SECTION 8.

4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS ❙❙❙❙ 1

|||| 8.4 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

A Click here for answers. S Click here for solutions.

1–18 |||| Write out the form of the partial fraction decomposition 7 1 6x  5
25. y dx 26. y 2x  3 dx
of the function (as in Example 7). Do not determine the numerical 3 x  1x  2
values of the coefficients.
1 3 6x 2  5x  3
3 5 27. y xx  12x  3 dx 28. y dx
1. 2. 2 x 3  2x 2  3x
2x  3x  1 2x 2  3x  2
1 x 18  2x  4x 2
x 2  9x  12 z 2  4z 29. y dx 30. yx dx
3. 4. 0 x  4x  4
2 3
 4x 2  x  6
3x  1x  62 3z  53z  2
dx dx
1 x4  x3  x2  x  1 31. y x  1x  2x  3 32. y xx  12x  3
5. 6.
x4  x3 x3  x
3x 2  6x  2 1 x3
x2  1 x 3  4x 2  2 33. y 2x dx 34. y dx
7. 2 8. 3
 3x 2  x 0 x 1
2
x 1 x 2  1x 2  2
2 x2  3 3x 2  4x  5
x1 7 35. y dx 36. y x  1x dx
9. 2 10. 1 x 3  2x 2
 1
x  2x 2x 2  5x  12
2t 3  t 2  3t  1 x4
1 x 2  3x  4 37. y dt 38. yx dx
11. 12. t 2  1t 2  2 4
1
x  1x  2 2x  1 22x  3
2x 3  x 1 x1
x3  x2 1 39. yx dx 40. y dx
13. 14. 6 4
 x2  1 0 x 2  2x  2
x  65x  33 x  x3
1 x 12 4x 2  5x  7
19x x3  x2  1 41. y dx 42. y dx
15. 16. 0 x x1
2
12 4x 2  4x  5
x  134x 2  5x  32 x 4  x 3  2x 2
3x 3  x 2  6x  4 2 sin x  3 cos x
3  11x 43. y dx 44. y sin x  3 sin x  2 dx
17. x 2  1x 2  2 2
x  23x 2  12x 2  5x  72
sin x cos 2 x x 2  7x  6
x4 45. y dx 46. y x  1x dx
18. 5  cos 2 x 2
 4x  7
x  93
2

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
4x  1
47. y x  3x dx
2
 6x  12
19 – 51 |||| Evaluate the integral.
x 2
y x1
19. y x  1 dx 20. y y  2 dy 48. y x dx
2
 x  2

x2  1 2 x 3  x 2  12x  1 3x 4  2x 3  20x 2  5x  34
21. y dx 22. y dx 49. y dx
x2  x 0 x 2  x  12 x  1x 2  42

3 1 4 4x  1 8x x2  1
23. y dx 24. y dx 50. y x dx 51. y x dx
2 x  x 2  2x
3
2 x  1x  2 2
 4 3 3
 3x2
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
2 ❙❙❙❙ SECTION 8.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Answers

E Click here for exercises. S Click here for solutions.

A B Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
1. + 18. + +
2x + 3 x−1 x2 + 9 (x2 + 9)2 (x2 + 9)3
2
A B 19. 12 x − x + ln |x + 1| + C
2. +
2x + 1 x−2
20. y − 2 ln |y + 2| + C
A B C
3. + + (x − 1)2
3x − 1 x+6 (x + 6)2 21. x + ln +C
|x|

4.
A
+
B
+
C
+
D 22. 2 + 17 ln 29
3z + 5 (3z + 5)2 (3z + 5)3 z+2
23. 12 ln 2 − 12 ln 3 + 16 ln 5
A B C D
5. + 2 + 3 + 24. ln 81
x x x x−1 8

