I.

1. As women get older, menopause becomes inevitable. Estrogen, widely

considered THE female hormone, falls and is eventually absent. Progesterone, the
OTHER female hormone, likewise falls victim to menopause. What most people
don't realize is that yet another female hormone, testosterone, will fall as well.

Both men and women have testosterone. But since men have so much more of it, it is mistakenly
called the male hormone. We know what testosterone does for a woman by what happens when
it's gone...sex drive, or libido suffers.

Here are some interesting observations about menopause, testosterone, libido, and quality of life:

• Testosterone either declines 50% or is absent altogether in women after the menopause.
The adrenal glands can provide some, but this source is very unreliable after menopause.
• With a fall in testosterone, libido falls and with it, frequency of sexual intimacy.
• With a fall in sexual frequency, more arguments occur in a marriage and partners grow
more distant, increasing estrangement, either through separation psychologically or
separation of actual addresses.
• With life spans lasting longer than ever, and with the baby boomers in the menopausal
years, we can expect an "epidemic" of loss of sexual function and happiness.

The Importance Of Sex

Is this putting too much importance on sex?The answer is no in the strongest possible terms.

You don't have to be Masters and Johnson to know that sex pervades our lives. All of the media
is absolutely obsessed with it. But this is a charade:

Actually, all of the media is obsessed with money, and since sex sells...there you are.

But sex sells because we are the ones obsessed.

Is this nasty or vile or debauchery?

No, again.

We are deeply sexual beings, and to deny it is as ridiculous as denying hunger or thirst or the
need for comradery, friendship, or love. And the statistics on sexual dysfunction and marital
discord after the menopause prove this.

Sexual dysfunction is real pathology that needs to be treated. In menopausal women, the first
need that should be addressed is the estrogen. Estrogen provides structural nourishment for the
vaginal tissue, lubricating glands, and the clitoris. Decreased sensitivity of the clitoris occurs
with decreased estrogen
psychological obstacle to overcome in regaining a normal intimacy between the married couple.

A trial of estrogen replacement, besides addressing a possible cause of sexual dysfunction, will
also provide the benefits of reducing the risk of heart disease and osteoporosis. (Progesterone
should be added, too, in the presence of the uterus, so that a balanced effect on this tissue will
prevent any pre-cancerous changes in the uterus.) Once estrogen deficit has been corrected, if
there is inadequate improvement in libido, testosterone should be added, which is the whole
point of this article.

A Woman's Libido
One of the problems that women have is the prejudice against their gender when it comes to
vague complaints like decreased libido. Male and female doctors alike have been traditionally
prone to ignore these complaints as being "all in the head." This attitude has been unfairly
strengthened by the fact that women outnumber men in depression by 2:1, and in anxiety by 4:1.
But I've always found that it's the ethically correct thing to give a woman the benefit of the doubt
before writing off a complaint as irrationally neurotic. To do so is a tragic misdiagnosis that is
disgraceful to the medical profession. But along with the care of not labeling complaints as
hysterical, a physician must also be aware that there may in fact be some psychological factors
that are part (not the only cause) of the problem. In this vein, a psychologist, psychologist, or
social worker can be helpful in rounding out the treatment.

But if the only problem is hormonal, then this can be diagnosed...and corrected. Quality of life
depends on it, and so too may the marriage.

menopause occurs when the monthly cycle of ovulation comes to an end. This is
because the ovarian supply of follicles and eggs declines sharply as a woman
approaches menopause.

II. Memory decline in normal aging

The ability to encode new memories of events or facts and working memory shows decline in
both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.[3] Studies comparing the effects of aging on
episodic memory, semantic memory, short-term memory and priming find that episodic memory
is especially impaired in normal aging.[4] These deficits may be related to impairments seen in the
ability to refresh recently processed information.[5] In addition, even when equated in memory for
a particular item or fact, older adults tend to be worse at remembering the source of their
information,[6] a deficit that may be related to declines in the ability to bind information together
in memory during encoding and retrieve those associations at a later time.[7][8]
A postmortem examination of five brains of elderly people with better memory than average—
called "super aged" -- found that these individuals had less fiber-like tangles of tau protein than
found in typical elderly brains, but a similar amount of amyloid plaque.[9]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_and_aging

One of the key concerns of older adults is the experience of memory loss, especially as it is one
of the hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. However, memory loss is qualitatively
different in normal aging from the kind of memory loss associated with a diagnosis of
Alzheimer's.[1

Secret to a longer life? Dieting. - Americas - International

Herald Tribune
By Michael Mason

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How depressing, how utterly unjust, to be the one in your social circle who is aging least
gracefully.

In a laboratory at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Matthias is learning about
time's caprice the hard way. At 28, getting on for a rhesus monkey, Matthias is losing his hair,
lugging a paunch and getting a face full of wrinkles.

Yet in the cage next to his, gleefully hooting at strangers, one of Matthias's lab mates, Rudy, is
the picture of monkey vitality, although he is slightly older. Thin and feisty, Rudy stops
grooming his smooth coat just long enough to pirouette toward a proffered piece of fruit.

Tempted with the same treat, Matthias rises wearily and extends a frail hand. "You can really see
the difference," said Dr. Ricki Colman, an associate scientist at the center who cares for the
animals.

What a visitor cannot see may be even more interesting. As a result of a simple lifestyle
intervention, Rudy and primates like him seem poised to live very long, very vital lives.
This approach, called calorie restriction, involves eating about 30 percent fewer calories than
normal while still getting adequate amounts of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. Aside
from direct genetic manipulation, calorie restriction is the only strategy known to extend life
consistently in a variety of animal species.

How this drastic diet affects the body has been the subject of intense research. Recently, the
effort has begun to bear fruit, producing a steady stream of studies indicating that the rate of
aging is plastic, not fixed, and that it can be manipulated.

In the last year, calorie-restricted diets have been shown in various animals to affect molecular
pathways likely to be involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, heart disease,
Parkinson's disease and cancer. Earlier this year, researchers studying dietary effects on humans
went so far as to claim that calorie restriction may be more effective than exercise at preventing
age-related diseases.

Monkeys like Rudy seem to be proving the thesis. Recent tests show that the animals on
restricted diets, including Canto and Eeyore, two other rhesus monkeys at the primate research
center, are in indisputably better health as they near old age than Matthias and other normally fed
lab mates like Owen and Johann. The average lifespan for laboratory monkeys is 27.

