteres !~pritldF~l¢ does Ml re,a.rlily_Y:i,eJd,ll, !i>Oluti(m [Q th'~,dlletrli:l'Ia. On til¢; ori:e lLa~d. It ooullf ~e' ,ilrgue,d n~ml' ed~uo;:::arooifl Is se vital. fQtrn~chjlrl ';:I M\I'i16~en~ fuat ]r, i$ ,Ill UHd~l~e.rests df chlWre11: get'llerllll}l, fu~ ~~¢1J cbiJd trire~i~'~ .at least S{lrne: Ifl~hbC<llio.lI, e ... en if o,nll half''tl d!lY .3 week_, On abc (liUie:r Wnd. )r ,Mnlldbe, S3~tI 'thallI is, ili'lln'l!:Miter~s:t~ of c,liikJ:p;".Jl as, 8J whoh::' tlllRt ~Qmt; Iecc.I.Ve ,jj pIop~t e.d~"jt:i1tioll rathM than j;\.lllre:teJI~m:g' fII S U b£rM'1 cl1~c:I 6[Jt;, ![ co'Ul.d be Itl'glled'~hrl.H:lhl& is :pmt]cUhll'1:y so because' SOI~1~ chlldreL1 :\l/m never USf:' loama! Co uca['irm andi W~ I[ l:n·s[e",,d go ~ ~HQ Ii.ln ~kl lled ~!l:!,p.a:~[QHS. -l n ttus , .... I~W, ~~"wQItJdi be-~ppJ;ovnate' ~n p:mlO'lde a fuJ I ida~ ~$ im:rllill e.rlrJc~dol'! ~[)o.t1Ily some: of ih e ~~apUJ1 arion

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AR~Ol!lS ~umti1t~ 11!~'\<~ ~~t!:" PU! J~rw.urn __ no d~f£tI!j ul~ &e~[ II !U~I'ffl~ ~Il i~f~le! ng~I!1~! diIlT"&S o~ rfilk~pmtl[J[Jj~_ 'hIt f1n't !'I; " :g«1'.

~I .liqi~i~~I., whlt1t nie;~B .dud OO'-lIill'~1in!J[J!3 !li1;IIJIjJ,[1IiScO~ !)Il1IO[:]~- 1!.!It' users ClXI1i..~1 rt!i~~ 1110 rt!1li~ !!fir owboomi:(j 1Jl' lIJ;lpll[:lJt\prr 101 tl'l¥ lJ~r 111'i~~~ princ'-rp~ tLi~' seeond !5ii&~~ifui !l:iJ!III1. p-~_~np.., m .1:\!PJ}'o'iQlI~'';:;O: 1 !l!1)!Cs"" e:t:!n 'OOf'lsllt.fiin init ·~I~. ~loo Q-IQ l1ill~ b) ~ d!:'c~ii'Jlj m~ '1111: in-ltd mll1!~~ nl~"'·~1!p'---.cm.c.aI} to lhi=' ~~ J!lIil;l~'.s vri[:jc~[:if.e ':;JiS. 'j~ Ii~~(lj:S. !'!I ~hll" ,~ I!lfltl-!l1.1S:S:~!3 iltlil:. i1~ ~P! {ir~hl1.~'· ~nli!'i~iJ: [!If r11~ thiN j~ ,si'tol!JIl inooo .del"ill i:il=' 1!T!h.lm~D~ ~ lim c.mi~.i.l ui 1&'1 j~C:!!I i~ il:P~tl., mJ~i'..-~I:." liM CF!:.C' ",s iii wP.ii)le,.

ftti'm r 11jI9.4 ~ ~1iI,!S§e;'!iI~~ I f~IISt:: 'if!! ~~d!!:iml1lc- 1I'Io.ri based ,O!l (,Qln'clil~!:::iii5 .~rmoo_lg edJllmu~iti.e~ :o( rLl~~ ~!~~, 'tiIl'! 5. i(:(!i!1!~ epll! p~ .. wiIo .8 rc~j;!Qn.\;: iii] i~r. -"~iliiiCill80 '!."'!f l'iIi!l~!l dl~~~.I1~· I[lri~"i-i5. Hi[! pl!l!~ !n-e rei;I"!Jm:c: W ~lb' mlli};l[il] eheioe efl1.i~I~, !!IJ 2l '~!'-~I CO~TI""~ !ll ill", f.!;il ~~V!I!IS; w.Ilf:

