Liverpool John Moores University
Abstract:
The main objective of the paper deals with
the description about internet and difficulties
in internet population.
The internet population measurement
techniques are discussed in brief. Also
provides the nature of address crisis and the
time left before exhaustion i.e, nothing but
IP address exhaustion (IPV4).
The transition strategies of deployment path
of IPV6 are also discussed in detailed. The
transition of IPv4 and IPv6 and the different
deployment methods are discussed in this
research paper.
Networks is defined as a group. Computer
networks is defined as a of computers that
will be having connection among them in
order to communicate with one another.
Internet is a global system that
interconnected among the computer
networks that use the standard internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of
users world wide.
Population is nothing but a group of
individual persons present in a particular
location are called as population.
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Internet Population:
Definition of Internet Population:
Internet population can be defined as the
population or the total number of people
using the internet. The users of internet
include Internet Service Providers, normal
users, industries, organizations,
manufacturers that can be able to use the
internet through different means of
transmitters and transmission medium.
The term internet can also be defined as the
electronic communications network and
organizational computer facilities around
the world.
The total number of users that are using the
internet world wide can be vary from time to
time. From the past few years the internet
has brought vast changes in different fields.
But it is very difficult to estimate the total
is
number of users that are using internet. In
olden days internet was largely unknown to
most consumers. The first service that
provided online services of internet interface
was the prodigy service. At that time the
consumer was not able to use it in a
satisfactory manner because the band width
is very narrow. The variations of internet
through world wide are various statistics.
Liverpool John Moores University

Internet is used for exchanging data or 57,425,046 – Internet users in the Middle
transmission of data. People can transmit the East.
data from one place to another by using
20,970,490 – Internet users in Oceania /
internet. This can be possible by the protocol
Australia.
TCP/IP ( Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) that is used.
The statistical view of the above details is
In today’s life internet has become the most shown below in the form of a pie chart.The
important part. percentage of each region is addressed by
various colours.
Based on different countries the usage of
internet population can be estimated as
follows.

According to the survey done on the internet

users in september 2009 the regions divided
based on the usage are shown in detailed.

1.73 billion – Internet users worldwide.

18% – Increase in Internet users.

738,257,230 – Internet users in Asia.

418,029,796 – Internet users in Europe.
252,908,000 – Internet users in North
America.
179,031,479 – Internet users in Latin
America / Caribbean.
67,371,700 – Internet users in Africa.
Fig:1.Internet Users through out the world
One more statistical view of internet
population based on the top ten languages is
as follows. It indicates the number of people
that use the internet through out the world.
The top various languages discussed in the
below graph are English, Chinese, Spanish,
Japanese, Portuguese, German, Arabic,
French, Russia, Korean.

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Liverpool John Moores University

The Internet was not well suited to

consumer use at the time owing to the very
narrow bandwidth, and the lack of organized
content. The commercial online services
were far better at working within the
bandwidth limits, and provided a great deal
of organization to the content they offered.
Users of the commercial online services far
outnumbered Internet users in the mid
1990's.

The commercial online services was not in

demand at the time of external audience
Fig:2. Top ten languages in internet in the measurement. The online services are
year 2010 having excellent subscriber counting
mechanism like subscription accounts to
Internet Population Measurement
keep track of their performance. Standard
Techniques:
accounting and internal metrics met most of

It is necessary to know that why do internet their measurement needs. A simple periodic

wants the measurement. survey was sufficient to relative market

share and none but the curious were
In 1994 the Internet was a largely unknown otherwise interested in the size and
to consumers. Most consumers had an composition of each of the firm's audiences
experience that it was commercial online because no third-party significant decisions
services, Computer Serve, Prodigy, and the were being made based on the estimates.
rapidly growing American Online. A
smattering of private bulletin board systems Technical advances were providing more

were available to consumers, and few of people with easier access to the Internet.

them provided consumer-ready access to the Investment began flowing into Internet

Internet. Internet addressable email was only companies, particularly in Silicon Valley.

just available on these systems.