The findings cast doubt on long-held scientific and cultural beliefs regarding the inevitability of
the body's decline. They also suggest that other interventions, which include new drugs, may
retard aging even if the diet itself should prove ineffective in humans. One leading candidate, a
newly synthesized form of resveratrol - an antioxidant present in large amounts in red wine - is
already being tested in patients. It may eventually be the first of a new class of anti-aging drugs.
Extrapolating from recent animal findings, Dr. Richard Miller, a pathologist at the University of
Michigan, estimated that a pill mimicking the effects of calorie restriction might increase human
life span to about 112 healthy years, with the occasional senior living until 140, though some
experts view that projection as overly optimistic.

According to a report by the Rand Corporation, such a drug would be among the most cost-
effective breakthroughs possible in medicine, providing people more healthy years at less
expense (an estimated $8,800 a year in the United States, for example) than new cancer vaccines
or stroke treatments.

"The effects are global, so calorie restriction has the potential to help us identify anti-aging
mechanisms throughout the body," said Richard Weindruch, a gerontologist at the University of
Wisconsin who directs research on the monkeys.

Many scientists regard the study of life extension, once just a reliable plotline in science fiction,
as a priority.

The number of Americans 65 and older alone will double in the next 25 years to about 72
million, according to government census data.
Earlier this year, four prominent gerontologists, among them Miller, published a paper calling for
the U.S. government to spend $3 billion annually in pursuit of a modest goal: delaying the onset
of age-related diseases by seven years.

Doing so, the authors asserted, would lay the foundation for a healthier and wealthier country, a
so-called longevity dividend. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/31/world/americas/31iht-
age.3344210.html?_r=1

III. Why do we have biological clocks?

The reason is probably a matter of evolution. Animals are thought to have developed biological
clocks because they help a species to survive. The clocks discourage activity during darkness
when their owners are more vulnerable to predators because of reduced vision.

Humans have retained the daily and monthly for what was probably much the same set of
reasons: the clocks are more useful nowadays to use. For instance, we eat at certain times and the
gastric juices flow at certain times and we digest the food at a certain time. The clock also
reduces the amount of urine at night so that we're not as likely to be going to the bathroom all
night.

So, we all have a biological clock..it works the same way in all individuals but it can also be
trained to work the way you want it to. http://www.essortment.com/all/clockbiological_rtpx.htm

IV.For years it has been “common knowledge” that people who are under a lot of
stress have an increased risk of heart disease. But is this common knowledge
correct? And if so, what kind of stress increases the risk of heart disease, how does
it increase risk, and what can be done about it?

Sorting out the effect of stress on the heart is made complicated by three factors: 1) people mean
different things by “stress;” 2) the kind of stress people think causes heart disease may not be the
worst kind; 3) until recently, there has been little scientific evidence that stress causes heart
disease.

What kind of stress are we talking about?

When people refer to “stress,” they may be talking about two different things:
physical stress, or emotional stress. Most of the medical literature on stress and
heart disease refers to physical stress. But most people are referring to the
emotional variety when they talk about stress.

Physical stress. Physical stress – exercise or other forms of physical exertion – places
measurable and reproducible demands on the heart. This physical stress is generally
acknowledged to be good. In fact, the lack of physical stress (i.e., a sedentary lifestyle)
constitutes a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. So this kind of “stress” is usually
considered to be good for the heart – as long as the heart is normal.

If there is underlying heart disease, however, too much physical stress can be dangerous. In a
person who has coronary artery disease, for instance, exercise can place demands on the heart
muscle that the diseased coronary arteries cannot meet, and the heart becomes ischemic (i.e.,
starved for oxygen.) The ischemic heart muscle can cause either angina (chest pain), or a heart
attack (actual death of cardiac muscle).

In summary, physical stress is generally good for you, and is to be encouraged, as long as you
have a normal heart. On the other hand, with certain kinds of heart disease, too much or the
wrong kind of physical exertion may be harmful.

But either way, physical stress does not cause heart disease.

Emotional stress. Emotional stress is generally the kind of stress people are talking about when
they refer to stress causing heart disease. “It’s no wonder she died,” you’ll hear people say, “with
all the mess he put her through.” But is it true? Did Ed really kill Elsie with all his gambling and
drinking and staying out all hours of the night?

Everyone – even doctors – have the notion that emotional stress, if it is severe enough or chronic
enough, is bad for you. Most even believe that this kind of stress can cause heart disease. But
scientific evidence that it actually does so has been hard to come by.

Emotional stress and heart disease

There is a fair amount of circumstantial evidence that chronic emotional stress can
be associated with heart disease and early death.

Several studies have documented that people without spouses die earlier than married people.
(While some might claim this constitutes evidence that emotional stress is actually good for you,
most authorities agree that having a spouse actually provides a significant degree of emotional
support and stability.) Other studies have shown fairly conclusively that people who have had
recent major life changes (loss of a spouse or other close relative, loss of a job, moving to a new
location) have a higher incidence of death. People who are quick to anger or who display
frequent hostility have an increased risk of heart disease.

So emotional stress is bad, right? It didn’t start out bad. Evolutionarily speaking, emotional stress
is a protective mechanism. When our ancestors walked over a rise and suddenly saw a saber-
tooth tiger 40 yards away, a surge of adrenaline prepared them for either fight or flight as they
considered their options.
But in modern times, now that saber-tooth tigers are few and far between, most often neither
fight nor flight is the appropriate reaction to a stressful situation. (Neither fleeing from nor
punching your annoying boss, for instance, is generally considered proper.) So today, the
adrenaline surge that accompanies a stressful situation is not channeled to its rightful conclusion.
Instead of being released in a burst of physical exertion, it is internalized into a clenched-teeth
smile and a “Sure, Mr. Smithers, I’ll be happy to fly to Toledo tomorrow and see about the
Henderson account.”

It appears that the unrequited fight-or-flight reaction, if it occurs often enough and chronically
enough, may be harmful. http://heartdisease.about.com/cs/riskfactors/a/stresshtdisease.htm

V. It was once thought that the only connection between ones emotions and food was the
tendency of some people to eat when they were depressed or under stress. Recent findings have
changed our thinking in this area. There is now an understanding that the foods we eat can
actually cause certain moods.