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l1fE RELATIITN'SJlIP IU5TWE,E:N CULTIJRE AND 'TE1F{NAIION,AL, HUMAN

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III I

Wh"i~~ !'II~ CIJDJmm~ -t0ni~d mOil: ~ ~ :s.ii;B ~o ~M'!t!." I[I\w"~I~p~ ]1Ii'll" ~ nul i 1 \lr,: ~[iti~iiTl~~(l;i lIi\ iv "~e" rt:I!C I! ;:-t:f" ~11~ ~st Inle'j~!i1o Piljl]C~p!ffit. LlI'IC!~ r .l\rli~!~ .1, j4~'16 ~!~P.' :1;\Ii'V~ dJ;amf!"i~l, i.~ hol~ ~I"i ~~I~' !~l'Idii!"d W ~d.ap.1" all It!£pml!.'Si'll("dllp'pro-n,'h (lQ .tl~ i~s~ ,Ill'! ~en" .!!~i,h.::iIB'i!1i!i c~l!3iIlKil.,ei:tll111 pfJ! m ibiiJ; ~..red' 'i-Y'iiS Um {:!J~rrmtl.'ee·'~ ~p.~~si:i:m lOft rell· 9~! 'iJgl J"g~"I!litliJ!!l' rn ~b~ 111TJtr:.d 'Kb]g!.:il:ilirl iie.a.iIn,g: ""'"Iib r.f!llWnil biN ~h~t1~m~n't Q ~ !I ;;;Md wil:ll'l1 iml! l."lm.l)!" d IdI.llQi, tl:pe<i~ 10 bi!'OOIi'i)p;l1~Lb~' !,Iii"l!'h ff,r},w (/J,ful, h:rtkli! j of Ih~ ~l,.--;en-t_ltlJllli~

nJiUp A lfiUm. p,~O'Ies8Qr ,of ~lU;enl'llktl!i!l\l, Law at the :~uropoe<'ln lill:ilo'erul t "I ,t n~J;j nne; ,Pil ~;lrfl"1.Ge; S~n iofl' :Fellow al .he UNICEf .l'nli~nii:u.jClrlill 'Child [),ev~lQpme:n1 Cetltre • .PloJence; ~ll~d, tidCC!1 991. Cha~rsQjj :(If 1!h_e tJ ~i ~~. N.B;ll~l1s "Com,rn in.e¢ ,Ci,~ E~o,['jonl'ic, So~jl!iJ ,ut€! C~1:[vifl:1R ig]:Il'S,

)',hdnl1ahE itrl~.Na';m. Professor Ol~ Law 3!i1d ~el~gJon. Btntl.ry Unlvet~"Hy, A~lamSJ. f'lCIirrrfel'iy ASS"Cli!l~~' Vm·f'essGraf Ww !l,t doe Dl1iv,enity o-f-Klhanotml <lind foml~,_t:' E"'.et'llliYei},l.re'cl:or·o( Hllman, Rights Wa~h1 A fric.t; I!TWash Lng.lCln. D.C',

AUiG"e ~tnt,l~'lrtmg, a ! ~ .. ~.y,gf ":B~;clthe~o!.1[!1)rn l~g'CMI'(~1 nnl.o]' of Wqmefl and Llw. ~n SOlllthem Af riO'll Tro ~t (\\IUS-A), P-~!'IU Y l~e ,,"oom irl:[H:(.l'l' of G'llkh-e:n ;!InJ Law ln lli.stelT! <!tld S QUI h~1'll1Afr!ca R~~iIT~h N.elw'Q~k tClESA),

Adt'.l Az.e,~ Pl",o!~sor ilt the t"41'l~iom!J Cenlel'" f(lr SQ;;.~a~ .Hid C:rlm irig;~og,k; .. il '(l:(';sefu"'Cl, rN CSCR} In

C4.il;Q~ .. and a CQ~t$tl tr~n,TUtQ 1I NJCiEf Lrl Cil~;~'. .

FQrod~ .11amlt1..,.p]J~ft!iIl.'&1:t wHh ·tIm JJM3re Lei<l! ·i"l'Olil.C'!S G!'rllm: now wIth t'heE"rl~1ish L~,w Corn-'

m1sskm, i.nl.mtticm. .