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Liverpool John Moores University

The convergence of these factors, significant Measurement from a sample of users

growth in the audiences and huge interest who are surveyed (recall measurement)
and concern in the Internet from media,
Measurement from analysis of server
created a great demand for a world class
log files or their equivalents
measurement for Internet.

Each of these measurement approaches have

There are many techniques that had been
some strengths and weaknesses and can
used for measuring internet measurement by
generally be viewed to work in
using various measurement techniques. But
complementary ways. Although each
they are having some problems that have
measurement approach is more appropriate
been arised in this process.
in certain situations than the others. That is
However, it is highly impossible to count the each of the measurement is having some
number of users directly. Also we can count individual approach compared to the other
the number of hosts which are connected to approaches.
the Internet. There have been two methods
There are five steps for measuring Internet
of counting the connected hosts. They are as
audience using a sample of individuals.
follows

The first is to define the universe of

DNS Survey
individuals and their circumstances, and to
Reverse Pointer be very clear on which behaviors are to be
measured. This is a very important step, as it
Apart from this, there are many other
serves as the foundation on which all
techniques in order to measure the internet
measurement follows. Once a universe is
population and they are not efficient.
defined, it must be measured in its own
right.
There are three primary methods of Internet
audience measurement in use today, each
Next, a representative sample of
measurement having several variations.
universe members must be recruited. The
behavior from this sample will be projected
Measurement from a sample of users
to the previously described measured
who are metered (electronic measurement)
universe.

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The recruited sample must be

interviewed to capture personal and
household level demographic characteristics
for subsequent analysis.

The sample must also be installed

with the electronic measurement system,
typically the meter. Once meters are
installed, a series of edit rules must be
developed and applied to the data that is
returned to the central office. These edit
rules determine which respondents are
reliably returning usage data.

The last step is to weight the sample
to correct any demographic biases in the
installed, in-tab sample versus the universe
estimates, and then project the weighted
sample to the universe.
DNS Survey: This method had a great
survey on DNS (Domain Name System)
database, and counts the unique names of
computers appearing on it. Also it gathers
DNS records from remote sites, and looks
into them. The DNS structure is below.
Fig.3.Domain Name System Tree
In Fig. 3, each node stands for a domain.
There are sub-domains under a domain. For
example, jp domain has ac, co, ne, hokkaido,
etc. as sub-domains. The primary function of
DNS is to convert a domain name IP
address. To convert a name to its IP address,
a host name is represented. FQDN is a
single-word hostname followed by full
domain names which is used to convert the
name represented. It can identify a unique
host name anywhere in the world. If the
name is properly given to DNS, you can get
the answer.IP address is found in the server,
it asks other servers to look for the address.
The process is repeated recursively. It
gathers all the DNS databases in the world