25. 13 ln 52
A B C
6. x + 1 + + +
x x+1 x−1 26. 3x − 7 ln |2x + 3| + C

A B 27. 13 ln |x| − ln |x + 1| + 23 ln |2x + 3| + C

7. 1 + +
x−1 x+1
28. 4 ln 6 − 3 ln 5
Ax + B Cx + D 29. ln 32 − 13
8. + 2
x2 + 1 x +2
30. ln |x − 1| − 2 ln |x + 2| − 3 ln |x + 3| + C
A B
9. + 1 |(x − 1) (x − 3)|
x x+2 31. ln +C
2 (x − 2)2
A B
10. + 32. 13 ln |x| − ln |x + 1| + 23 ln |2x + 3| + C
2x − 3 x+4
33. 2 ln |x| − ln |x − 1| + 12 ln |2x − 1| + C
A B
11. +
x−1 x+2 34. 12 (1 − ln 2)

A B C 35. 54 ln 2
12. + +
2x − 1 (2x − 1)2 2x + 3 √
2
36. (x − 1) + ln x2 + 1 − 3 tan−1 x + C
A B C D
2 
2   
13. + + 2 + −1
x−6 5x + 3 (5x + 3) (5x + 3)3 37. 12 ln t + 1 + 12 ln t + 2 − √1 tan 1
√ t +C
2 2
 
Ex + F 
x − 1 1 
A B C
+ 2 + 3 +
D
+ 2 38. x + 14 ln  − tan−1 x + C
14.
x x x x−1 x +x+1 x + 1 2

4 2

A B C 39. 12 ln x − x + 1 + C
15. + +
x−1 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)3 40. 12 ln 52 − 2 tan
−1
2 + π2
Dx + E Fx + G √
+ + 41. ln 3− π
√
4x2 + 5x + 3 (4x2 + 5x + 3)2 6 3

42. 1 + 18 ln 2 + 3π
A B Cx + D 32
16. + 2 + 2  
x x x +x+2
2  −1
√
43. 32 ln x + 1 − 3 tan x + 2 tan−1 1
√
2
x +C
A B C Dx + E  
17. + 2 + 3 + 44. ln sin x − 3 sin x + 2 + C
2
x−2 (x − 2) (x − 2) x2 + 1
Fx + G Hx + I
+ +
2x2 + 5x + 7 (2x2 + 5x + 7)2
 SECTION 8.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS ❙❙❙❙ 3

√  
45. − cos x + 5 tan−1 √15 cos x + C
 

2
 5 −1 x−2
46. − ln |x + 1| + ln x − 4x + 7 + √ tan √ +C
3 3
 

2  2 −1 x+3
47. 13 ln |x − 3| − 16 ln x + 6x + 12 + √ tan √ +C
3 3
√  
x−3 2 7 −1 2x + 1
48. + tan √ +C
7 (x2 + x + 2) 49 7

2 

−1 1
49. 2 ln |x − 1| + 12 ln x + 4 − 12 tan 2
x

1 1

−1 1 2x
+ + tan 2
x + +C
2 (x2 + 4) 8 x2 + 4
2
50. − +C
(x2 + 4)2
1
51. − +C
3 (x3 + 3x)
4 ❙❙❙❙ SECTION 8.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Solutions

E Click here for exercises. A Click here for answers.

3 A B 19x A B
1. = + 15. = +
(2x + 3) (x − 1) 2x + 3 x−1 (x − 1)3 (4x2 + 5x + 3)2 x−1 (x − 1)2
C Dx + E Fx + G
+ + 2 +
5 5 A B (x − 1)3 4x + 5x + 3 (4x2 + 5x + 3)2
2. = = +
2x2 − 3x − 2 (2x + 1) (x − 2) 2x + 1 x−2

x2 + 9x − 12 A B C x3 + x2 + 1 x3 + x2 + 1
16. = 2 2
3. 2 = + + x + x + 2x
4 3 2 x (x + x + 2)
(3x − 1) (x + 6) 3x − 1 x + 6 (x + 6)2
A B Cx + D
= + 2 + 2
z 2 − 4z A B x x x +x+2
4. = +
(3z + 5)3 (z + 2) 3z + 5 (3z + 5)2
C D 3 − 11x
+ 3 + 17.
(3z + 5) z +2 (x − 2)3 (x2 + 1) (2x2 + 5x + 7)2
A B C
1 1 = + +
5. = 3 =
A B C
+ 2 + 3 +
D x−2 (x − 2)2 (x − 2)3
x4 − x3 x (x − 1) x x x x−1 Dx + E Fx + G Hx + I
+ 2 + 2 +
x +1 2x + 5x + 7 (2x2 + 5x + 7)2
x4 + x3 − x2 − x + 1 1
6. =x+1+
x3 − x x (x + 1) (x − 1)
A B C x4 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
=x+1+ + + 18. = 2 + +
x x+1 x−1 (x2 + 9)3 x +9 (x2 + 9)2 (x2 + 9)3