Our brains produce chemicals, called neurotransmitters, that regulate our moods, emotions and
even how we experience pain. Nutrients in the foods we eat trigger certain amino acids that, in
turn, produce or decrease production of emotional neurotransmitters such as dopamine,
epinephrine and serotonin. In addition, minerals such as folic acid, choline and selium have an
effect on mood.

Let us take a look at protein. Say you are feeling tired and still have half the day to go. The best
thing to do is have a high-protein snack. Protein contains an amino acid known as tyrosine. Once
tyrosine enters your system, it stimulates the release of dopamine and epinephrine, which are
two neurotransmitters that increase energy and alertness. Another benefit of protein is that it
balances blood sugar levels so you don’t get the fluctuations that can cause you to feel energetic
one minute and tired the next.

This is exactly what happens when you choose a snack high in sugar. Initially, you feel an
increase of energy as blood sugar levels rise. Quickly, however, this level drops as insulin is
produced and you end up feeling as tired, if not more so, than when you started.

Protein can be found in a variety of foods. Usually, we think immediately of meat, poultry and
fish, but these are only some of the protein rich foods. Dairy products such as milk, yoghurt and
cheese, contain protein and so do beans of all types. Two other sources are tofu and that good
old favorite, peanut butter. Another source of protein, eggs, has an additional benefit. Eggs
contain choline, which is a B complex vitamin that helps improve memory and concentration.

Complex carbohydrates increase the release of serotonin, which has an entirely different purpose.
Serotonin alleviates depression, calms your nerves and induces sleep. A snack of complex
carbohydrates in the evening will enable you to get a more restful sleep. They cause your body to
release insulin. The insulin cleans your blood of all amino acids except tryptophan. Tryptophan
then converts to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which creates a sense of peace within your mind.
Serotonin also reduces your appetite and helps reduce physical pain.

Complex carbohydrates can be found in many forms. Whole grains and starchy foods, such as
pasta and potatoes, all fall into this category, as do fruits and vegetables. Folic acid, which can
be found in spinach and orange juice, helps to decrease depression. As depression can cause
insomnia, increasing folic acid will also aid in getting better sleep.

Many people eliminate fats from their diets entirely, but this can increase the chance of
depression. There are certain essential fats that promote the absorption of nutrients into cells and
allow waste to escape these cells. When this natural cleansing does not take place, depression
increases. These essential fats can be found in nuts, seeds, oily fish such as tuna and oils such as
olive.

Two other substances are worth mentioning here; they are ascorbic acid and selium. Studies have
shown that ascorbic acid increases the both intercourse frequency and mood, both beneficial
outcomes. The lack of selium in your system can cause anxiety, irritability and hostility. Foods
such as tuna, Brazil nut, sunflower seeds and whole grain cereals help increase your supply of
selium and make you calmer.

The study of how food effects our moods is fairly new. While we have learned much over the
past few years, there are still mysteries involved in this connection. There is hope that one day
we will be able to eliminate many negative emotions with nature’s own medicine, food.
http://www.essortment.com/family/mindbodyfooda_svda.htm

VI.

Heart

Published on Circulatory system.

Heart beat is sinusoidal, commanded by the autonomous nervous system. In other words, it is
autonomous. The heart regulates itself according to the body needs. However, it does follow the
respiratory rhythm. And the respiratory rhythm is commanded by our will, by our mind. This is
the reason why when a relaxing period takes place, when the respiratory rhythm changes and
calms down, the heart beat also suffers alterations.
Arrhythmias, for instance, reveal a loss of rhythm, of harmony, a loss of the inner order.

The heart is closely associated to the emotional side. It reacts to emotions. It is not ruled by will
or by the intellect.

Any emotion, be it fear, joy or passion, makes the heart beat faster. To the extent that we can
almost feel it beating in our throats.

Human beings thus have two centres: the brain and the heart.

Reasoning, rationalisation, thoughts, lay within the brain, whereas emotion and feelings are part
of the realm of the heart. Emotions alter the heart.

Anything related to passion and emotion in a relationship takes place in the heart. It is the organ
of love, of ephemeral passions. “He broke my heart! It is as if she pulled my heart out. My heart
is pounding.”

But when the person controls his natural emotions (in other words, when he allows the mental
process, the brain, to intervene in the dominion of emotions), such as fears, joys, passions,
sadness, envy… this is when problems arise. The mind starts to control those natural emotions,
thanks to beliefs or any other type of rules that the person imposes on himself, either in a
conscious or unconscious manner. In effect, when the Cartesian mental process intervenes, it
deregulates the heart (as well as other organs). The person who suffers from a heart condition is a
person who does not accept nor live his emotions. It is a very yang person, with a very masculine
behaviour. This person is a fighter.

Long term problems that the person has not faced up to, lack of joy, a belief in the need of effort
and stress, constitute good ingredients for the emergence of heart related problems.

When horror to emotions becomes chronic, then we need to resort to pace-makers or any other
sort of artificial devices in order to ensure a balanced rhythm.

Heart related problems indicate a huge quest for power. They denote a giant ego.

Only a hardened, tense, constricted and made of stone heart can be broken and explode.

The function of the autonomous nervous system and the function of the heart complement each
other and live naturally in harmony. Our mental intervention only spoils the process.

Besides, we only feel our heart beat when it changes for no reason, in other words, when the
mind stops respecting the body and starts to control us. The cardiac patient is a very mentally
oriented person, very controlled. And given the fact that he is a very controlled person, he needs
to do regular medical check ups to test out the condition and pace of his heart. He has entered a
controlling vicious circle. He is a person who finds it difficult to love and/or to feel and live up
his emotions.
The heart is the core part of the body. When referring to ourselves, we touch our body with our
hand, in the area where the heart resides. The person who suffers from a heart condition is
someone who does not know how to centre himself.

The heart is formed by two sides, one on the left and the other on the right. It is dual. On the
other hand, its beat is bitonal, which means the heart expresses our life in a dual world, in the
world of matter.

The right side of the heart is the feminine side, yin, and the left side of the heart is masculine,
yang. This applies to everyone, both left and right-handed people!