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and utilizes a function of DNS, called zone
transfer, which gives all the records in a
DNS server to the requester.
Transferring domain database is originally
intended to be used by other name servers.
These name servers work as the secondary,
or backup server for the name server. Thus,
it is safe to limit the access of domain data
from unauthorized
hosts.
The method we tried first is what RIPE
Coordination Centre uses to count hosts in
Europe. Japan Network Information Center
(JPNIC) also uses it to count hosts in Japan.
The program transfers the zone file from the
name server (DNS) of the top domain, jp.
Then, it looks at the name server record (NS
record), to recursively transfer zone files for
the sub domains. In this way, the whole
DNS tree can be traversed. Although this
method is very simple and efficient and also
efficient, there is a limitation. Some of the
name servers refuse to transfer zone files.It
is for security and safety measures.These
servers allow zone transfer only to trusted
networks or hosts, such as secondary servers
which work as backup for that particular
domain.
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Disadvantages:
This technique seems to be very simple and
easy to calculate but the major disadvantage
in this is, Recently, some sites refused to
allow DNS records to be transferred. They
refused the transfer, because of some illegal
intruders. Since this security issue is serious,
the zone transfer would be refused by many
sites. Because of security context this
method is sometimes not much affordable.
Because sometimes hackers may hack the
Domain Name Server records to gather the
information for their advantage.
Reverse pointer:
Reverse pointer is another internet
measurement technique. The reverse pointer
is a Domain Name System record stored in
the database which will give a map from an
IP address to host name. It starts counting
hosts with the IP address. There is a DNS
record in the database which gives a
mapping from an IP address to a host name.
The record is called a reverse pointer. This
method sometimes also can be called as
Reverse mapping because of the fact that it
is following an opposite direction of
conversion method which is quite opposite
to the functionality of Domain Name
System. If an IP address is successfully
translated to a name, it is counted as a host.
Liverpool John Moores University
Advantage: They don’t have to transfer zone
information. When converting an IP address
into hostname this method does not transfer
zone information. That is a safety
measurement for this method.
Disadvantages:
If an IP address is assigned to a user
independently irrespective of
geographical location, network topology we
cannot be able to determine which addresses
are used in different regions and region
names. If this is the case we need to consult
the IP address database in that specific and
particular region to recognize the range of IP
addresses to be count. A host does not
always have reverse translation back to their
domain especially when a translated name is
outside of the domain we are counting, it
affects the result.
Primitive Method: A primitive method is to
count hosts by sending ICMP ECHO to
every possible hosts. This method counts the
hostnames by sending an ICMP ECHO
command to every possible destination.
ICMP ECHO is a packet which is sent to all
destinations. The command used is ping
command.Target hosts can be a subset of the
target domain. More practical method that
is to count hosts by transferring zone data of
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the past 30 days", especially if the most
recent visit occurred within the past 45 days.
At the same time, these large-scale surveys
are very valuable devices for understanding
the composition of audiences at certain
kinds of sites. Good targeting objectives can
be set up (e.g., high-income professionals
contemplating purchasing a new luxury car
their
in the next 12 months). These surveys are
often the best solutions for inter-media
comparisons as well, helping planners
understand how various Internet media
properties fill in a campaign built from
traditional media.
Measurement Methodology:
Measurement or the analysis of peer
behaviour in P2P sharing systems, we set
up a client node. Gnutella protocol is
publicly available, there are a number of
client implementations. To perform the
measurements in the Gnutella network, we
modify the open-source of it. Gnutella client
Mutella [Mut04], to record a trace of all
Gnutella messages routed through the node.
Internet Protocol Version 4:
IPv4 is the most widely used version of the
Internet Protocol. It defines IP addresses in a
32-bit format, which looks like
123.123.123.123. Each three-digit section
Liverpool John Moores University

can include a number from 0 to 255, which IP uses the address to express two aspects of
means the total number of IPv4 addresses a connected device.
available is 4,294,967,296.
The identity of this device
i.e,(256 x 256 x 256 x 256 or 2^32).
The location within the network where this
Assessment of crisis in terms of IP
device can be reached
addressing:
The actual version of IP address architecture
Internet addressing is not only a single link
used the endpoint identity to allow devices
into the topic but it also the central
to refer to each other in end-to-end
importance to the internet.A host only has a
application transactions. The address was
single link into the network when IP host
further structured into two fields a network
and the physical link is called an interface.
identifier and a host identifier within that
Each computer or device connected to the
network. The first incarnation of this address
Internet must have a unique IP address in
architecture used a division at the first octet
order to communicate with each other on the
i.e, 8 bits were the network number and the
Internet.The number of systems connected
following 24 bits were the host identifier.
to the Internet is quickly approaching the
The underlying assumption was one of
number of available IP addresses.
deployment across a small number of very
IPv4 addresses are predicted to run out soon. large local networks.
When you consider that there are over 6
There are 5 different types of classes were
billion people in the world and many people
characterized to provide sufficient IP
have more than one system connected to the
addresses. The classes are A, B, C, D, E in
internet.
which A, B, C having different lengths to
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the identify network field. The remaining part of
fourth development in the field of the the address is used to recognize a host of a
Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first network.
version of the protocol that is to be widely
A quarter of the remaining space used a
deployed. It is a data-oriented protocol to be
16/16-bit split, defining the Class B space. A
used on a packet switched internetwork.
further eighth of the remaining space was
divided using a 24/8-bit structure (allowing

