BIO 105 Course Objectives 1

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Biology 105

Instructor: Kathy Mann, PT

Text: Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care
Martini, Bartholomew, and Bledsoe (2008)

Course Instructional Objectives

Chapter One – Anatomic Definitions

1. Define anatomy, physiology, and pathological physiology

2. Name the organ systems of the body
3. Define homeostasis and give an example of a typical homeostatic mechanism
4. Describe the anatomical position
5. Describe the sagittal, midsagittal, transverse, and frontal planes
6. Use proper terminology to describe the location of body parts with respect to one another
7. Name the body cavities, their membranes, and identify organs found within each cavity
8. Explain the four abdominopelvic quadrants and identify organs found within each quadrant
9. Identify the nine abdominoplevic regions and locate organs found within each region
10. Identify and explain the levels of organization of the body
11. Describe the location of pleural membranes, pericardial membranes, and the perineum-mesentery

Chapter Two & Three – Chemical Level of Organization and Cell Structure and Function

1. Define matter, element, atom, proton, neutron, and electron

2. Using symbols, identify some common elements in the body
3. Describe the function of DNA, RNA, and ATP
4. Name the molecules that comprise the cell membrane and its arrangement
5. State the functions of the proteins in the cell membrane
6. Define cytoplasm and explain how the cell membrane regulates the cytoplasm
7. Explain isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions and their effects on cells
8. Describe the function of the cellular organelles
9. Define the following cellular transport mechanisms: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active
transport

Chapter Four – The Tissue Level of Organization

1. Describe the four major categories of tissues; give characteristics of each; provide examples within the
body of each; and explain the function of each

Chapter Five – Integumentary System

1. State the functions of the integumentary system

2. Name the two layers of the skin
3. State the location and function of the stratum corneum and the stratum germinativum, melanocytes, and
melanin
4. Describe the function of hair, nails, the secretions of sebaceous glands,apocrine glands, and eccrine
sweat glands
5. Describe how the arterioles in the dermis respond the heat, cold, and stress
6. Name the tissues that make up the subcutaneous tissue and describe their functions

Chapter Six – Skeletal System

1. Describe the function of the skeleton

2. Explain how bones are classified and give an example of each
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3. Describe how the embryonic skeleton is replaced by bone
4. Explain the relationship between bone growth and stress; hormones; and nutrients
5. Identify the two major subdivisions of the skeleton and list the bones in each area
6. Explain how the joints are classified and give examples of each
7. Describe the parts of a synovial joint and explain their function

Chapter Seven – Muscular System

1. Describe muscle structure in terms of muscle cell organization

2. Describe the difference between antagonistic and synergistic muscles
3. Identify the energy sources for muscle contraction
4. Explain the importance of hemoglobin, myoglobin, oxygen debt and lactic acid with respect to muscular
function
5. Describe the neuromuscular junction and explain the function of each part
6. Describe the structure of a sarcomere
7. Describe the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

Chapter Eight – Nervous System

1. Name the divisions of the nervous system and state the general functions of each
2. Name the parts of a neuron and the function of each
3. Explain the importance of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and neuroglia in the central
nervous system
4. Describe the electrical nerve impulse and impulse transmission at the synapse
5. Describe the types of neurons, nerve, and nerve tracts
6. explain the importance of stretch reflexes, flexors reflexes, and a reflex arc
7. State the functions of the parts of the brain and locate each part
8. Name the meninges and point out their locations
9. State the functions of cerebrospinal fluid

Chapter Nine – The General and Special Systems

1. Explain the general purposes of sensations

2. Name the parts of the sensory pathway and the general functions of each part
3. Describe the characteristics of sensations
4. Explain referred pain and its importance to out of hospital care
5. Describe the pathways for the senses of smell and taste and explain how these senses are interrelated
6. Name the parts of the eye and explain their function in sight
7. Name the parts of the ear and their function in hearing
8. Describe the physiology of equilibrium

Chapter Ten – Endocrine System

1. Define endocrine glands, exocrine glands, hormone, and prostaglandin

2. Identify the primary endocrine glands and list the major hormones secreted by each
3. Explain the roles of positive and negative feedback mechanisms in hormone secretion
4. Describe the relationship between parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
5. Describe the relationship between insulin and glucagon
6. Explain what prostaglandins are made of and state some of their functions
7. Explain how protein hormones and steroid hormones are believed to exert their effects
8. Discuss the relevance of understanding the function and structure of the endocrine system to conditions
commonly found in the field

Chapter Eleven, Twelve, & Thirteen – Circulatory System: Blood, Heart, and Blood Vessels & Circulation