..t~lf! :f)demhllog(). Cl1Ilire11tJy 1Cm.lrpe:PW'f1 of ,~l/nij;red :NaliQT!s Comnn iDee Ofl URI': N.Jiglns 9ftbll; (liih;1.

Pre";im.l,~ly rvl~riI5tf)iilfl De1e.g.ue in C~T~ ·gr $O'Ciat~etiQn.ll.!Jd rl1e'Fm:llib • .iil B~Jffiii~!lFa"So

,J oklo! '/ickdtl(Jl" Fe HOI"", .tnd T~tof m ~r~w .IDIr F,il:'mI:lI(lh.~ ir".Ueg~ O;o::f{rrd" fmd. R:O/;;idcJ ill :Ltw 3'1' O;.:;fQr{il ll~l-~ve.rs.il).(~ o!i~ill~i.~iM l.nr.1ilfl~ly blOW,·

Rrirlget G'ilm6.fl.r~Watsh., d(lcmJfitl ,c;jl~dlid:~~. In; thie A~IStl'rilh1!lm. NmIQ!lJ:JIT lJflil,lersity; pre .... )OIJJSJy iJ." 're~<'l:~~he;r Ill, ANU'~ r.enm~ fUI [l:It~;rnll~ii[N1Jd lIml FUM"t .Law"

S(nil:riGifJo t.l!j)!,~,ltkf~!~r] <ltlunlt,}' -<l].~l!w. Pt()'fesPQ[ of L.,~w, 'l"nJ r'IJJlImne~ Oe~,[! of ]hi,~rltlGI.J,It;y qf ):!ilImi:l!li? ~tiet; MIdi .g,oGit~~ ~c:i~llcc~at lJ~e: Opeu linu",e:lsilt~ oJ Sd .la.!1ka, FormerlY 'f)ls~ :R;ie:se<lirph F'eHow"II the S:o~o.QI ;of.OMe:nl~ ~ "~1J~d J\ mCilfl'Swdl~ e~~].,qndOl!1f :J!'l"d Si;ll1ii'in "f!t;\II{)\Ik:'. ,J( lhe'tl'MCff "[men'lfl.-' U~~'I Cfil i M :OeV~I()ipment C~tTt. 1"1 QT~nc¢ •

. Sai'Q~f.'hJ; oM llirim.ikaia, .r~~p fust<9J: 0.1 Llil"w;;ll.~N ~ ~giltl' lirli versilY 'w"il.hl :lI~S"(:f1~l, .. :lJi!t.c~S:Milnt!li¥~lreepuri~

. ~HI~tiofJ, .eom~~ning a;~]ci; c.1m i ~~i law, .

Slll:phe.'l:~ P:arkt!J~ PJ1ofes~Q\!: of l.~~ll~" il!!'l~ f}e;an coif tl'I~FfiC!lih~ orr Law m. Gri;lTf~d:J. U Ilihfei"SIlF'l,.in A li$rraU:<i" P'rev,iOL1f11y nllil~hl !lt~h~ AiJl~tt~l:i1I1ij Natinrnd U'livcrsit)1' .9.ndalUlii,\'~I:!;L[~ COllege .LD. O;urJiff_

J(l-eql~db~!1. ,Rnb..e!llin~L)-e'~1dH. Prufes.~o~ o{ J?tli~' <Iffie l,f1I\)'I' <II: ~he ilJ oi \i'~~il~ oJ Lyol'! 3, D~I~t:u!f. ~r the: 'GradLlate J'rOSn:'!tfl,iil:l F.ru:nll1i' t,aw• and he.ld {l[ 'lfamily ~lIw research grOI;)p".

Sa,i "R wD,ia~'rol, cilne:!1! IllY t;~ilc;'"he s ~~t ~-he.FflcLl1rJ' 'jJlIf Law. ~.Ila.i\lrJ":s~~y f.IIf'Ho[i,g K':oJilg; pre(\! il\1US;ly 'Ihofes~

${l~' of It!!.w'lItJh~ UrrJIY~lrs;[,·tj:t: ~~tt'rs·.S',al:m'lTn.Jll TM2:llIlt~. ..

. , .