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for 2,031,616 networks, each with up to 256

hosts), termed the Class C space.

The remaining eighth of the space was held

in reserve.

Addressing in IPv4:

However, some are reserved for special

purposes such as private networks or
multicast addresses. This reduces
number of addresses that can be allocated as
public internet addresses. This limitation has
helped stimulate the push towards IPv6,
which is currently in the early stages of
deployment and is currently the only
contender to replace IPv4.
the
Fig:5. Web Browser during the year 2009
Assessments of crisis of IPv4 in terms of
Time scale:
Some of the recent predictions for the IPv4
exhaustion dates are:
This report is auto-generated by a daily
script.

The graph below is showing the deployment

Fig:4. Web Server during the year 2009
on the time scale.

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Graph:3
Graph:1
The current status of the IPv4 space is:
The graph below shows the exhaustion date
of IPv4 on timescale basis by Geoff huston:

Graph:2

Fig:6. Status of IPv4 Space

The below graph shows the exhaustion date
by Tony hain of Cisco systems. Draw Back:

One major drawback with the IPV4 is there

are lots of addresses are being wasted
because of classification of IP address
distribution.

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Use Of Published Evidence And Opinion:

There are three stages in address allocation.

The pool of IP addresses is managed by the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA). Blocks of addresses are allocated to
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), who in
turn allocate smaller blocks to Local Internet
Graph:4
Registries (LIRs) or Internet Service
Providers(ISPs). This status can be further categorized per
RIR, as shown in below
Any individual IPv4 address can be in any
one of five states
reserved for special use, or
part of the IANA unallocated address pool,
part of the unassigned pool held by an RIR,
assigned to an end user entity but not
advertised in the routing system, or
assigned and advertised in BGP.The current
totals of IP addresses according to this set of
states is shown below

Graph:5

Exhaustion will occur on all continents at

the same time, as all registries follow similar
allocation policies, with for about 12 to 18
months stock allocated at each request. Only
specific organizations that requested

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addresses in the pre-CIDR or pre-RIR eras
possibly have significant unused address
space remaining.
As of September 2007 we have some 18
percent of the unallocated IPv4 address pool
remaining with the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA), and 68 percent
has already been allocated to the Regional
Internet Registries (RIRs) and through the
RIRs to Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
and end users. The remaining 14 percent of
the IPv4 address space is reserved for
private use, multicast, and special purposes.
It has taken more than two decades of
Internet growth to expend this initial four-
fifths of the address space, so why shouldn't
it take a further decade to consume what
remains.
small for most campuses. The general use of
class B address blocks was an
uncomfortable compromise between
consuming too much address space and
consuming too many routing slots through
address fragmentation.
It should be noted that "applications"
include general connectivity between
devices on the Internet, as some devices
only have an IPv6 address allocated.
On June 26, 2007, the Asia-Pacific Network
Information Centre (APNIC), the RIR for
the Pacific and Asia, endorsed a statement
by the Japan Network Information Center
(JPNIC) that to continue the expansion and
development of the Internet a move towards
an IPv6-based Internet is advised.