The auricula and the ventricle are on the left side, and the same happens with the right side. Red
blood is pumped out by the aorta through the left ventricle; it is a live, oxygenated blood (yang).
A slower type of blood, the venous blood (yin), enriched by the knowledge it has of the body and
which is brought by the veins to be purified, comes through the right auricula.

Ventricles are more dynamic, whereas auriculae are more passive. Therefore, ventricles are more
masculine (yang) and auriculae are more feminine (yin). We thus have a double duality. The left
side is more yang. But the auricula side is more yin.

Accordingly, the right auricula shows the yin of yin; the left auricula indicates the yin of yang:
the right ventricle shows the yang of yin; the left ventricle indicates the yang of yang.
http://www.luismartinssimoes.com/heart/

2. Having white hair is usually regarded as a sign of aging. While graying hair and white hair
can look distinguished on some people, for many the prospect of their hair turning white is
something that is not appealing at all. It is quite common for hair to turn white and among people
above thirty; it is not rare to find white hair and a balding pate as well.

Many of us resort to coloring our hair to escape the whitening of the hair and this is something
that people do as a matter of precaution as well as to look better. Having white hair can be quite
a nuisance and it is important for you to know what causes white hair and the steps that you can
take to avoid this. Before switching to coloring your hair as a solution to the problem of white
hair, you can look for the underlying causes so that you can take adequate precautions.

It is has been found that white hair is caused by genes that you have inherited from your mother,
or your mother’s side of the family. So, you can look at your mother’s hair and make a guess as
to when your hair would turn white and to what extent. Usually, you can expect 15 to 30% of
your hair to turn white. The other contributing factors are stress and leading an unhealthy lifestyle
that contribute to your hair turning white. While some of the factors can be remedied and
avoided like distressing yourself and avoiding a hectic lifestyle and making changes and
adjustments to the same, the factors like the genetic makeup are part of you, and hence there is
precious little you can do to alleviate these factors.

You should keep in mind that artificial coloring agents often cause pigmentation changes in your
hair that can have serious side effects including loss of hair. So, you should take enough
precautions to ensure that you do not use artificial agents that can discolor your hair and leave
permanent marks on your scalp. While hair coloring is the obvious solution to curing yourself of
white hair, there are other remedies like taking vitamin supplements and home remedy
concoctions that can reduce the chances of your hair turning white. You should proceed with
caution when trying out these remedies.

The best method of controlling white hair is by reducing stress in your lifestyle and making
lifestyle changes so that you avoid taking too much alcohol and partying into the night.
These simple precautions along with a balanced and measured diet can go a long way in reducing
the chances of you having white hair. While you may want the distinguished look that comes
with silvery grey hair, having white hair might make you look bad. Hence, your focus should be
on not letting your hair turn white by following some of these remedies. It is completely up to
you on how you would want to adopt a strategy to prevent your hair from turning white.
http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/11704/1/Do-You-Know-What-Causes-White-Hair.html
VII.

Topical Listing
 Does Birth Order Affect Intelligence?
Interactive Map

Alphabetical Index
Originally prepared by: Amber Esping (fall 2003)
Revised:
Time Period Index

Hot Topics Outline

(back to top)

Map - PDF In a Nutshell

The Antecedent Question: Is Birth Order related to Eminence?
Birth Order and Intelligence: A Classic Study
How to Cite this Site
Recent Research: Different Approaches = Different Conclusions
Make a Contribution Why Might Birth Order Affect IQ?
Does It Really Matter?
References
References
Contributors

Comments
In a Nutshell
(back to outline)

The answer to the question is probably yes, if you base your conclusions
on cross-sectional data. The answer is most likely no if you base your
conclusions on longitudinal data.

The Antecedent Question: Is Birth Order related

to Eminence?
(back to outline)

Scholarly interest in the relationship between birth order and

extraordinary achievement can be traced to 1874 when Francis Galton
published English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture. This book
chronicled the lives of 180 eminent men from various scientific fields.
Galton was able to collect birth order data from 99 of his subjects,
revealing that 48% of them were firstborn sons or only sons. (Note:
Galton did not count female children when reporting his results.
Theoretically, a subject could be counted as a “first born” even if he was
the 10th child, providing that his 9 older siblings were female.)

Interest in birth order and eminence has continued unabated, and

countless studies have confirmed Galton’s conclusion: Firstborn children
are overrepresented among Nobel Prize winners (Clark & Rice, 1982)
classical music composers (Schubert, Wagner & Schubert, 1977) and
prominent psychologists (Terry, 1989). Indeed, a study of 314 eminent
20th century personalities found that 46% of them were firstborn children
(Goertzel, Goertzel, & Goertzel, 1978; See Simonton, 1984/1999 p. 26-
27 and Simonton, 1999, p. 133 for reviews).

It must be noted that the correlation between firstborn status and

eminence is probably limited to certain types of scientific achievement.
Laterborn children are more likely to become revolutionary leaders and
scientists, and they may in fact be more creative than their firstborn
siblings (Sulloway, 1996; 1999; Simonton, 1984/1999, 1999).

Birth Order and Intelligence: A Classic Study

(back to outline)

In 1973 Lillian Belmont and Francis Marolla published family size, birth
order and intelligence test (Dutch version of the Raven Progressive
Matrices) data from nearly the entire population of 19 year-old Dutch
men (386, 114 subjects). Their study design was complex, so interested
readers should consult the primary source. However, a general overview
of the results will be presented here. Belmont and Marolla found:

1. "Children from large families tend to make poorer showings on

intelligence tests and on educational measures, even when social
class is controlled."
2. "Within each family size (i) firstborns always scored better on the
Raven than did later borns; and (ii) with few inconsistencies,
there was a gradient of declining scores with rising birth order, so
that firstborns scored better than secondborns, who in turn scored
better than thirdborns, and so forth."
3. "In general, as family size increased, there was a decrease in
Raven performance within any particular birth order position."
For example, a thirdborn born child from a 3-child family would
be expected to score higher than a thirdborn child from a 4-child
family. A thirdborn child from a 5-child family would be
expected to score even lower, and so on.

Recent Research: Different Approaches =

Different Conclusions
(back to outline)

Cross-sectional studies (like the Belmont and Marolla study described

above) generally find that the higher the birth order, the lower the IQ
(See Zajonc, 1976 for a review; See De Lint, 1966 for an exception to
this pattern). Longitudinal studies, which track individual families over
time, usually demonstrate that there is no relationship between birth
order and IQ (Berbaum & Moreland, 1980; Retherford & Sewell, 1991;
Rodgers, et al., 2000; Schooler, 1972). However, the tendency for large
families to produce lower IQ children holds regardless of the research
approach (Rodgers, et al., 2000).