x2 + 1 2 A B

 
7. =1+ =1+ + x2 1
x2 − 1 (x − 1) (x + 1) x−1 x+1 19. dx = x−1+ dx
x+1 x+1
x3 − 4x2 + 2 Ax + B Cx + D = 12 x2 − x + ln |x + 1| + C
8. = 2 + 2
(x2 + 1) (x2 + 2) x +1 x +2


 
x+1 A B y 2
9. = + 20. dy = 1− dy = y − 2 ln |y + 2| + C
x (x + 2) x x+2 y+2 y+2

7 A B
10. = + x2 + 1 x+1 1 2
(2x − 3) (x + 4) 2x − 3 x+4 21. =1+ =1− + , so
x2 − x x (x − 1) x x−1

2
1 A B x +1
11. = + dx = x − ln |x| + 2 ln |x − 1| + C
(x − 1) (x + 2) x−1 x+2 x2 − x
(x − 1)2
2 = x + ln +C
x + 3x − 4 A B C |x|
12. 2 = + 2 +
(2x − 1) (2x + 3) 2x − 1 (2x − 1) 2x +3

x3 + x2 − 12x + 1 1
x3 − x2 A B 22. =x+ 2
13. = + x2 + x − 12 x + x − 12
(x − 6) (5x + 3)3 x−6 5x + 3  
1 1 1 1
C D =x+ =x+ −
+ 2 +
(x − 3) (x + 4) 7 x−3 x+4
(5x + 3) (5x + 3)3
2 3
x + x2 − 12x + 1
So dx
x2 + x − 12
1 1 1 0
1 2 1 2
14. = 3 3 = 3
x6 − x3 x (x − 1) x (x − 1) (x2 + x + 1) = 2 x + 7 (ln |x − 3| − ln |x + 4|) 0
A B C D Ex + F =2+ 1
ln 29
= + 2 + 3 + + 2 7
x x x x−1 x +x+1
 SECTION 8.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS ❙❙❙❙ 5

1 1 6x2 + 5x − 3 A B C
23. = 28. = + + ⇒
+ x2 − 2x
x3 x (x + 2) (x − 1) x3 + 2x2 − 3x x x+3 x−1
A B C 6x2 + 5x − 3
= + +
x x+2 x−1 = A (x + 3) (x − 1) + B (x) (x − 1) + C (x) (x + 3)
⇒ 1 = A (x + 2) (x − 1) + Bx (x − 1) + Cx (x + 2). Set x = 0 to get A = 1, then take x = −3 to get B = 3, then
Setting x = 0 gives 1 = −2A, so A = − 12 . Setting x = −2 set x = 1 to get C = 2:

3
3
gives 1 = 6B, so B = 16 . Setting x = 1 gives 1 = 3C, so 6x2 + 5x − 3 1 3 2
dx = + + dx
C = 13 . Now 2 x + 2x − 3x
3 2
2 x x+3 x−1

3
1 = [ln x + 3 ln (x + 3) + 2 ln (x − 1)]32
dx
2 x + x − 2x
3 2
= (ln 3 + 3 ln 6 + 2 ln 2) − (ln 2 + 3 ln 5)

3 
−1/2 1/6 1/3 = 4 ln 6 − 3 ln 5
= + + dx
2 x x+2 x−1
 3
= − 12 ln |x| + 16 ln |x + 2| + 13 ln |x − 1| 2
x A B
= − 12 ln 3 + 1
ln 5 + 1
ln 2 + 1
ln 2 − 1
ln 4 − 1
ln 1 29. = + ⇒
6 3 2 6 3 x2 + 4x + 4 x+2 (x + 2)2
1 1 1
= 2
ln 2 − 2
ln 3 + 6
ln 5 x = A (x + 2) + B. Set x = −2 to get B = −2 and equate
coefficients of x to get A = 1. Then

