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# Mathematics #
Mth(101)
Topic:-
For a given matrix A, prove that trace of A
equals the sum of its eigen values.What will be
the eigen values of A-kI ? Also give examples.

Submitted to:- Mr. Manreet Singh,

Submitted by:- Navneet Raj

Roll no:-RG6006A26
Section:-G6006
 IN
TRODUCTION:-
In mathematics eigenvalue, eigenvector, and
eigenspace are related concepts in the field of linear
algebra. The prefix eigen- is the German and Dutch
word for innate, idiosyncratic, own. Linear algebra
studies linear transformations, which are represented
by matrices acting on vectors. Eigenvalues,
eigenvectors and eigenspaces are properties of a
matrix. They are computed by a method described
below, give important information about the matrix,
and can be used in matrix factorization. They have
applications in areas of applied mathematics as
diverse as economics and quantum mechanics.
In general, a matrix acts on a vector by changing
both its magnitude and its direction. However, a
matrix may act on certain vectors by changing only
their magnitude, and leaving their direction
unchanged (or possibly reversing it). These vectors
are the eigenvectors of the matrix. A matrix acts on
an eigenvector by multiplying its magnitude by a
factor, which is positive if its direction is unchanged
and negative if its direction is reversed. This factor is
the eigenvalue associated with that eigenvector. An
eigenspace is the set of all eigenvectors that have the
same eigenvalue, together with the zero vector.
These concepts are formally defined in the language
of matrices and linear transformations.
HISTORY:-
Eigenvalues are often introduced in the context of linear
algebra or matrix theory. Historically, however, they arose
in the study of quadratic forms and differential equations.
Euler studied the rotational motion of a rigid body and
discovered the importance of the principal axes. Lagrange
realized that the principal axes are the eigenvectors of the
inertia matrix. In the early 19th century, Cauchy saw how
their work could be used to classify the quadric surfaces
and generalized it to arbitrary dimensions. Cauchy also
coined the term racine caractéristique (characteristic root)
for what is now called eigenvalue; his term survives in
characteristic equation.
Fourier used the work of Laplace and Lagrange to solve
the heat equation by separation of variables in his famous
1822 book Théorie analytique de la chaleur. Sturm
developed Fourier's ideas further and brought them to the
attention of Cauchy, who combined them with his own
ideas and arrived at the fact that real symmetric matrices
have real eigenvalues. This was extended by Hermite in
1855 to what are now called Hermitian matrices.
Properties of eigenvalues:-
Let A be an n x n matrix with eigenvalues λi, i =
1,2,...,n. Then
• Trace of A = λ1 + λ2 + ..... + λn.
• Determinant of A = λ1λ2....λn.
• If A = AH, i.e. A is Hermitian, every eigenvalue is
real.
• Every eigenvalue of a Unitary matrix has
absolute value | λ | = 1.