The Admixture Hypothesis

Page & Grandon (1979) have suggested the "admixture hypothesis" to
account for the apparently causal link between birth order and IQ.
Proponents of this hypothesis argue that other factors, like parental IQ or
socioeconomic status, may be responsible for both large families and low
IQ, making it appear in cross-sectional studies as though high birth order
causes lower IQ. Instead, it is possible that parents with lower IQs tend to
have more children. If this were true, then it would be expected that the
mean IQ score for any given population would gradually decline. In fact,
mean IQ scores are rising somewhere between 5 and 25 points with each
successive generation. (For more information on this phenomenon,
please see our related Hot Topic).

Why Might Birth Order Affect IQ?

(back to outline)

In 1874 Francis Galton offered several reasons why birth order might
affect eminence. Among them, he listed:

1. Primogeniture laws. Firstborn sons would be more likely have the

financial resources to continue their education.
2. Firstborns had the advantage of being "treated more as
companions by parents." This means that they also undertake
more responsibility than their younger siblings.
3. Firstborn children would get more attention and better
nourishment in families with limited financial resources (pp. 25-
26).

These explanations are very similar to those offered by modern

researchers to explain the finding that firstborn children have higher IQs.
Here is a sampling:

The Resource Dilution Model

This Resource Dilution Model, proposed by Blake (1981) and elaborated
by Downey (2001) offers a simple explanation both for the higher IQ
scores of firstborn children and the overrepresentation of firstborns
among the college population and the eminent. It rests on three
assumptions:

1. "Parental resources are finite." Resources include money,

personal attention and cultural objects such as books. Parents do
 have discretion as to how they use their resources, but they cannot
necessarily create more when they are needed.
2. "Additional siblings reduce the share of parental resources
received by any one child." Parents can devote100% of their
resources to an only child or a firstborn who's siblings have not
yet arrived. Parents with more than one child must divide their
resources accordingly. For example, parents who can afford to
send one child to college may not be able to send two children.
This may offer one explanation for the overrepresentation of
firstborns in the college population (Schachter, 1963).
3. "Parental resources have an important effect on children's
educational success." It is assumed that the relative richness of
the environment affects cognitive development. Further,
opportunity for higher education is a factor in the achievement of
eminence. Eminent individuals (especially in scientific and
technical fields) almost always attended college (Schachter,
1963). (The quotes in 1-3 above are from Downey, 2001).

The Confluence Model

The Confluence Model proposed by R.B. Zajonc & Markus (1975) and
Zajonc (1976, 2001) explains the firstborn IQ advantage in terms of the
ever-changing intellectual environment within the family. It uses a
simple mathematical formula to compute the relative advantages and
disadvantages of these factors:

1. Firstborns do not have to share their parents' attention, so they

benefit from their parents' complete absorption in the new
responsibility. Laterborn children never experience this
advantage. Moreover, additional siblings automatically limit the
amount of attention any of the siblings get-and this includes the
firstborn. This would explain the Belmont and Marolla (1973)
finding that firstborns from smaller families have higher IQs than
firstborns from larger families.
2. Firstborn children are exposed to more adult language. Laterborns
are exposed to the less mature speech of their siblings. This may
affect their performance on the verbal scales of intelligence tests.
Moreover, the linguistic environment becomes increasingly less
mature as more children enter the family. This also gels with the
finding that children in larger families have lower IQ scores.
3. As more children enter the family, the general intellectual
environment becomes less mature. This would explain why
firstborns and older children from large families have lower IQs
than firstborns and older children from smaller families.
4. Firstborns (and older siblings in general) often have to answer
questions and explain things to their younger siblings. It is
 believed that the act of tutoring helps the older children to
cognitively process information. Further, teaching others may
improve their verbal abilities. Except in very rare cases, youngest
siblings do not get the opportunity to tutor their brothers and
sisters. This tutoring function explains why only children do not
tend to have higher IQs than firstborns.

Does It Really Matter?

(back to outline)

It is possible that firstborn children are more intelligent than their

siblings. However, there are several reasons why this finding, if true,
may not be very important. First, growing body of research suggests that
intelligence is not the most important factor in the achievement of
eminence (Simonton, 1984/1999, 1999; Sulloway, 1996). Several studies
have demonstrated that specific personality traits such as
conscientiousness and openness to experience are up to 10 times more
important than IQ (Sulloway, 1996). Second, in studies showing a
statistically significant advantage for firstborns, birth order accounts for
only one percent of the variance in IQ scores (Sulloway, p. 473). Third,
the firstborn advantage is tiny-about 1 IQ point higher than the second
sibling, 2 points higher than the third sibling, and so on. (Sulloway, p.
74). This minute difference is not likely to matter in the pursuit of
eminence:

Even within science, IQ is only weakly related to achievement among

people who are smart enough to become scientists. Research has shown,
for example, that a scientist who has an IQ of 130 is just as likely to win
a Nobel Prize as a scientist whose IQ is 180 (Hudson, 1966, p. 104, cited
in Sulloway, p. 357).

References
(back to outline)

Belmont, L., & Marolla, F.A. (1973). Birth order, family size and
intelligence. Science, 182, 1096-1101.

Berbaum, M.L., & Moreland, R.L. (1980). Intellectual development

within the family: A new application of the confluence model.
Developmental Psychology, 16, 500-515.

Blake, J. (1981). Family size and the quality of children. Demography,

18, 421-442.

Clark, R.D., & Rice, G.A., (1982). Family constellations and eminence:
The birth orders of Nobel Prize winners. Journal of Psychology, 110,
281-287.

De Lint, J. (1966). Note on birth order and intelligence test performance.

The Journal Of Psychology, 66, 15-17.

Downey, D.B. (2001). Number of siblings and intellectual development:

The resource dilution explanation. American Psychologist, 56(6/7), 497-
504.

Ernst, C., & Angst, J. (1983). Birth order: Its influence on personality.
Berlin and New York: Springer-Verlag.

Galton, F. (1874, 1895). English men of science: Their nature and

nurture. New York: D. Appleton and Company.

