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COLLEGE, CHENNAI - 97
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
(MA2211)
FOR
This text contains some of the most important short-answer (Part A) and long- answer
questions (Part B) and their answers. Each unit contains 30 university questions. Thus, a
total of 150 questions and their solutions are given. A student who studies these model
problems will be able to get pass mark (hopefully!!).
AUGUST, 2009
www.engg-maths.com
1
UNIT I FOURIER SERIES
PART – A
Problem 1 Write the formula for finding Euler’s constants of a Fourier series in ( 0, 2 ).
Solution:
Euler’s constants of a Fourier series in ( 0, 2 ) is given by
2
1
a0 f x dx
0
2
1
an
f x cos nxdx
0
2
1
bn
f x sin nxdx
0
Problem 2 Write the formula for Fourier constants for f(x) in the interval , .
Solution:
1
a0 f x dx
1
f x cos nxdx
an
1
bn
f x sin nxdx
Problem 3 Find the constant a0 of the Fourier series for the function f(x) = k , 0 x 2 .
Solution:
2
1
a0 f x dx
0
2
1
kdx
0
1
kx 0
2
2k
2
1 e e n
2
1 2
1
n
1 n 1 n
1
n
an
1 n
e
e .
2
Problem 5 Write the formula’s for Fourier constants for f(x) in (c, c+2l).
Solution:
c 2
1
a0 f x dx
c
c2
1
an
f x cos nx dx
c
c 2
1
bn
f x sin nx dx
c
Problem 6 Write the formulas for Fourier constants for f(x) in (-l, l).
Solution:
1
a0 f x dx
1
f x cos nx dx
an
1
bn f x sin nx dx
Problem 7 What is the sum of Fourier series at a point x = x 0, where the function f(x) has a
finite discontinuity ?
Solution:
f x0 f x0
Sum of the Fourier series at x x0 is
2
3
2 2 1 1
4 2 2 .......
4 3 1 2
1
2
1 1
. 2 2 .......
12 4 1 2
1 1 1 2
.....
12 22 32 48
Problem 9 Check whether the function is odd or even, where f(x) is defined by
2x
1 x 0
f x
1 2 x 0 x
Solution:
2x 2x
For x 0, f x 1 1 f x , where 0 x
f x is an even function.
Problem 10 When an even function f(x) is expanded in a Fourier series in the interval
x , show that bn = 0.
Solution:
n
1
bn f x sin nxdx
n n
Given f x is even and
sin nx is odd function
even X odd = odd. Therefore f x sin nx is odd function.
1
f x sin nx dx
bn
= 0.
4
n x
2
1
bn f x sin dx
2 2 2
2k cos nx
n 0
2k 1 1
n
bn
n
1 1 n
2k
f x sin nx .
1
n
Problem 15 Write Parseval’s formula in the interval c, c 2n .
Solution:
c 2
a02 1 2
f x dx an bn2
1 2
2 c
4 2 1
PART – B
x
2
5
Solution:
We know that
a
f x 0 an cos nx bn sin nx
2 1
2
x
2
1
a0
0 2 dx
2
1
x
2
dx
4 0
1 x 3
4 3
1 3
2
3
4 3 3 6
2 2
1 x
an
0 cos nxdx
2
1
x
2
cos nxdx
4 0
2
1 2 sin nx cos nx sin nx
x 2 x 2
4 n n
2
n
3
0
1 cos 2 n 2
0 2 00 2
4 n 2
n
1 4 1
4 n 2 n 2
2
1
bn x sin nxdx
2
4 0
2
1 2 cos nx sin nx cos nx
x 2 x 2 3
4 n n
2
n 0
1 2 2 2 2
n n n3 n 3 0
4
2
1
f x 2 cos n x.
12 1 n
2 1 1
2 cos x 2 cos x .... 1
12 1 2
Put x 0
2 1 1
f 0 2 2 ... 2
12 1 2
x 0 is a pt of discontinuity.
6
12 2 2
f 0
2 4 4 4
2
1 1
2
2 2 2 ...
4 12 1 2
2 2
1 1
2 2 ......
4 12 1 2
1 1 2
2 2 .....
1 2 6
Put x in (1)
2 1
n
f x 3
12 1 n 2
Here is a pt of continuity.
f 0.
2 1 1 1
3 0 .....
12 12 22 32
2 1 1 1
2 2 2 .....
12 1 2 3
2 1 1 1
2 2 2 .....