As of September 2008, Geoff Huston of

At this point the various predictive models
APNIC predicts with detailed simulations an
come into play, because the history of the
exhaustion of the unallocated IANA pool in
Internet has not been a uniformly steady
February 2011.Tony Hain of networking
model. The Internet began in the 1980s very
equipment manufacturer Cisco Systems
quietly; the first round of explosive growth
predicts the exhaustion date to be around
in demand was in the early 1990s as the
November 2010. After the IANA pool
Internet was adopted by the academic and
exhaustion, during 11 months each
research sector. At the time, the address
individual regional Internet registry (RIR)
architecture used a model where class A
will be able to supply with their last
networks (or a /8) were extremely large, the
assigned addresses.
class B networks (/16) were also too large,
and the class C networks (/24) were too

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These dates lie within a depreciation time of  Payload length

five to ten years of network equipment that  Next header
is currently being acquired.  Hop limit
 Source and destination addresses
Less than three years until the first RIR
 Data
exhaustion is a short time for the entire
industry to transition to IPv6. This situation
is aggravated by the fact that until
exhaustion there will be no significant
demand. David Conrad, the general manager
of IANA acknowledges, "I suspect we are
actually beyond a reasonable time frame
where there won't be some disruption. Now
it's more a question of how much." Geoff
Huston claims we should have started the
transition to IPv6 much earlier, such that by
the exhaustion date it would be completed,
with all devices IPv6-capable, and IPv4
getting phased out.
Fig:7 IPV6 Datagram Format

IPV6 Deployment:
The IPv6 is the newer version of the internet

The IPv6 data gram format is shown in the protocol. IPv6 is the longer-term outcome

following figure.The most important which has been developed to overcome the

changes introduced in IPv6 are evident in it. difficulties occurred due to IPv4.

The 32-bit data gram format consists of the IPv6 Addressing:

following options. The address length has been increased

significantly to expand the available address
 Version space. The IPv6 address is 128 bits (or 16
 Traffic class bytes) long, which is four times as long as
 Flow label its predecessor.