Goertzel, M.G., Goertzel, V., & Goertzel, T.G. (1978). Three hundred
eminent personalities. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.

Hudson, L. (1966). Contrary imaginations: A psychological study of the

English schoolboy. London: Methuen.

Page, E.B., & Grandon, G. (1979). Family configuration and mental

ability: Two theories contrasted with U.S. data. American Educational
Research Journal, 16, 257-272.

Retherford, R.D., & Sewell, W.H. (1991). Birth order and intelligence:
Further tests of the confluence model. American Sociological Review, 56,
141-158.

Rodgers, J.L., Cleveland, H.H., van den Oord, E., & Rowe, D.C. (2000).
Resolving the debate over birth order, family size and intelligence.
American Psychologist, 55(6), 599-612.

Schooler, C. (1972). Birth order effects: Not here, not now!

Psychological Bulletin, 78, 161- 175.

Schachter, S. (1963). Birth order, eminence and higher education.

American Sociological Review, 28(5), 757-768.

Schubert, D.S.P., Wagner, M.E., & Schubert, H.J.P. (1977). Family

constellation and creativity: First born predominance among classical
music composers. Journal of Psychology, 95, 147- 149.

Simonton, D.K. (1984/1999). Genius, creativity and leadership:

Historiometric inquiries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Simonton, D.K. (1999). Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on

creativity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sulloway, F.J. (1996). Born to rebel: Birth order, family dynamics and
creative lives. New York: Pantheon Books.

Sulloway, F.J. (1999). Birth order. In M.A. Runco (Ed.). Encyclopedia of

creativity (pp 189- 202). San Diego: Academic Press.

Terry, W.S. (1989). Birth order and prominence in the history of

psychology. Psychological Record, 39, 333-337.

Zajonc, R.B. (1976). Family configuration and intelligence. Science, 19,

227-236.

Zajonc, R.B. (2001). The family dynamics of intellectual development.

American Psychologist, 56 (6/7), 490-496.

Zajonc, R.B., & Markus, G. (1975). Birth order and intellectual

development. Psychological Review, 82, 74-88.

Please feel free to contact us with issues, questions, and contributions

that you feel would help others using this site as a resource.

Home | Interactive Map | Alphabetic Index | Time Period Index

Hot Topics | Map - PDF | References | Contributors | Comments

For further information please contact

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http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/birthOrder.shtml
VII.

Birth order
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Birth order can affect human psychology, though many

supposedly formative effects of birth order are instead related
to other factors.

Birth order is defined as a person's rank by age among his or her

siblings. Birth order is often believed to have a profound and lasting
effect on psychological development. This assertion has been repeatedly
challenged by researchers, yet birth order continues to have a strong
presence in pop psychology and popular culture.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Theories
• 2 Personality
• 3 Intelligence
• 4 Sexuality
 • 5 See also
• 6 References

• 7 External links

[edit] Theories
Alfred Adler (1870-1937), an Austrian psychiatrist, and a contemporary
of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, was one of the first theorists to suggest
that birth order influences personality. He argued that birth order can
leave an indelible impression on an individual's style of life, which is
one's habitual way of dealing with the tasks of friendship, love, and
work. According to Adler, firstborns are "dethroned" when a second
child comes along, and this may have a lasting influence on them.
Younger and only children may be pampered and spoiled, which can also
affect their later personalities.[1] Additional birth order factors that should
be considered are the spacing in years between siblings, the total number
of children, and the changing circumstances of the parents over time.

Since Adler's time, the influence of birth order on the development of

personality has become a controversial issue in psychology. Among the
general public, it is widely believed that personality is strongly
influenced by birth order, but many psychologists dispute this. One
important modern theory of personality states that the Big Five
personality traits of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion,
Agreeableness, and Neuroticism represent most of the important
elements of personality that can be measured. Contemporary approaches
to birth order frequently suggest that birth order influences these five
traits.

In his book Born to Rebel, Frank Sulloway suggests that birth order has
strong and consistent effects on the Big Five personality traits. He argues
that firstborns are more conscientious, more socially dominant, less
agreeable, and less open to new ideas compared to laterborns.[2]
However, critics such as Fred Townsend, Toni Falbo, and Judith Rich
Harris, argue against Sulloway's theories. An issue of Politics and the
Life Sciences, dated September, 2000 but not published until 2004 [3] due
to legal threats from Sulloway (who claimed its content to be defamatory,
although it was carefully and rigorously researched and sourced),
contains criticisms of Sulloway's theories, including studies that show
conflicting findings.

In their book Sibling Relationships: Their Nature and Significance

across the Lifespan, Michael E. Lamb and Brian Sutton-Smith make the
point that sibling relationships often last an entire lifetime. They point
out that the lifespan view proposes that development is continuous, with
individuals continually adjusting to the competing demands of
socialization agents and biological tendencies. Thus, even those
concerned only with interactions among young siblings implicitly or
explicitly acknowledge that all relationships change over time and that
any effects of birth order may be eliminated, reinforced, or altered by
later experiences.[4]

[edit] Personality
Claims about birth order effects on personality have received only mixed
support in scientific research. Such research is a challenge because of the
difficulty of controlling all the variables that are statistically related to
birth order. Family size, and a number of social and demographic
variables are associated with birth order and serve as potential
confounds. For example, large families are generally lower in
socioeconomic status than small families. Hence third born children are
not only third in birth order, but they are also more likely to come from
larger, poorer families than firstborn children. If third-borns have a
particular trait, it may be due to birth order, or it may be due to family
size, or to any number of other variables. Consequently, there are a large
number of published studies on birth order that vary widely in quality
and are inconsistent in their conclusions.

Literature reviews that have examined many studies and attempted to

control for confounding variables tend to find minimal effects for birth
order. Ernst and Angst reviewed all of the research published between
1946 and 1980. They also did their own study on a representative sample
of 6,315 young men from Switzerland. They found no substantial effects
of birth order and concluded that birth order research was a "waste of
time."[5] More recent research analyzed data from a national sample of
9,664 subjects on the Big Five personality traits of extraversion,
neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to
experience. Contrary to Sulloway's predictions, they found no significant
correlation between birth order and self-reported personality. There was,
however, some tendency for people to perceive birth order effects when
they were aware of the birth order of an individual.[6]

Other studies have supported Sulloway's claims about birth order.