12 1 2 3
1
x cos x 1 sin x 0 2 1 2
2 1
2
1
bn x sin x sin nxdx
0
2
0 n 1
7
2
1
b1
x sin x sin x dx
0
2
1
x sin
2
x dx
0
1
2
1 cos 2 x dx
x
0
2
2
1 x2 sin 2 x cos 2 x
x 1
2 2 2 4 0
1 4 2
0 0
2 2
2
1
an
x sin x
0
cos nx dx
2
x sin n 1 x sin n 1 x dx
1
2 0
2
1 cos n 1 x sin n 1 x cos n 1 x sin n 1 x
x 1 x 1
2
n 1
n 1
2
n 1
n 1
2
0
1 2 2
2 n 1 n 1
1 1 2
2 ,n 1
n 1 n 1 n 1
2 2
1 1
a1 x sin x cos x dx
2 0
x sin 2 x dx
0
2
cos 2 x sin 2 x
1
1
x
2 2 4 0
1 2
2 2
1
a1
2
2 1
1
f x cos x 2 2 cos nx sin x
2 2 2 n 1
1 1
f x 1 cos x 2 2 cos nx sin x.
2 2 n 1
Problem 18 Find the Fourier series for f(x) = x2 in x and deduce that
1 1 1 2
(c) 2 2 2 ............. .
1 2 3 6
1 1 1 2
(d) 2 2 2 ............. .
1 2 3 12
8
1 1 1 2
(e) ............. .
12 32 52 8
Solution:
Given: f x x 2
f x x2 f x
f x is an even function. Hence bn 0
an
f x an cos nx
2 1
2 2 x3 2 3 2 2
an x dx .
2
0 3 0 3 3
2 2 sin nx cos nx sin nx
an x 2 cos nx dx x 2 2x 2 x .
0 n n 2 n 0
2 2 1
n
0
n 2
4 1 4 1
n n
n2 n2
2
1
f x 4 2 1 cos nx 1
n
3 1 n
Put x in (1)
2
1
f 4 2 1 1
n n
3 1 n
x is a point of continuity.
2 1 1
2 2 4 2 2 ....
3 1 2
2
1 1
2 4 2 2 ....
3 1 2
2 2 1 1
4 2 2 ...
3 1 2
2
1 1
2 2 .... 3
6 1 2
(ii) put x = 0, a point of continuity
2
1
0 4 2 1
n
3 n 1 n
2
1
4 2 1
n
3 n 1 n
2
1
2 1
n
3 n 1 n
9
2 1 1 1
2 2 2 .......
12 1 2 3
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
12 1 2 3
1 1 1 2
........ 4
12 22 32 12
Add (3) and (4)
2 2 1 1
2 2 ....
6 12 1 3
2
1 1
2 2 2 ....
4 1 3
2
1 1
2 2 ....
8 1 3
x x cos nxdx
1
an 2
1 sin nx cos nx sin nx
x x 2 1 2 x 2 2 3
n n n
1 1 1
n n
1 2 2 1 2 2
n n
1 4 1
n n
4
n 2 n2
10
bn
1
x x 2 sin nx dx
1 cos nx sin nx cos nx
x x 2 1 2 x 2 2 3
n n n
1 2 1 2 1
n n
n
3 1 n
2 2
3 1
n
n n n n
1 1
n
2 2
2 3
2 2
n n n
2 1
n
bn
n
2 4 1 2 1
n
f x 2
cos nx sin nx
3 1 n 1 n
1 1 sin nx
n
2
f x 4 2 cos nx 2 1
3 1 n 1 n
Put x 0 in 1
1
n
2
f 0 4 2 2
3 1 n
Here 0 is a pt of continuity
f 0 0
2 1 1
2 0 4 2 2 ....
3 1 2
2
1 1 1
4 2 2 3 ...
3 1 2 3
2 1 1 1
......
12 12 22 33
Hence (ii)
Put x in (1)
1
n
2
f 4 2 1 3
n
3 1 n
x , is a pt of discontinuity
f f 1
f x
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
1
2
2
1
3 2 4 2
3 1 n
2 2
1 1 1
2 2 3 ...
3 4 1 2 3
11
2 1 1
...
6 12 22
Hence (i)
2 x x sin nx dx
1
bn 2
0
2
1 cos nx sin nx cos nx
2 x x 2 2 2 x 2 3
n n
2
n 0
12 2
0
n3 n 3
2 2 4
f x 2 cos nx.