1
1
4x − 1 A B x dx 1 2
24. = + ⇒ = − dx
(x − 1) (x + 2) x−1 x+2 0 x + 4x + 4
2
0 x+2 (x + 2)2
4x − 1 = A (x + 2) + B (x − 1) Take x = 1 to get  1
2
3 = 3A, then x = −2 to get −9 = −3B ⇒ A = 1, = ln (x + 2) +
x+2 0
B = 3. Now 2

4
4 = ln 3 + 3
− (ln 2 + 1) = ln 32 − 1
3
4x − 1 1 3
dx = + dx
2 (x − 1) (x + 2) 2 x−1 x+2
= [ln (x − 1) + 3 ln (x + 2)]42 18 − 2x − 4x2 18 − 2x − 4x2
30. =
x3 + 4x + x − 6
2 (x − 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)
= ln 3 + 3 ln 6 − ln 1 − 3 ln 4
A B C
= 4 ln 3 − 3 ln 2 = ln 81 = + + ⇒
8 x−1 x+2 x+3
2
18 − 2x − 4x =
1 A B A (x + 2) (x + 3) + B (x − 1) (x + 3) + C (x − 1) (x + 2).
25. = + ⇒
(x + 1) (x − 2) x+1 x−2 Set x = 1 to get A = 1. Now setting x = −2 gives B = −2,
1 = A (x − 2) + B (x + 1). Taking x = −1, then x = 2, and setting x = −3 gives C = −3. Then
gives A = − 13 , B = 13 . Hence

7
 18 − 2x − 4x2
dx
dx 1 7 1 1 x3 + 4x2 + x − 6
= − dx
 
3 (x + 1) (x − 2) 3 3 x−2 x+1 1 2 3
= − − dx
= 1
[ln |x − 2| − ln |x + 1|]73 x−1 x+2 x+3
3

= 1
(ln 5 − ln 8 − ln 1 + ln 4) = ln |x − 1| − 2 ln |x + 2| − 3 ln |x + 3| + C
3
1
= 3
ln 52
1 A B C


 31. = + + ⇒
6x − 5 14 (x − 1) (x − 2) 9x − 3 x−1 x−2 x−3
26. dx = 3− dx 1 = A (x − 2) (x − 3) + B (x − 1) (x − 3)
2x + 3 2x + 3
= 3x − 7 ln |2x + 3| + C + C (x − 1) (x − 2)
Set x = 1 to get A = 12 , and take x = 2 to get
1 A B C B = −1. Finally, setting x = 3 gives C = 12 . Now
27. = + + ⇒

x (x + 1) (2x + 3) x x+1 2x + 3 dx
1 = A (x + 1) (2x + 3) + B (x) (2x + 3) + C (x) (x + 1). (x − 1) (x − 2) (x − 3)

 
Set x = 0 to get A = 13 , take x = −1 to get B = −1, and 1/2 1 1/2
= − + dx
x−1 x−2 x−3
finally set x = − 32 , giving C = 43 . Now


 = 1
ln |x − 1| − ln |x − 2| + 1
ln |x − 3| + C
dx 1/3 1 4/3 2 2
= − + dx 1 |(x − 1) (x − 3)|
x (x + 1) (2x + 3) x x+1 2x + 3 = ln +C
= 1
ln |x| − ln |x + 1| + 2
ln |2x + 3| + C 2 (x − 2)2
3 3
6 ❙❙❙❙ SECTION 8.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

1 A B C 3x2 − 4x + 5 A Bx + C
32. = + + ⇒ 36. = + 2 ⇒
x (x + 1) (2x + 3) x x+1 2x + 3 (x − 1) (x2 + 1) x−1 x +1


1 = A (x + 1) (2x + 3) + B (x) (2x + 3) + C (x) (x + 1). 3x2 − 4x + 5 = A x2 + 1 + (Bx + C) (x − 1). Take
Set x = 0 to get A = 13 . Take x = −1 to get B = −1, and x = 1 to get 4 = 2A or A = 2. Now


finally setting x = − 32 gives C = 43 . Now (Bx + C) (x − 1) = 3x2 − 4x + 5 − 2 x2 + 1

dx = x2 − 4x + 3
x (x + 1) (2x + 3)