Paulhus and his colleagues found consistent support in self-reports by
both student and adult samples. First borns scored higher on
conservatism, conscientiousness and achievement orientation. Later
borns scored higher on rebelliousness, openness, and agreeableness. The
authors argued that the effect emerges most clearly from studies within
families. Results are weak at best, when individuals from different
families are compared. The reason is that genetic effects are stronger than
birth order effects.[7] Recent studies also support the claim that only
children are not markedly different from their peers with siblings.
Scientists have found that they share many characteristics with firstborn
children including being conscientious as well as parent-oriented.[8]

In her review of the research, Judith Rich Harris suggests that birth order
effects may exist within the context of the family of origin, but that they
are not enduring aspects of personality. When people are with their
parents and siblings, firstborns behave differently than laterborns, even
during adulthood. However, most people don't spend their adult lives in
their childhood home. Harris provides evidence that the patterns of
behavior acquired in the childhood home don't affect the way people
behave outside the home, even during childhood. Harris concludes that
birth order effects keep turning up because people keep looking for them,
and keep analyzing and reanalyzing their data until they find them.[9]

Jane Austen's book Pride and Prejudice, while being a study on a certain
form of courtship, also places stringent analysis on the personalities on
five sequential daughters.

[edit] Intelligence
File:Birth order-ravens.png

Later born children from smaller families perform better on a

standard test of abstract reasoning than firstborn children from
large families.[10]

Since the 1970s, one of the most influential theories to explain why
firstborns frequently score higher on intelligence and achievement tests
than other children is the confluence model of Robert Zajonc. This model
states that because firstborns mainly have adult influences around them
in their early years, they will spend their initial years of life interacting in
a highly intellectual family environment. This effect may also be
observed in siblings who, although later born, have a sibling at least five
years senior with no siblings in between. These children are considered
to be "functional firstborns". The theory further suggests that firstborns
will be more intelligent than only children, because the latter will not
benefit from the "tutor effect" (i.e. teaching younger siblings).

Zajonc's theory has been criticised for confounding birth order with both
age and family size, and alternative theories (such as Resource Depletion
Theory) have been offered to explain the Belmont and Marolla findings.
In a meta-analysis of the research, Polit and Falbo (1988) found that
firstborns, only children, and children with one other sibling score higher
on tests of verbal ability than laterborns and children with multiple
siblings.[11] This effect suggests that smaller families lead to children with
higher test scores. Because there was no specific advantage for firstborn
children, the results are consistent with Resource Depletion Theory, but
not the confluence model.

The basic finding that firstborns have higher IQ scores has been disputed.
One group of researchers examined data from the National Longitudinal
Survey of Youth (NLSY) (USA), which gave them the opportunity to
look at a large randomly selected sample of US families. The sample
included children whose academic performance had been reviewed
multiple times throughout their academic careers. This study found no
relationship between birth order and intelligence. Recent studies of eldest
children by both the Harvard Medical Journal (Aug. 2009) and a thesis
published by Swedish research scientist Lars Orstenberg (see 'Younger
Children, Brighter Futures', May 2009, Bazar Förlag Press) suggested
that past research focuses too heavily on early life. Both papers point to a
distinctly higher rate of success among second borns later in life in the
areas of career as well as wealth. Orstenberg theorized that the more
rapid aging process seen in first borns often leads to a deteriorated
personal appearance in comparison to siblings. Orstenberg: "First borns
struggle with this shift of power and often limit their potential by
focusing on it. [12]

[edit] Sexuality
The fraternal birth order effect is the name given to the observation that
the more older brothers a man has, the greater the probability is that he
will have a homosexual orientation. The fraternal birth order effect is the
strongest known predictor of sexual orientation, with each older brother
increasing a man's odds of being gay by approximately 33%.[13][14] Even
so, the fraternal birth order effect only accounts for a maximum of one
seventh of the prevalence of homosexuality in men. There seems to be no
effect on sexual orientation in women, and no effect of the number of
older sisters.

In the book, Homosexuality, Birth Order, and Evolution: Toward an

Equilibrium Reproductive Economics of Homosexuality, Edward M.
Miller suggests that the birth order effect on homosexuality may be a by-
product of an evolved, biological mechanism that shifts personality away
from heterosexuality in laterborn sons. This would have the consequence
of reducing the probability of these sons engaging in unproductive
competition with each other.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_order

VI. 3.Sampling of human beings for trace element content can be a complex and
costly procedure. The use of hair and nails simplifies the process and it is for this
reason that such samples are extensively used. The primary consideration,
however, is not how easily the samples can be collected nor even how accurately
trace elements can be measured in hair and nails; rather, it is what do the values
mean, i.e., to what extent does the measured level reflect the concentration and/or
activity of the element in other parts of the body? The structure and histogenesis of
hair and nails are discussed in relation to mechanisms by which trace elements are
incorporated into these tissues. Problems of contamination in vivo are also
considered. A résumé of current literature is presented, considering the trace
elements that are appropriate for measurement in samples of human hair and nail
and some of the problems involved in analysis.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/319530
biological clock
Dictionary: biological clock

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Home > Library > Literature & Language > Dictionary

n.

1. An internal mechanism in organisms that controls the periodicity of various

functions or activities, such as metabolic changes, sleep cycles, or
photosynthesis.
2. The progression or time period from puberty to menopause, marking a
woman's ability to bear children. http://www.answers.com/topic/biological-
clock

Circadian Rhythms
[Rhythm videos] [Links to clock labs]

Summary

Organisms have evolved to co-ordinate their activities with the day-night cycle
caused by caused by the Earth's rotation. Direct responses to light or darkness are
important but, in addition, biological clocks have evolved to time biological processes.
"Circadian" rhythms (from 'circa'-about, 'dies'-a day) are the result of the best-
characterised of these biological clocks, which times events that occur once per day.
Even in the absence of environmental time cues, circadian rhythms persist with a
period close to 24 hours. The circadian clock regulates many aspects of metabolism,
physiology and behaviour, in humans and many other organisms.

Sounds complicated? Try a simple tutorial on biological clocks.