3 1 n
e
1 x
e e
1
1
an e x cos nx dx
12
1 ex
2
cos nx n sin nx
1 n
1 e e
cos n cos n
1 n 2
1 n 2
1
n
1 n
e
e
2
1
bn
e x sin nx dx
1 e
2
sin nx n cos x
1 n
1 e
1 n 2
n 1
n
e
1 n2
n cos nx
1 n 1 e
n
e n
n 1
1 n2 1 n2
1
n
bn n
1 n 2
e
e
1 e e cos nx n 1 e e sin nx .
n n
f x
1
e e
1 n2
1 n 2
2
1
2x
1 , x 0
Problem 21 Obtain the Fourier series expansion of f (x) where f x
1 2x 0 x
1 1 1 2
and hence deduce that 2 2 2 ............. .
1 3 5 8
Solution:
2x 2x
f x 1 1 f x
x 0 0 x .
The given function is an even function.
Hence bn 0
a0
f x an cos nx
1
2 2x
0
a0 1 dx
2 2x2
x 0
2 0
13
2 2x
0
an 1 cos nx dx
2 2 x sin nx 2 cos nx
1
n n
2
0
2 2 1 2
n
2
n 2 n
4
n
2 2
1 1 n
an 0 if n is even
8
an 2 2 is n is odd.
n
8
f x 2 2 cos nx
1,3,5 n
8 cos x cos 3 x
2
2 ...
1 2
3
8 cos x cos 3 x
f 0 2 2 2 ...
1 3
Putx 0
8 1 1
f 0 2 2 2 ... 1
1 3
0 is a pt of continuity f 0 1
8 1 1
1 1 2 2
2 .....
1 3
2
1 1 1
2 2 2 ....
8 1 3 5
Problem 22 Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function f(x) = | x | is x and
1 1 1 2
deduce that 2 2 2 ............. .
1 3 5 8
Solution:
Given f x x
f x f x
The given function is an even function.
Hence bn 0
a0
f x an cos nx
2 1
2
0
an x dx
14
2 x2
2 0
2
0
an x cos nxdx
2 sin nx cos nx
x
n
2 cos n 1 2
2 2 2
n 0 n
2
n n
1 1
n
an 0 if n is even
4
an 2 if n is odd
n
4
f x 2 cos nx
2 1,3 n
4 cos 3 x
cos x 2 ...
2 3
Put x 0
4 1 1
f 0 1 2 2 ...
2 3 5
Here 0 is a pt of continuity
f 0 0
4 1 1
0 1 ...
2 32 52
4 1 1
1 2 2 ...
2 3 5
2
1 1
1 2 2 ... .
8 3 5
Problem 23 Find the Fourier series expansion of period 2 for the function f(x) = x in
2
1
the range 0, 2 . Deduce the sum of the series 2
.
1 n
l0 l0 3l 0 3
n x
2l
1
an l x cos
2
dx
l0 l
15
2l
n x n x n x
l
sin cos sin
1 2 l 2 l x 1 l 2
l x
n n n
2 2 3 3
l
l l 2 l 3 0
1 2l cos 2n 2l
l n 2 2 n 2 2
l2 l 2
4l 2
an 2 2
n
n x
2l
1
bn l x sin
2
dx
l0 l
2l
n x n x n x
1 sin cos
l x cos l 2 l x 1 2 l2 2 3 l3
2
l n n n
l l 2
l3 0
1 2 cos 2n 2 cos 2n l 2 2
l
l n n3 3 n n3 3
l l3 l l 3
1 l 2 l 2
0
l n n
l l
n x
2
l 4l 2
f x 2 cos 1
3 1 n 2
l
x 0 in (1)
l 2 4 2
f 0 2 2 2
3 1 n
Here 0 is a Pt of discontinuity
f 0 f 2l
f 0
2
l 2 l 2 l 2
1
2
l 2 4l 2
2 l 2 2
2
3 1 n
l 2 4l 2 1
l2
3 2 1 n2
2l 2 4l 2 1 1
2 2 2 ...
3 1 2
16
2 1 1 1
....
6 12 22 32
0 , 2 x 1
1 x , 1 x 0
Problem 24 a. Find the Fourier expansion of f x if f ( x ) .