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Because every single bit of added address
length doubles the number of addresses
available, the size of the IPv6 address space
is really huge. It contains 2^128 which is
about 340 billion billion billion billion
different addresses which definitely should
suffice for a very long time. Addresses are
written using 32 hexadecimal digits. The
digits are arranged into 8 groups of four to
improve the readability. There are different
types of IPv6 addresses Unicast, Anycast
and Multicast. Unicast addresses are the
well known addresses. A packet sent to a
unicast address arrives exactly at the
interface belonging to the address. Anycast
addresses are syntactically indistinguishable
from unicast addresses but they address a
group of interfaces. The packet destined for
an anycast address will arrive at the nearest
interface. Anycast addresses may only be
used by routers. Multicast addresses identify
a group of interfaces. A packet destined for
a multicast address will arrive at all
interfaces belonging to the multicast group.
IPv6 provides the following benefits
Larger address space for global reach
ability.
Simplified header for routing efficiency and
performance.
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Deeper hierarchy and policies for network
architecture flexibility.
Efficient support for routing and route
aggregation.
Server less auto configuration, easier
renumbering, multi homing, and improved
plug and play support vi)Security with
mandatory IP Security (IPSec) support for
all IPv6 devices.
Improved support for Mobile IP and mobile
computing devices (direct-path). .
Enhanced multicast support with increased
addresses and efficient mechanism.
IPv6 Deployment Strategies:
The key strategies used in deploying IPv6 at
the edge of a network involve carrying IPv6
traffic over the IPv4 network, allowing
isolated IPv6 domains to communicate with
each other before the full transition to a
native IPv6 backbone. It is also possible to
run IPv4 and IPv6 throughout the network,
from all edges through the core, or to
translate between IPv4 and IPv6 to allow
hosts communicating in one protocol to
communicate transparently with hosts
running the other protocol. All techniques
allow networks to be upgraded and IPv6
deployed incrementally with little to no
disruption of IPv4 services.
Liverpool John Moores University
The four key strategies for deploying IPv6
are as follows:
Deploying IPv6 over IPv4 tunnels: These
tunnels encapsulate the IPv6 traffic within
the IPv4 packets, and are primarily for
communication between isolated IPv6 sites
or connection to remote IPv6 networks over
an IPv4 backbone. The techniques include
using manually configured tunnels, generic
routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnels,
semiautomatic tunnel mechanisms such as
tunnel broker services, and fully automatic
tunnel mechanisms such as IPv4-compatible
and 6to4.
Deploying IPv6 over dedicated data links:
This technique enables isolated IPv6
domains to communicate by using the same
Layer 2 infrastructure as for IPv4, but with
IPv6 using separate Frame Relay or ATM
PVCs, separate optical links, or dense Wave
Division Multiplexing (dWDM).
Deploying IPv6 over MPLS backbones:
This technique allows isolated IPv6 domains
to communicate with each other, but over an
MPLS IPv4 backbone. Multiple techniques
are available at different points in the
network, but each requires little change to
the backbone infrastructure
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reconfiguration of the core routers because
forwarding is based on labels rather than the
IP header itself. .
Deploying IPv6 using dual-stack backbones:
This technique allows IPv4 and IPv6
applications to coexist in a dual IP layer
routing backbone. All routers in the network
need to be upgraded to be dual-stack with
IPv4 communication using the IPv4 protocol
stack and IPv6 communication using the
IPv6 stack.
Comparitive Analysis Of IPV6 Major
Deployment Paths:
The following sections provide further
information on IPv6 deployment strategies
and protocol
translation mechanisms:
 Deploying IPv6 over IPv4 Tunnels
 Deploying IPv6 over Dedicated Data
Links
 Deploying IPv6 over MPLS
Backbones
 Deploying IPv6 Using Dual-Stack
Backbones
 Protocol Translation Mechanisms
or
Liverpool John Moores University
Tunneling is the encapsulation of IPv6
traffic within IPv4 packets so that they can
be sent over an IPv4 backbone, allowing
isolated IPv6 end systems and routers to
communicate without the need to upgrade
the IPv4 infrastructure that exists between
them. Tunneling is one of the key
deployment strategies for both service
providers and enterprises during the period
of IPv4 and IPv6 coexistence. Tunneling
allows service providers to offer an end-to-
end IPv6 service without major upgrades to
the infrastructure and without impacting
current IPv4 services.
Fig:8. Tunneling
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Assessment Of Deployment Paths
Including Time Scale:
In the beginning of the 1990s, the IETF, the
organisation that develops the Internet
standards, started work on the successor of
the Internet Protocol (IP). IP is the protocol
that makes it possible for data packets to
travel over the Internet from one attached
computer to another. A decade later, the
specifications for the new standard (named
IP version 6, or IPv6) are almost, but still
not quite, complete. the most important
milestones in the IPv6 standardisation
process. In 1992: IETF issues Call for IPng
proposals. The IETF started its effort to
select a successor to IPv4 in late 1990 when
projections indicated that the Internet
address space would become an increasingly
limited resource. This looming lack IP
address space was from the very beginning
the most important driving force behind the
development of IPv6. In July 1992, the IETF
issued a Call for Proposals for a next-
generation Internet Protocol, to solve the
address space problem. Several proposals
sprung up, with a wide range in
revolutionariness. Late 1993, the IETF
formed the IP (IP next generation) Area
(later transformed into the IPng Working
Group to investigate the various proposals
and recommend how to proceed. This IETF
Liverpool John Moores University