47

SoUR,CES

A'ND FURT'~lE'R READINIG

A·l~toll"";. Pi. (dTj, TfJ(!"B~sr 'mer-e$ts t:Jill'lt·Chihl,· Rfft'am:-filrT$ C.UN:!IU::·l't!.ld Hilman R'lp'IN.~. OxJL'l.~dtrn1,i. vers ['toY Pl\;:.$5. O](fo,[(:I, 199fk.L

- .... ~ , 'The .Be-s-r Fnieres~~rrIJ'l" ~rl e; Ttlw~rd s.~ .. ;R(l?O'rf:~1 ii!t.i@IHjfG~J ~l!,I,re ,lna ~-I.~J m:~n R i~ ~ns " in A,lstritl (ed l, T"ll~ B~$llmr.-J'(!.,~·6· 'i!lth2 Child.' Rir,:on,.;llii1.g CI{.fI'~lr~ r;j'nd Hlwlt.ln l?Jjjirl!.,,! 9Sl4 b. rp, 1-2~,.

----~>A. CpmmiP-Juary Wl th(l CcallMlW~t o~ the ms.lns, o,f lhAr ChUrt. Ox'fortl UU~""(HSit.v r~~,~g. C1xfoiJ;tI.

Fo[thc'Qnl i.qg-

A Ist~J.lJlP., paIC'kef) $. tmd SeYliwllt"~ J~ ted~<); -(Wtdl~.fl, ·mSlui and U)e Uj w. C'I,.. r~hd~n ,po t'e~s i OXf{liriJ"

1992_ .

AN-t!ia:imi tt" Ih~!'I':q~, Ulf.h(~·, ~u.CrV}:i-CUUrllNlt Pt:r>~·J){!f.·{mf3S. UIUVI:!l"$lty '~l'I' Pefll1~)'.,~VIlI'H<l ]?re~~.

Pflll;;;l;diillphu!l, r9"1)~

._. -. _'. 'Culluml TmflsfQ!('In,uion .a:[iI!jNo01lOl[~Ve COfi.lsens.us·01'1 tile B.e~i ~ifl~el~lS Ofnle C~I~ld',l~1 Ah:roiU (.edi.).fAt! Best.lmeniS!s ulit/e. Ch'ft.d; R~lUdlj);f! Culrw:e: lmd flumtm Rj~hlS-. 19~4- ... p.p_ (f2>S]

.,;)li"tHAlro.l'lC, ~,,' "'Sc~Q!('l ~ .trI.J S ad.tll.: Cu~r9'di~ and. tI1i!;' B~( If)~~$ (i'l ~jle ,(:hl ~cl ijl Zi~n~~!~~·'. if!

A~~t(~r! .~ ~.J. lilt n,tl.~( hll.l!t~$M oJ' "tJ~'~ ChUd ,R(1;(NlIL'iJhf$, CuUw'(t rmri N 1~11W/~ (l.f~lf/,'. 19~4,

':PiP,' 150-19(t . ,

-~ , • A Chjld B:e,long;s ~o ;E,VtryOI1'e: Law, r:t:m1iiiy 1IIIli;1 the C(,ms.I'J1ucti:on.Qr lihe ··Se..s;l ru:[!~~~f!> oj Ihe CM.kr" in Zilnlmbwe', .. lfma,-,;l'I/~ O{r4'siJJ!l(ii fo.,prm. CRS I L UNTCfiF, Inrem~1i'ill,\<IU Child De ve IOl~m~IlI,CCllnC'. FllOirence. 1995.

Atel:, )'\., ·M(ldli.Htk!~ oOht i3~"Sr lIU!}rM[~ P'tlltc.!pIel!] ECiu.{';!fIlori', ~ !l. AJs~rI r-etU, the BI'!.s~ Jm·,gr.e-.tt.o;lYj ,h(' Ch;~d: Rt";(JJj,(:~'rU"it~r Ci1n~m(! <md fh~"1_Wl R.l.:M.hI~:, t1IJ9.4. pp_.f27~2S,8.

,1J"(u.!tl~, if:, 'C1l~'rod)' m'li the Be.{)~ ,[nt6lie.s:l~ '9f Ihe Child, Antlth'l'!tl¥iew."fnrnn ?-Tmbabwe',.ln ;.\15;10" (¢tU, Thr fi~;1 fm~'fl!ilk v!rJrI1_CM/d R.fC1')n~'mnf'l Clrlt~}~ i;!m1Hm~ffU~ ~i~hf,.~ .. , 1f;;i"'911. IIlI" 191 -2-01.

lJdiNJ1b,(;!I1(l_'CJ1 -,.\., • TbeBe'~; I !Here 31'S of the ChIld - Th~ Caee of. BlJd:'JIlW .Fnso', l n -A iS~(ln red., l. '[AI?