  Equating coefficients of x2 and then comparing the constant
1/3 1 4/3
= − + dx terms, we get B = 1 and C = −3. Hence,
x x+1 2x + 3


3x2 − 4x + 5 2 x−3
= 1
ln |x| − ln |x + 1| + 2
ln |2x + 3| + C dx = + dx
3 3 (x − 1) (x2 + 1) x−1 x2 + 1

x dx dx
= 2 ln |x − 1| + −3
x2 + 1 x2 + 1


= 2 ln |x − 1| + 12 ln x2 + 1 − 3 tan−1 x + C
3x2 − 6x + 2 A B C √
33. = + + ⇒ = ln (x − 1)2 + ln x2 + 1 − 3 tan−1 x + C
2x3 − 3x2 + x x x−1 2x − 1
3x2 − 6x + 2
= A (x − 1) (2x − 1) + B (x) (2x − 1) + C (x) (x − 1) 2t3 − t2 + 3t − 1 At + B Ct + D
37. = 2 + 2 ⇒
(t2 + 1) (t2 + 2) t +1 t +2
Setting x = 1 gives B = −1. Set x = 12 to get C = 1, and
set x = 0 to get A = 2. Then 2t3 − t2 + 3t − 1




= (At + B) t2 + 2 + (Ct + D) t2 + 1
3x2 − 6x + 2
dx
2x3 − 3x2 + x = (A + C) t3 + (B + D) t2 + (2A + C) t + (2B + D)

 
2 1 1 ⇒ A + C = 2, B + D = −1, 2A + C = 3, and
= − + dx
x x−1 2x − 1 2B + D = −1 ⇒ A = 1, C = 1, B = 0, and D = −1.


 
= 2 ln |x| − ln |x − 1| + 1
ln |2x − 1| + C 2t3 − t2 + 3t − 1 t t−1
2 Now dt = + dt
(t2 + 1) (t2 + 2) t2 + 1 t2 + 2
1 2t dt 1 2t dt dt
= + −
2 t +12 2 t +2
2 t2 + 2

3 

  
x3 x +x −x x = 12 ln t2 + 1 + 12 ln t2 + 2 − √12 tan−1 √12 t + C
34. = =x− 2 , so
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x +1


 √  

1
1
1 or 12 ln t2 + 1 t2 + 2 − 22 tan−1 √12 t + C
x3 x dx
dx = x dx −
0 x +1 0 x +1
2 2
0
 1 2 1 1 2 1 x4 1
= 2 x 0 − 2 1 du (where u = x2 + 1, du = 2x dx) 38. =1+ 4 and
u x4 −1 x −1
 2 1 1
= 12 − 12 ln u 1 = 12 − 12 ln 2 = 12 (1 − ln 2) =
x4 − 1 (x − 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1)
A B Cx + D
= + + 2 ⇒
x−1 x+1 x +1

2 
2 
1 = A (x + 1) x + 1 + B (x − 1) x + 1
x2 + 3 x2 + 3 A Bx + C
35. = = + 2 ⇒ + (Cx + D) (x − 1) (x + 1)
x + 2x
3 x (x2 + 2) x x +2

 Set x = 1 to get A = 1
and set x = −1 to get B = − 14 .
x2 + 3 = A x2 + 2 + (Bx + C) x 4
,

= (A + B) x2 + Cx + 2A ⇒ Now take x = 0 to get 1 = A − B − D = −D + 12 , so that

A + B = 1, C = 0, and 2A = 3 ⇒ A = 32 , B = − 12 , D = − 12 . Finally, equate the coefficients of x3 to get

and C = 0. Now C = 0. Now

2 2
2 


x +3 3/2 x4 dx 1/4 1/4 1/2
= −
x/2 = 1 + − − dx
dx dx x4 − 1 x−1 x+1 x2 + 1
1 x + 2x x2 + 2
3 x
1  
3
2 x − 1 1
= 2 ln x − 14 ln x2 + 2 1 = x + 14 ln   − tan−1 x + C
x + 1 2
3 1 3 1
= 2
ln 2 − 4
ln 6 − 2
ln 1 + 4
ln 3
3 1 1 1 4 2