The mechanism of the circadian clocks had been difficult to determine, until the
identification of circadian rhythm mutants and their cognate genes in Drosophila,
Neurospora and now in other organisms. Molecular and genetic studies indicate that
the 24-hour period arises from a system of interconnected feedback loops that
control the transcription of a small number of "clock genes". Negative feedback,
together with a delay, is sufficient in principle to produce oscillations; real circadian
clocks are more complex, and it remains a challenge to understand this complexity.
Circadian rhythms are outwardly very similar in all species but the genes that make
up the clock mechanisms are quite different (comparing animals, plants, fungi and
cyanobacteria). Clocks probably evolved several times to perform very similar
functions, so they are an example of "convergent evolution".

What is a clock gene? Try a tutorial on rhythms and clock mechanisms.

In plants, the circadian clock regulates about 5% of the genome (>1000 genes in
Arabidopsis). The rhythmic function of these genes controls many processes,
including leaf and petal movements, the opening and closing of stomatal pores, the
discharge of floral fragrances and many metabolic activities, especially those
associated with photosynthesis. The circadian clock also influences seasonal cycles
that depend on day-length, including the regulation of flowering. This photoperiodic
system appears to depend on the circadian clock to measure the duration of the day
or night, thus monitoring the passage of the seasons.

Don't care about plants? You should! but you could try clock research in other
organisms.

Arabidopsis thaliana, a model species for plant genetics, exhibits visible circadian
rhythms in leaf movement and less obvious rhythms in the expression of many
genes, notably chlorophyll a/b binding protein genes (CAB genes). The
bioluminescent reporter gene, luciferase, has been used to visualise the circadian
regulation of gene expression, creating a glow rhythm in transgenic plants. This
rhythm can be monitored in single seedlings by low-light video imaging, which has
allowed the identification of circadian rhythm mutants in Arabidopsis.

Click here to see Video's of circadian-regulated leaf movements, hypocotyl

elongation and gene expression in Arabidopsis and tobacco plants.

A PBS TV show featured our pages and others on biological timing.

Links
Chronobiology organisations
Society for Research on Biological Rhythms

(many useful links, including a world clock)

The Texas A&M clocks program

The NSF Centre for Biological Timing

(No longer active; the CBT tutorial on biological rhythms, is

mirrored here)

Centre for Circadian Biology and Medicine, Northwestern University.

Some Chronobiology labs, in no particular order
The UK Circadian Clock Club mailing list (being updated - needs it)

A list of European clock groups (originally from Manu Field)

A list of circadian clock links (from Fred Kippert)

Ferenc Nagy, Szeged

(molecular analysis of circadian rhythms in plants, including CAB rhythms)
Hugh Nimmo, Glasgow University
(biochemistry of rhythmic enzyme phosphorylation in plants)
Steve A. Kay, Scripps Institute
(molecular genetics of plant and insect rhythms, including luciferase)
Bambos Kyriacou, Leicester University
(Drosophila genetics)
Gene D. Block, University of Virginia
Cellular Studies of neural clocks.
J. Woodland Hastings, Harvard University
(circadian rhythms including the natural bioluminescence of Gonyaulax
polyedra)
Jeffrey Hall, Brandeis University
Drosophila neurogenetics
Michael Young, Rockfeller university
more Drosophila genetics
Michael Rosbash, Brandeis University
RNA processing; Drosophila neurogenetics
Carl Johnson, Vanderbilt
(bioluminescent markers for circadian rhythms in plants, cyanobacteria and
Chlamydomonas, also the circadian PubCrawler)
Michael Menaker, University of Virginia
Behavioral and Physiological Analysis of Vertebrate Circadian Rhythms.

Other sources of information

Biological Rhythm Research

Journal of Biological Rhythms

BIOL 419, University of Virginia course on Biological Clocks.

(supports an undergraduate course with much information on

rhythms, and careers in science) - may no longer be accessible

No longer working in circadian biology

Obituaries of:
 Colin Pittendrigh,

Juergen Aschoff,

Back to the Millar lab Home Page

http://template.bio.warwick.ac.uk/staff/amillar/circad.html

III. 2. Love Is Complicated …

• Home
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« Learn How To Communicate More Effectively

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Male Biological Clocks. Their Impact On The Sexuality And

Fertility.
The results of recent studies have shown that men, as well as women, have the biological clocks,
failure of which leads to irreversible consequences, including the loss of opportunity to get a
healthy offspring.

According to the reports of experts, every sixth couple in the UK is infertile, and in one third of
cases this is due to the inability of men to have children.

Dr Carol Cooper and Ian Banks propose men to take their advices to help them solve their family
and sexual problems.
1. You should have sex as often as possible, or at least with constant regularity. Ejaculation
retains male sperm healthy. In the case of absence of a permanent partner, masturbation is
welcomed very much.

2. “Family underpants” or boxers – are the most convenient and” healthy “underwear for the
representatives of a strong half of mankind. Fashionable narrow swimming trunks decrease
blood flow to the testicles and contribute to their heat; the number of sperm in ejaculation among
fans of swimming trunks is significantly lower.

3. Lengthy bathroom procedures in hot water also lead to a decrease in sperm count.

4. If you plan to become a father, avoid too violent sports games, during which you can get
seriously injured. At least for a while. When injury of testicles it is developed antibodies that
“attack” sperm in not your favor.

5. In 40% of the cause of male infertility is the abuse of alcohol. Specialists from the UK believe
that the daily rate should be limited to 3-4 glasses of alcohol (size of which is not specified,
unfortunately).

6. Prospective fathers should give up taking drugs, and the number of cigarettes must be reduced
to 5 cigarettes a day.

7. Try to eat more vegetables and fruits that will help your body fight the so-called “free
radicals” that can harm your sperm.

8. If possible, avoid contacts with toxic substances. Watch for your hygiene and wash your food.
Chemicals and pesticides will necessarily affect the sperm. Drink more water!

9. The number of healthy sperm can significantly reduce when using the food of non-organic
production. Studies by American scientists showed that the chemical element (dibutyl Falata),
which was found in shampoos, conditioners and soaps, can affect the quality of male sperm.

10. Active lifestyle – is the guarantee of healthy offspring! In the article published in a scientific
journal Reproductive Toxicology and devoted to the reproductive function of the business men it
was said that men who sat for more than six hours a day at work place, quality of sperm is poor.

When you implement all the above recommendations, likely to become a happy father increases.
I wish you to be healthy and take care of your body!

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