It MI r'm(lri1sl$ .0/ -a,t? C,lj MrJ' R ~rNt"Cit ~!h!1 C1;JluWe: ·iJnd N(:m~a..tf R.i.g hi ,'! ' I ~94.- pp, 201~226.

Cllt:lluidt.,.·,M .• L{i/w~ Cr~i!iwm,,(J;~~,d !iIX:j:fJt ah;fi;if."':f,'II11hddg~ llniv~,rnbtY. rrecs~. C1!fnbrid_2;e; I 9-8~5, Cl:Ul,.f()~" A., • AW:2il'diJ[g,CldIs,l:ociy: The HL"i~J rrt~ereM~ of lh~ O]ild mid Ottle~ FiClIillflS'._.5 Yah'fa1:J.' at/Ii PolI'q' R~lI;~If!' 257. I'~:n .

C.'ttl/OW. C. a.l'Itl '!.ii'f~ni. C •• t,IJ rlllt_CIW{:P,~ Bi!!N lm'e~'e.{('j;~ Dir'Qfc¥(~t).ru·/)~,(elj(lre im(hfi~ 3r.~.'r:hfanf S~utQ-rmmt ,·.n<1\tJ~tlO.C"k •. L 00 d'D a, 1007.

l)1N,1'$(:/(, s. ~~d, )" rl~!e t~n.ue .. dN·{Ul.uf1,$-ConVf!fj~~.'~I'1 an the: R~lIM;~r.rfltut Chad,' A.Gmde 10 (he. "Tr.t/,1.'{:l'Il,t Pr~p(lra1.(J rrc.".( ._Milrlthm,s ·N~iJmff" _D6rdrnith'l. 1,92:.

l£"ke,ltiar; J., 'll..r: ~m~~t-1~e of 'Cn~ l~llien '~ Rig~t\ ,.~ 6 O,\jmY/ }f{'JW'fl'al of L~'~~i Sr~rdh':: ~ 81 r J9Si6 .--~ 'Tll~ 1rnllp~[trrn,ce Qf llIaill!ki.f1g ~h<1>t Cr~]J:tJfel'l H~lW :Rlgh,r~T;, i~ ,I\,ii>cu()n, Plll1k(lf-~nd S~~I'I::Jon(lea·~.l:. ,C' tubrtu.m, Rf~1~11 r~mJ ,lh_e La w, Clm:e:lI~do~~ p~~~, D.x4.'oJd1, ~ ~9Q!.

-~ •• i'Th~ I!i'!~en:m ci Ihe' Chll~d,~,n.d. rrlf OIdld'~'W1:she:s~ ,£h~ Ro~!eo:f Drrr<lmk: 8df-D~termJt1i,i~im",liI!

A~S'tou (~cl.), ts« B~-~1 Iflwri!i;:t~ ~f 1M .'ChftdR:C!'f1mdilU$. Cf~rtith], ami HiltlWfj RI'Sfm, 1991!, pp.,(VNil,

m~r~t; J., $c.r"f1jQrlic. Jf~~:gmen f!:' /stutHa iii ~h~ ,Lim fMI l m1~'f)l ,"r.lt:m'O(lalilJi, Cfl~ briclg~ 'L..!riuver~i.[y Pre&!'l, Cal,nhrk~~t~ ,19&9.

Flff.fm(l;'~; M., 'the 8~'ghr$ ([mit Wrol!78s OlCiai.l(tr>iri!,~fnmr;es Pi:l1tet. LOIl~0J:1,19U.

(I~M'Stei.,~ J., Fte.fUl~.i~. (Ulid So/nil, I" fJU(nl{l,lhe! Bes; lllllirtM$ iJff'i!jj Child, Yll~e' UtJiv!U~!!.y Pres,s"

N~ 'Ha;ven.re \,I'i~: ediflQfi.1 979:. .

GtIO~f,ll$o!'!,i('U. S .• 'n~c Bt'l_M. tfl&e:n:Sl:l) 'Of. I i1e "Child~ A. SQlIlh A3~aH .Per.ll~tlye: • ill; 1\ i's;t9i1 t.:li.d.J', r lit'!