1. Explain polarization, depolarization, and repolarization in terms of ions and charges

2. Describe the functions of blood
3. List the formed elements of blood and their functions
4. Identify the hemopoietic tissues and explain the lifecycle of RBC
5. Explain the ABO and Rh blood types
6. Identify the types of white blood cells and their functions
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7. Explain the process of blood clotting
8. Identify the chambers of the heart and the vessels that enter and leave each
9. Identify the valves of the heart and their function and relationship to heart sounds
10. Trace the pathway of a blood cell throughout the body
11. Describe basic coronary circulation
12. Describe the cardiac conduction system and its relationship to a normal electrocardiogram (ECG)
13. Describe the structure and function of the blood vessels (arteries; veins; and capillaries)
14. Define blood pressure and state the normal ranges for the systolic and diastolic indices

Chapter Fourteen – Lymphatic and Immune System

1. Describe the functions of the lymphatic system

2. Describe the system of lymph vessels and explain how lymph is returned to the blood
3. Identify the location of lymph node and their function
4. Identify the location and function of the spleen
5. Define humoral and cell mediated immunity
6. Compare and contrast the function of B cells and T cells
7. Explain the role of the thymus in immunity
8. Explain how vaccinations work
9. Explain how microorganisms are names and classified
10. Describe the distribution of and the benefits of normal flora
11. Explain what is meant by infectious disease
12. List different methods by which infectious diseases are spread
13. List some important infectious diseases found in prehospital care

Chapter Fifteen – Respiratory System

1. State the general function of the respiratory system

2. State the pathway of the respiratory system including nasal cavities, pharynx, and larynx
3. State the function of the turbinates in the nasal cavities
4. Describe the structure and function of the larynx and the speaking mechanism
5. State the roles of the visceral and parietal pleura in respiration
6. State the changes in air pressure within the thoracic cavity during respiration
7. Explain the diffusion of gases in external and internal respiration
8. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood
9. Explain the nervous and chemical mechanisms that regulate respiration
10. Discuss the relevance of understanding the function and structure of the respiratory system to condition
commonly found in the field

Chapter Sixteen – Digestive System

1. Describe the general function of the digestive system and name the major divisions
2. Identify the accessory organs of digestion
3. Explain the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion
4. Describe the structure and function of the teeth and tongue
5. Explain the function of saliva
6. Describe the location and function of the pharynx and esophagus
7. List and describe the four layers of the alimentary canal
8. Describe the difference in absorption between the small and large intestine
9. Describe the function of the normal flora in the colon
10. Define peristalsis and chime
11. Describe the functions and types of sugars, fats, and proteins
12. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts

Chapter Seventeen & Eighteen – Nutrition & Metabolism and Urinary System

1. State the normal range of body temperature

2. Define metabolism, catabolism, anabolism, basal metabolic rate, kilo-calories, and glomerular filtration
rate
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3. State the different ways heat is generated and lost in the body
4. State why the hypothalamus is the thermostat of the body
5. State what the products of cell respiration are and how the body disposes of them
6. Describe the metabolic roles of fats, glucose, and proteins
7. Describe the water compartments, the name for the water in each, and the importance of water
8. Explain how water moves between the compartments
9. Explain how water is taken in by the body and exits the body
10. Describe the location and general function of each organ in the urinary system
11. Name the parts of a nephron
12. Describe how the kidneys function in maintaining normal blood volume and pressure
13. Describe how the kidneys help to maintain normal blood pH and electrolyte balance
14. Explain pH and state normal pH ranges in body fluids
15. Explain how a buffer system resists major pH changes
16. State the hormones that affect kidney function
17. Describe the characteristics of normal urine
18. Explain the interaction between capillary blood pressure and blood proteins

Chapter Nineteen & Twenty – Reproductive System and Development & Inheritance

1. Define the following: diploid, haploid, gametes, endometrium, genetic disease, homologous
chromosomes, autosomes, sex chromosomes, genes, alleles, genotype, hemotype, homozygous, and
heterozygous
2. Describe the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis
3. Name the hormones necessary for the formation of gametes
4. List the essential and accessory reproductive organs of the male and female and give the general
function of each
5. Identify and describe the structures that constitute external genitals in both sexes
6. Name the parts of a sperm cell
7. Briefly describe the life cycle of an oocyte
8. Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in hormone levels and the condition of the endometrium
9. Beginning with fertilization, describe the major developmental changes during gestation
10. Describe the structure and function of the placenta and umbilical cord
11. Describe the difference between fetal circulation/respiration and adult circulation/respiration
12. Describe the stages of labor
13. Describe the major changes that take place in an infant at birth
14. Explain how genes can cause disease
15. Discuss the difference between dominant and recessive traits
16. List some important genetic diseases