3

= ln 2 − ln 2 − ln 3 − 0 +
2 4 4 4
ln 3 39. Let u = x − x + 1. Then du = 4x − 2x dx ⇒

3 

= 2 − 14 ln 2 = 54 ln 2 3
2x − x du 1  
dx = = 12 ln x4 − x2 + 1 + C
2
x −x +1
4 2 u


= 12 ln x4 − x2 + 1 + C
 SECTION 8.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS ❙❙❙❙ 7

1
x−1 2
44. Let u = sin x − 3 sin x + 2. Then
40. dx
0 x2 + 2x + 2

1
1 du = (2 sin x cos x − 3 cos x) dx, so
x+1 2

= dx − dx (2 sin x − 3) cos x du
0 x + 2x + 2
2
0 x + 2x + 2
2 dx = = ln |u| + C

1 sin2 x − 3 sin x + 2 u

1  2 
= 12 ln x2 + 2x + 2 0 − 2
dx = ln sin x − 3 sin x + 2 + C
2
0 (x + 1) + 1
  45. Let u = cos x, then du = − sin x dx ⇒
set u = x2 + 2x + 2, du = 2 (x + 1) dx
2
2

sin x cos x −u du 5
dx = =− 1− du
in the first integral 5 + cos2 x 5 + u2 u2 + 5
 1  
= 12 (ln 5 − ln 2) − 2 tan−1 (x + 1) 0 = −u + 5
√ tan−1 1
√ u +C
5 5
1
= ln − 2 tan 2 + 5 −1 π √  
2 2 2 = − cos x + 5 tan−1 1
√
5
cos x + C
Or: Complete the square and let u = x + 1.
2

2 x2 + 7x − 6 A Bx + C
41. Complete the square: x + x + 1 = x + 12 + 3
4
and let 46. = + 2 ⇒
(x + 1) (x2 − 4x + 7) x+1 x − 4x + 7
u = x + 12 . Then


1
3/2 x2 + 7x − 6 = A x2 − 4x + 7 + (Bx + C) (x + 1). Take
x u − 1/2 x = −1 to get −12 = 12A or A = −1. Then
2 +x+1
dx = 2 + 3/4
du
x u
0

3/2
1/2

2x2 + 3x + 1 = (Bx + C) (x + 1), so B = 2 and C = 1.
u 1 3/2 1 Now
= 2 + 3/4
du − du

1/2 u 2 1/2 u2 + 3/4

x2 + 7x − 6
  3/2 dx

 (x + 1) (x2 − 4x + 7)
= 12 ln u2 + 34 − 12 √3/2
1
tan−1 √23 u
 
1/2 −1 2x + 1

π  √ = + 2 dx
= 1
ln 3 − 1
√ − π
= ln 3 − π
√ x+1 x − 4x + 7
2 3 3 6 6 3

 2x − 4 dx
1/2
4x2 + 5x + 7 1/2
x+2 = − ln |x + 1| + dx + 5
42. dx = 1+ dx x2 − 4x + 7 (x − 2)2 + 3
−1/2 4x2 + 4x + 5 −1/2 4x2 + 4x + 5


1/2
= − ln |x + 1| + ln x2 − 4x + 7
1/2 x + 1/2  
= [x]−1/2 + dx 5 x−2
4x2 + 4x + 5
−1/2 + √ tan−1 √ +C

1/2 3 3
3/2
+ dx 4x + 1 A Bx + C
−1/2 4x + 4x + 5
2 47. = + 2 ⇒
(x − 3) (x2 + 6x + 12) x−3 x + 6x + 12

