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Appurtenances

This section includes the requirements for all pipe appurtenances, such as:

Control valves

Control valves are valves used mainly within industrial plants to control operating conditions
such as flow, pressure, temperature, and liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing in
response to signals received from controllers that compare a "set point" to a "process variable"
whose value is provided by sensors that monitor changes in such conditions.

Types of control valve

Control valves may be categorized as below:

 Conventional valve
 Severe service valve
 Pressure independent control valve

Safety valve

A safety valve is a valve mechanism for the automatic release of a substance from a boiler,
pressure vessel, or other system when the pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits. It is
part of a bigger set named pressure safety valves (PSV) or pressure relief valves (PRV). The
other parts of the set are named relief valves, safety relief valves, pilot-operated safety relief
valves, low pressure safety valves, vacuum pressure safety valves.
Air valve

An Air Operated Valve is a type of power operated valve that uses air pressure against a piston
or diaphragm to produce linear or circular movement to operate a valve.

Check valve
A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a mechanical device, a valve,
which normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction. Check valves
are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one for fluid to enter and the
other for fluid to leave. There are various types of check valves used in a wide variety of
applications. Check valves are often part of common household items. Although they are
available in a wide range of sizes and costs, many check valves are very small, simple, and/or
cheap. Check valves work automatically and most are not controlled by a person or any
external control; accordingly, most do not have any valve handle or stem. The bodies (external
shells) of most check valves are made of plastic or metal.
Relief valve

The relief valve is a type of valve used to control or limit the pressure in a system or vessel
which can build up by a process upset, instrument or equipment failure, or fire. The pressure is
relieved by allowing the pressurised fluid to flow from an auxiliary passage out of the system.
The relief valve is designed or set to open at a predetermined set pressure to protect pressure
vessels and other equipment from being subjected to pressures that exceed their design limits.
When the set pressure is exceeded, the relief valve becomes the "path of least resistance" as
the valve is forced open and a portion of the fluid is diverted through the auxiliary route. The
diverted fluid (liquid, gas or liquid-gas mixture) is usually routed through a piping system known
as a flare header or relief header to a central, elevated gas flare where it is usually burned and
the resulting combustion gases are released to the atmosphere. As the fluid is diverted, the
pressure inside the vessel will drop. Once it reaches the valve's reseating pressure, the valve
will close. The blowdown is usually stated as a percentage of set pressure and refers to how
much the pressure needs to drop before the valve reseats. The blowdown can vary from
roughly 2-20%, and some valves have adjustable blowdowns.
Blow off valve

A blowoff valve is a pressure release system present in turbocharged engines. Its purpose is to
prevent compressor surge and reduce wear on the engine.

A compressor bypass valve (CBV), also known as a compressor relief valve or diverter valve, is a
vacuum-actuated valve designed to release pressure in the intake system of a turbocharged car
when the throttle is lifted or closed. This air pressure is re-circulated back into the non-
pressurized end of the intake (before the turbo) but after the mass airflow sensor.

A blowoff valve, (BOV, sometimes hooter valve, not to be confused with a dump valve) does
basically the same thing, but releases the air to the atmosphere. This creates a very distinctive
sound desired by many who own turbocharged sports cars. Some blowoff valves are sold with
trumpet shaped exits manufactured by brands such as TurboXS more specifically the RFL blow
off valve that amplify the hissing sound, as not all blowoff valves are the same, some make
different noises and these designs are normally marketed towards the tuner crowd. For some
owners this is the only reason to get a blowoff valve. Motor sports governed by the FIA have
made it illegal to vent unmuffled blowoff valves to the atmosphere. In the United States,
Australia and parts of Europe cars featuring unmuffled blowoff valves are illegal for street use.
Fire hydrant

A fire hydrant (also known colloquially as a fire plug in the United States or as a johnny pump in
New York City, because the firemen of the late 1800s were called Johnnies), is an active fire
protection measure, and a source of water provided in most urban, suburban and rural areas
with municipal water service to enable firefighters to tap into the municipal water supply to
assist in extinguishing a fire. Buildings near a hydrant may qualify for an insurance discount
since firefighters should be able to more rapidly extinguish a fire on the insured property.

Fittings

Fittings are required for change in line direction or size and for branch connections (for
example, tee and cross fittings) and are available in variety of designs and materials. Cast iron
or ductile- iron fittings are sometimes used with cast iron dimensioned PVC water main.
Rubber gaskets

A gasket is a mechanical seal that fills the space between two objects, generally to prevent
leakage between the two objects while under compression. Gaskets save money by allowing
"less-than-perfect" mating surfaces on machine parts which can use a gasket to fill
irregularities. Gaskets are commonly produced by cutting from sheet materials, such as gasket
paper, rubber, silicone, metal, cork, felt, epidermis, neoprene, nitrile rubber, fiberglass, or a
plastic polymer (such as polychlorotrifluoroethylene). Gaskets for specific applications may
contain asbestos. It is usually desirable that the gasket be made from a material that is to some
degree yielding such that it is able to deform and tightly fills the space it is designed for,
including any slight irregularities. Many gaskets require an application of sealant directly to the
gasket surface to function properly.

Steel-bolted couplings

The Bolted Couplings are for all lines carrying dry materials. They are an economical, reliable method of
connecting conveying lines. Constructed in a choice of galvanized steel or stainless steel
Gate valve

A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular
gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces
between the gate and seats are planar. The gate faces can form a wedge shape or they can be parallel.
Gate valves are sometimes used for regulating flow, but many are not suited for that purpose, having
been designed to be fully opened or closed. When fully open, the typical gate valve has no obstruction
in the flow path, resulting in very low friction loss/

Sterilizing Agents

A water sterilization system includes a sterilizer having a plastic housing and a sheath inside the
housing which transmits untraviolet light from an enclosed lamp. The housing is protected from
uv degradation by means of a reflective liner. A fail-safe control mechanism is provided which
includes a normally closed water valve held open by a stallable electric motor electrically in
series with a photoresistor which senses the ultraviolet light.

Bituminous plastic cement

A black substance available in solid, semisolid, or liquid states at normal temperatures;


composed of mixed indeterminate hydrocarbons; appreciably soluble only in carbon disulfide
or other volatile liquid hydrocarbon; esp. used in sealing built-up roofing and between joints
and in cracks of concrete pavements.

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