1 x , 0 x 1
0 , 1 x 2
Solution:
a0 n x n x
f x an cos bn sin
2 1 l l
2
1
f x dx
2 2
a0
1
1 0 1 2
0 dx
1 x dx
1 x dx 0dx
2 2 1 0 1
1 x 2
0 1
x2
x x
2 2 1 2 0
1 1 1
0 1 1 0
2 2 2
1 n x n x
0 1
an 1 x cos dx 1 x cos dx
2 1 2 0 2
n x n x
0
n x n x
1
1 cos cos
sin sin 2
1 x 2 1 2 2 1 x
2 1 2 2
2
2 n n n n
2 4 1 2 4 0
0
1 n x n x
0 1
bn 1 x sin dx 1 x sin dx
2 1 2 0
2
n x n x
0
n x n x
1
1 4 n 4 n l 1
0 2 2 sin 2 2 sin 0
2 n 2 n 2 n n
1 n x
f x sin .
1 n 2
17
0, 1 x 0
b. Find the Fourier series for f (x) where f x .
1, 0 x 1
Solution:
a
x n x
f x 0 an cos bn sin
2 1 l l
1
a0 f x dx
l
0 1
0 dx dx
1 0
x 0 1
1
1 0 1
an 0 dx cos n x dx
1 1 0
n x
1
sin
n 0
n n0
sin sin 0
n n
1
1
bn 1sin n x dx
10
n 0 n n n
1 2
f x sin n x.
2 1,3 n
Problem 25 Find the half – range cosine series for f (x) = (x – 1)2 in (0, 1). Hence show that
1 1 1 2
... .
12 22 3 2 6
Solution:
Here l 1
a
f x 0 an cos n x
2 1
1
1 x 1 2
a0 2 x 1 dx 2
2
0 3 0
2
a0
3
1
an 2 x 1 cos n xdx
2
0
1
2 sin n x cos n x sin n x
2 x 1 2 x 1 2 2 2 3 3
n n n 0
18
2 4
2 2 2 2 2
n n
1 4
f x 2 2 cos n x
3 1 n
1 4 1
f x 2 2 cos n x 1
3 1 n
Put x 0 in 1
1 4 1
f 0 2 2 2
3 1 n
Here 0 is o pt of discontinuity
f 0 f 0
f 0 1
2
1 4 1
1 2 2
3 1 n
2 4 1 1
2 2 2 ...
3 1 2
1 1 2
.......... .
12 22 6
a
1, 0 x 2
Problem 26 a. Express f x as a cosine series
1, a x a
2
a
n x
Solution: f x 0 an cos
2 1 a
a
2 2 2 a a
a
a0 dx 1 dx 0 a 0
a 0 a a 2 2
2
a2
2 nx a
nx
an cos dx cos dx
a 0 a a a
2
a
a
sin n x sin n x
2
2 a a
a n n
a 0 a a
2
2 a n a n 4 n
sin sin sin
a n 2 n 2 n 2
4 n n
f x sin cos .
1 n 2 a
19
1 1
4 x, 0, 2
b. Express f x as a Fourier sine series where f x .
x 3 , 1 ,1
4 2
Solution:
n x
We know that f x bn sin
1 l
1
2 2 1 3
1
bn x sin n x dx x sin n x dx
1 0 4 1 4
2
1
1
1 cos n x sin n x 2 3 cos n x sin n x
bn 2 x 1 x (1) 2 2 1
4 n n
2 2
0 4 n n
2
n n
1 1 cos 2 sin 2 1 1
2 2 2 0
4 2 n n 4 n
n
3 cos n sin n 1 3 cos n 2 sin 2
2 1 2 2 2 2
4 n n 2 4 n n
n n
sin 2 1 1 cos n sin 2
2 2 2 2 0 2 2
n 4n 4 n n
n
4sin
1
n
2 1
n 2 2 2n 2n
n
4sin
bn 2 1 if n is odd
n
2 2
n
= 0 if even
n
4sin
f x 2 1
sin n x.
1/ 3 n
2 2
n
20
Solution:
a0
f x
2
a1
n cos nx
2
x x dx
0
a0
2 x2 x2
2 3 0
2 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
x x cos nx dx
0
an
2 sin nx cos nx sin nx
x x 2 x 2
n n
2
n
3
0
2 1
n
n2 n 2
2
2 1 1
n
n
4
an 2 If n is even
n
an 0 If n is odd.
2 4
f x cos nx.