Area produced an IPng technical criteria 1998: RFC-2460 - Internet Protocol, Version
document, RFC 1726 that was used in order 6 (IPv6) specification
to evaluate the three remaining proposals. It took until December 1998 for the RFC-
The main criteria named in this process are: 1883 based specifications to evolve into
-Architectural simplicity (don't include RFC 2460 (and accompanying RFCs), an
functions into IP that are better located IETF "Draft Standard", one step further on
elsewhere) the way to the status of "Internet Standard".
- Scale At the moment, the IPv6 specification is still
- Performance incomplete: some parts that need to be
- Transition specified in accompanying documents are
- Configuration ease not yet finished. There is still considerable
- Security discussion, especially about the IPv6
- Service classes addressing architecture.
In RFC 1752 the then remaining IPng 2001: First commercials IPv6 offerings
proposals were evaluated. One of the Only very recently Cisco Systems, the
proposals(SIPP), with a number of world’s largest maker of data networking
modifications, including the doubling of the equipment, announced a range of software
proposed address length from 64 to 128 bits, for its routers using IPv6. It will be available
was chosen as a basis for IPng. at the end of May. Microsoft only expects
1995: RFC-1883 -- Internet Protocol, full commercial support for IPv6 in its
Version 6 (IPv6) specification Windows operating system in 2002. Japan’s
Based on SIPP, RFC 1883 was the first NTT was the first service provider to offer
specification carrying the name IPv6. This commercial IPv6 services, undoubtedly
specification has the IETF status of pushed by the Japanese government, which
"Proposed Standard". Accompanying and pledged to adopt IPv6 by 2005. Zama
following this specification, several other Networks, based in Seattle, was the first
RFC's were issued, specifying the IPv6 U.S. service provider to offer commercial
addressing architecture, changes to related IPv6 services, starting operations in the
protocols, network autoconfiguration, spring of 2001. The IETF is supposed to be
security and IPv4-IPv6 transition able to quickly find working solutions to
mechanisms. engineering problems. But the problems are:

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Proliferation of requirements:Some say that so despised by IETF regulars, seeped in with

the IPv6 standard has become too representatives from hardware vendors. In
widespread and too complicated. This would other words, have people from other
presume that the expectations or backgrounds than usual at earlier IETF
requirements for the next-generation IP processes causes the retardation.
protocol have been extending during the
standardisation process. Obviously, when These are the problems and issues that deals
extra requirements are constantly added with the deployment of IPv6 on the
during the process, the destination will never timescale.
be reached.

No time pressure:Seeing that the first

commercials products supporting the IPv6
standard have only come out recently, it
seems reasonable to assume that there has
been little pressure on the IPng working
group to make haste. After all, the IPv4
address space is expected to suffice at least
until 2005. Even though products are
available now, vendors have seen almost no
interest from their enterprise customers.

Academics and other “outsiders”: Has the

openness of the IETF meetings and
procedures given too much opportunity to
relative outsiders,
especially from academia, to interfere in the
process, nit-pick on details and try to make
the protocol of a universal quality, opposed
to the usual IETF motto of “rough consensus
and running code”? Have political motives,

Computer Networks
Liverpool John Moores University

References:

Coffey, Steve. 1998. Internet Advertising Bureau. America : American Academy Of Advertising,
1998.

Geoff .Huston andTelstra ,”the internet protocol” journal—volume-6,number—4.

James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross. 2010. Computer Nertworks - ATop Down Approach. s.l. :
Pearson Edition, 2010.

http://royal.pingdom.com/2010/01/22/internet-2009-in-numbers/

Geoff. Huston “IPv4 Address Depletion”, The Internet Protocol Journal - Volume 10, No. 3, at
APNIC meeting in NEWDELHI.

Current status of IPV4 address,http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html

http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm

JPNIC releases statement on IPv4

consumption, About IPv4 address
IPV4 Exhaustion counter,
exhaustion in Internet Registries,
http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.htm
http://www.apnic.net/news/2007/0626.html
l

ARIN Board Advises Internet Community

on Migration to IPv6 Mon, 21 May
2007,http://www.arin.net/announcements/20
070521.html

Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre

(APNIC) (2007-06-26). "JPNIC releases
statement on IPv4 consumption”

Internet protocol journal,by tony hain of

cisco systems.

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Liverpool John Moores University

Computer Networks