E'esl J.~,,~r:e~u t},f IhE 0111>('1: Reeml(:Nm~ CUh'i'lf' {inti ilfTJ~U1tJ R~~9jlu:s. 199~1" pp. lJ 1- 1~9~

Ilimt;;s, .J'. (.ed ,). ~m~pf61n-~ml~g UU' iC_o~~\'emi~I1"",U ~~'o'!' 't? f'giJt('1 'oj Ihe C)litd: ~e ~urce M!1bib~tlfloit j I'l ,LQw·hw:mwCiJ~mfl'if!s, umCEP,'!!M M~!ni~lil~ NijlJ:i,off •. The" H!1Jgi!~. 199',);'

,I{ilrg~ M.("'i:~I''f'r.:{~ra~~lI~ J'.,C.hUdJ'<i~!/'·¥ ~,rqjlal'~ m~d llu~ w,w, The L!tmls 41.Af1fjll~Jtl'l-!e'I.W)ji; ,~ge, 'PL1bl!e.t~'iQ,n~. Lon4I;lr~; 1,9-,1.

Kl:ine, itt", 'Chi] d W01 tar~ Law, "Jj-es~ 1 [IIJt:il:rest&'of the ChIl d" IcleeltJ:gy. l'HMl First N :M.1oItS'. 30' Osg&'N:i'r! ,lh~U LrlW J'1fr~jrll:at J 7:5, ,t 992"

I<fipkf!j',S.,.waJgi'/~S:fct'~}~ Q~~ R~ti,r·~ tuuJ Pi,jilat{f !4Jn:8I1nirfl:.lJloc'k\~,eJ~,o.x.foro., [9&2,

f.earh, :p.,'Cl~~rJNr.rr Firsi' W~al Qj(1" Sanefy- M"1~1 DQ ' ~d i~ Ne. O:t;!;f:n~-IQI <mr'" thdd:rr.~' Today,

Mi~h:ael j~ph, b::mciofci. 19<914. .

~ -.' . .

.1.eBI.OJIu;~; 1~., ,1i1! CorH'(,flW)il' on ~/k :R:!gh~.$ of #u: eNid;: 1J~t~Nd 'f!;~tl110n~ .. lAloi.in!fak{ttp, aN /'lmm;l'l1.' Rignl!r, U!liy~rsi(y af-Nebmllb P~ess-, LincQ~!1. 1995.

Mu.u;,mjknJ{!"S •. , 'l'.Ile .]~e~ Inlercsls:o/'ChHttrerra:nQ C'hillrlren'S".Stb.M] Exper1en{;l~ 1~'i1 j_~pan, T~'e" Paren(~.'Perspe-cti~e\]f1 AI:stoo w~:J,,'l. The' JJe:!iI fntw:e.$l:f Q'ffhl1 ChUd; ~'Qtu-a.inR.: Oduwe and Hrun.rm R{ghl$, ~994, p~. 281.,192"

Mi!!~!fi~ilt~R.~ hl iii" Ime,r:e.~l aIChdth:fj.¥J', Aj"ll'(l~'llc}!,ft'J ~'IReIQ~'1tJ, tmli .Pub!Ji..PMI,f;)!> W Ji:LVreernml &

Coo •. , New 1'Qrk". '1985, .

()lrika-O?!, J.,und' :1"("'m:tlJf" S •• "~The l')~rS(Ji1<l'lll;.'l .PitlliOcal"\ QI(' Why.Wu!nm.·S-.FI.i.~huilm 11"!d~>!'ld

,H,um!l11 :.' .An. Afcicim Re rS'p~ctive an ] nteltillt .!luid P~rfliJl'L5:m'. 17 1 hWMrJ ,Reiglw: Q~I£w{ed'J

~91, 19R~,

()lttl,11,F:, 'ChiJdrer(os :~jghlS: Some Fen;~~~w Appr~d).eS W the' Ut:l~!ted Ni'lI,~,On~ C(iIl~em~(Jll,: QI~ Ihe: " R ~J\lh~s, of IIh,eC;h i~,Gl'. i,~l A tS1ton_, P<lrkt:<r.a:rld S-'eymrtllJ r [eds;), Cllildren" RJ ~Jlt of. tmd rh~ La'k.I .. CkLt'eI1l' dOrl P:('ess" 'O~I9l'd; l~.g1., 1\1', 192,

f:mr/(.ef, ;5'., -i!riJle Bt,"l [rne'~!':MsClf1he'ChiW·.,ill,fo,.lS~,(i\1'l {r:rl.).. :rhlt'HI!,~~ In~el'e:m,,(ifthr ~i)(Id,i 1i:1IttWdl· jfl,8 CijW1/~ (If/,ll JJW1J.(/rX R~'$hts. ] 994< ;pp. 2"6-41',

rP'Il~dy. L~ tn nell' BiJ~.r IrH(lf'ft,rJ ~ rhe:..ca~lt A,g~in,u Jf;'qual ,RJjgl~h ,{(j,:, Chf/ik(ln , Comin U.!:J~¥erllity

