+

+ +
−
! − −
ε= + − − " "
#

+ − =− +

+ ' &%

+ = − = =

−ε µ)
ε
+ε

( −ε < ε < ε + − < < = µ )ε

µ) ' ) &
 ! * "

( ε >ε =+ ( ε < −ε =−

$
, "

(
• " " + = − =)
• " " " " "
- "
./ ,
+

−
ε

, + = ++ − = −
− = ε +
./ , "

− +
, = +∞ = +∞ =)

! ,

• , " ( µ)
• 0

ε =) ∈2 − + 1
ε >) =+ ε <) =−

!
 * 3

ε → .. = µ )ε 4 5 6

- "

τ + = µ )ε ( − < <+

! 7

− 8τ
ε = ε) = µ )ε ) −

µ )ε )

τ ' )−

$ 9 : "
;

• , (
+
= − = = >
+ !

ε =) " =
"
=± " − =±
−
9 < =− + > =+

• , " :

#
 +
+ = − = = !

*
τ + = µ) −
µ)
9 τ + + = µ)
µ)
<<

µ)
−
• 9 5 = τ

9 5 " ""
9 = ) 5 )

! 9 = ) ω
9 5
µ) µ)
τ ω+ = µ) / = )
= )
<<
)
µ) µ)
+τ ω + ωτ
µ)
= )
ω +ϕ ≈ ) ω
+ ωτ
µ)

, = <

# :

> ( < : :
( "

! ; ! ? 7

-@ ( " A 3

<
 • , (
( = + :
5
• , " :
, + = − = / ε= −
( "
µ)
τ + = − µ)
µ)
9 τ + − = − µ)

8 τ 8 µ) τ
9 5 = = τ B << τ
µ)
, " ; τB " (
" , τ
9 5
= )

! :

• * (
: " : C
+ = =±

+ =±

− =

/ ε =− ±

. ε >) ( <−

<− =+ " + =+

( ε B .?." ( <

&
 . ε <) ( > =−
9 "

+ =− − = ( ε <) B .?." <−

# D

• , " : 3
" : "
: : "
• / ;5 , : 3
@ : ; ? ,
-@ : , "