1/2
2 
= 1 + 18 ln 4x2 + 4x + 5 −1/2 4x + 1 = A x + 6x + 12 + (Bx + C) (x − 3). Take

x = 3 to get 13 = 39A ⇔ A = 13 . Equate the terms of
3 1/2 dx
+ 1
2 −1/2 (2x + 1)2 + 4 degree 2 and degree 0 to get 0 = 3
+ B and 1 = 4 − 3C, so

 
set u = 4x2 + 4x + 5, du = 8 x + 12 dx B= − 13 and C = 1. Now

in the first integral (4x + 1) dx

(x − 3) (x2 + 6x + 12)
3 2 (1/2) du
1

= 1 + 18 (ln 8 − ln 4) + 3
dx 1 x−3
2 0 u2 + 4 = − dx
x−3 3 x2 + 6x + 12
(set u = 2x + 1, so du = 2 dx)

1 x+3

2 = 13 ln |x − 3| − dx
=1+ 1
8
ln 2 + 34 12 tan−1 12 u 0 3 x2 + 6x + 12

=1+ 1
ln 2 + 3π 1 6 dx
8 32 +
3 x2 + 6x + 12
3x3 − x2 + 6x − 4 Ax + B Cx + D

43. = 2 + 2 ⇒
 dx
(x2 + 1) (x2 + 2) x +1 x +2 = 13 ln |x − 3| − 16 ln x2 + 6x + 12 + 2
(x + 3)2 + 3
3x3 − x2 + 6x − 4 1 1

2 


 = 3 ln |x − 3| − 6 ln x + 6x + 12
= (Ax + B) x2 + 2 + (Cx + D) x2 + 1  
2 −1 x+3
Equating the coefficients gives A + C = 3, + √ tan √ +C
3 3
B + D = −1, 2A + C = 6, and 2B + D = −4 ⇒
A = 3, C = 0, B = −3, and D = 2. Now

3x3 − x2 + 6x − 4 x−1 dx
dx = 3 dx + 2
(x2 + 1) (x2 + 2) x2 + 1 x2 + 2

 √  
= 32 ln x2 + 1 − 3 tan−1 x + 2 tan−1 √12 x + C
8 ❙❙❙❙ SECTION 8.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

x+1
48. dx
(x2 + x + 2)2

1 2x + 1 1 dx
= 2 dx + 
2 2
2 (x + x + 2)
2 2
x + 12 + 74

1 1 du 1
=− +
2 (u = x + 2 )
2 (x2 + x + 2) 2 u2 + 74

√7
1 1 sec2 θ dθ √
=− + 2
49 (u = 27 tan θ)
2 (x + x + 2)
2 2 16
sec θ
4

1 √
=− + 4497 cos2 θ dθ
2 (x2 + x + 2)
1 √
=− + 2497 (θ + sin θ cos θ) + C
2 (x + x + 2)
2
√  
1 2 7 −1 2x + 1
=− + tan √
2 (x2 + x + 2) 49 7
2x + 1
+ +C
14 (x2 + x + 2)
√  
x−3 2 7 −1 2x + 1
= + tan √ +C
7 (x2 + x + 2) 49 7
3x4 − 2x3 + 20x2 − 5x + 34
49.
(x − 1) (x2 + 4)2
A Bx + C Dx + E
= + 2 +
x−1 x +4 (x2 + 4)2
Multiply by x − 1 and set x = 1 to get A = 2. Then equate
coefficients to get B = 1, C = −1, D = −1, and E = 2. So

3x4 − 2x3 + 20x2 − 5x + 34

dx
(x − 1) (x2 + 4)2

dx x dx dx
=2 + −
x−1 x2 + 4 x2 + 4

x dx dx
− + 2
(x2 + 4)2 (x2 + 4)2



= 2 ln |x − 1| + 12 ln x2 + 4 − 12 tan−1 12 x

1 1

−1 1 2x
+ + tan 2
x + +C
2 (x2 + 4) 8 x2 + 4
where the last integral is evaluated by substituting
x = 2 tan θ.
2
50. Let u = x + 4. Then

8x dx 2x dx
= 4 =4 u−3 du
(x2 + 4)3 (x2 + 4)3
2
= −2u−2 + C = − +C
(x2 + 4)2
3
51. Let u = x + 3x. Then




x2 + 1 dx 1 1
2 = u−2 du = − +C
(x3 + 3x) 3 3u
1
= − +C
3 (x3 + 3x)