Pra~~ .hh(J:~ll.; 1992. ' ,

Iblitu!ll~n,,,b,('vi~f~/1 J .. ;~Bt:rol" [tU,e~tK rrin6:llre. in F!'eJl:ch b·w ruklPrilctice" " 1n A~sttm (c~d;l', '(hi.! ~(!~l Im('Tl!Sf~ "Ort:. C~iltf_, .Ret'1tJ/.r,nlmg Cj,dj'WF {;I'mi m,wwm,R1s/lt!{, I~. pp. 259-,8(l

R}!.I't?za.i'tI'illJ fL, .•. The CQt1cep;1 ofthe, 0 Itd"~ :Be Sf, nll!W~i;S '11 th~'Cb'~Jlgll"Ig.' E~olllO'nli.c IlIld.Smaal Can, h:!)\ I of .sUb·Sil11~;mi A fTiC1l'. k~ A L~t'On I(~d.~, Trw 8'est :(~U!rNSI1j. iJllhe CIIU!'J; Rfj\,'citt,rUi~r'Ff CiJ~/I.U11' tJtiii Nm~j'(.f!j mShu, L~~~. iPP' R2-~ l6,

SC.t/llUJ(,de'lj C., 'D!,"i'c(ehon,Ruk5 iln~ Law~ Ctllid Cus.wdy ~l1dthe :LJ;!\;mA~ 1U:~"U!"n,fQrm M,MHa,ll.e anL1 OivortrE: ACL t974] 1.l-~~.lnl.e~l S~iil!lld~rd', 89 Mk:hiRt~l1law R1t1de,1\'i 199 i.; n,I,)~:::!~9&"

Sle.lnt!l', .'I!1. •. an.tl AJ~t()fl,f!'., J mUtlildio}faf .fiwnan tU;r1u:s; fn C.OJlwXt,· J..Ll~\ Polhh::f{, M or(Jk CllI:llewkm P'rcs,~,. OxfQrd:, 199"6,

,f«.tJ fJU:(jr-.ifl~" G., 'fhl.!! I menul~'ll,)fWt'.4I1o/ till /lw RigINil .. iJ/lli:t! ChUl(, Mafl,inU! s Nijhoff., . .DCir-drechl;, l ("l~l:5, ~folll i,,'The "COnoep.t of lM "'Bes;~ ~ntcre.sf·'~,1'Ii lenm of 'tl:l~ UN Cqny-en:ii()ino:n~,e'R~glU$':af th"c:

C:f!Ud", i~l rr~milffl, M.iill'u:l VecrInaif], P:~ rh.~ ltf(tr],'o~it.-h.)ft;:li\if:(Jr{ifr;\ fttglm'j Mart~m:l!.1' NIJ~~ff.

Dordrecht, I ~9.2, p, I 2.;~, . .

'i!:.:)l'~f [I'at.~ 5 Pll'~ .7 .p~(ff! -s ·P1.lMU mi~"!l J3 '~p"{llie 14 f;ffllf,e (6 fW!1! 19 J..""IJ)_~;;!'~ ~JI.t,!li!'id f..Jti~'J! .~':2 p(J~ 21 p(1~i!.l'b P'i!K~ Jt7 i'U~g~ JI f!','~'!! JJ J.NW JIJ ~'" ~l tJ.~_<!e 18 {H'!¥~ if!) 1~1[-4j ~ .. r "$ "...~\[~ ":d

WFPlfAO

'UNJCEF/I, SC!1~Ue' "Z Ij~h'-lb)lO'~ .u~TCEF!Vi I~~I !\(IL;1 TJ~IGEF11 Thy·~Qr ~ile"~oC (I UNTCWfJ 1;j~I1~L~ - ~ liirir1iJ~ .ut"'W~EFfR_. LeMf,)LI~~ ~~mtttrnp!1i

TJHKErNif~,t. - I !lJr~ .

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