6 2,4 n 2
1 n
2 2
Solution:
Here 2l 2, l 1
f x Cn ein x
1
1 x in x
2 1
Cn e e dx
1
1 1in x
2 1
e dx
1 e 1
1 in x
1 in
2 1
1
2 1 in
e 1 in e1in x
21
1 in
2 1 n
e cos n i sin n e cos n i sin n
1 1
2 2
1 in cos n e1 e1
2 1 n 2 2
1 in
2 1 n
1
n
e e 1
2 2
1 in
1 sinh 1
n
2 1 n 2 2
f x
1 in
1 sinh 1 ein x .
n
2 1 n 2 2
Problem 28 Find the cosine series for f (x) = x in (0, ) and then using Parseval’s theorem,
1 1 4
show that 4 4 .... .
1 3 96
Solution:
a
f x 0 an cos nx
2 1
2
f x dx
0
a0
2
0
x dx
2 x2
2 0
2
0
an x cos nx dx
2 x sin nx cos nx
1 2
n n 0
2 cos n 1
2 0 2
n n 0
2 cos n 1
n2
2
2 1 1
n
n
4
an 2 if n is odd
n
an 0 if n is even
2 4
f x cos nx
2 1,3 n 2
22
By Parseval’s theorem
2
1 a0 2 1
an
2
f x dx
0 4 2
2 1 4
2
1 2
0
x dx
4 2 1,3 n 2
1 x2 2 1 16
3 0 4 2 1,3 2 n 4
1 3 2 8 1 1
2 4 4 ....
3 4 1 3
2 2 8 1 1
2 4 4 ....
3 4 1 3
2 2
1 1
4 4 .....
12 8 1 3
4 1 1
.....
96 14 34
1
in sin a 2 cos n a cos a 2i sin n
2 a 2 n 2
2in 1 sin a 1
n 1
in sin a
n
2 a n 2 2
a n2
2
in 1
n 1
sin a
f x
a
2
n 2
einx .
b. Find the first two harmonic of the Fourier series of f (x) given by
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (x) 9 18 24 28 26 20
23
Solution:
Here the length of the in level is 2l 6, l 3
a0 x x 2 x 2 x
f x a1 cos b1 sin a2 cos b2 sin
2 3 3 3 3
x x 2 x y x x 2 x 2 x
y cos y sin y cos y sin
3 3 3 3 3 3
0 0 0 9 9 0 9 0
1 2 18 9 15.7 -9 15.6
3 3
2 2 4 24 -12 20.9 -12 -20.8
3 3
3 2 28 -28 0 28 0
4 4 8 26 -13 -22.6 -13 22.6
3 3
5 5 10 20 10 17.6 -10 -17.4
3 3
125 -25 -3.4 -7 0
a0 2
y 2 125 41.66
6 6
2 x
a1 y cos 8.33
6 3
2 x
b1 y sin 1.15
6 3
2 2 x
a2 y cos 2.33
6 3
2 2 x
b2 y sin 0
6 3
41.66 x 2 x x
f x 8.33cos 2.33cos 1.15sin .
2 3 3 3
Problem 30 a. Find the first two harmonic of the Fourier series of f (x). Given by
x 0 2 4 5 2
3 3 3 3
f (x) 1 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
Solution:
The last value of y is a repetition of the first; only the first six values will be used
The values of y cos x, y cos 2 x, y sin x, y sin 2 x as tabulated
24
x f x cos x sin x cos 2x sin 2x
0 1.0 1 0 1 0
1.4 0.5 0.866 -0.5 0.866
3
2 1.9 -0.5 0.866 -0.5 0.866
3
1.7 -1 0 1 0
4 1.5 -0.5 -0.866 -0.5 -0.866
3
5 1.2 0.5 -0.866 -0.5 -0.866
3
a0 2
y 2.9
6
a1 2
y cos x 0.37
6
a2 2
cos 2 x
y
0.1
6
b1 2
y sin x
0.17
6
b2 2
y sin 2 x 0.06
6
b. Find the first harmonic of Fourier series of f x given by
x 0 T T T 2T 5T T
6 3 2 3 6
f (x) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.35 1.98
Solution:
First and last valve are same Hence we omit the last valve
25
2T 4 -0.88 -0.5 -0.866 0.44 0.762
3 3
5T 5 -0.25 0.5 -0.866 -0.125 0.2165
6 3
4.6 1.12 3.013
2 4.6
a0
6
y
3
1.5
2 y cos 2
a1 1.12 0.37
6 6
2
b1 3.013 1.005
6
f x 0.75 0.37 cos 1.005sin
26