Ewata Thompson Olusegun

ewatths@yahoo.com
Manuscript (unedited) for the chapter BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE from Business
Communication for Academic and professional Purposes by Thompson Olusegun Ewata ©
2010, Jimsalaam Publishing Lagos Nigeria
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE
The Microsoft Encarta defines correspondence as communication by means of exchanged
written messages such as letters or e-mail. Combining this with business presupposes a meaning
that emphasizes the correspondence that takes place in the business environment.
ATSWA says:
Correspondence is a communication activity that involves a minimum of two parties –
one supplying, to the other, information needed for the promotion of the interests of both
and all other parties that may be involved. All correspondences are documented – even
television network correspondents have their reports documented, despite the fact that
they are often transmitted verbally on air.
To bring the meaning nearer home will be to say this is the writing that takes place in the
business environment, thus, business writing. Business writing will include: letters, reports,
memos, proposals, postcards, contracts, ads, brochures, catalogues, news/press releases
The bottom line here is that like humans, business too have need to communicate their ideas,
thoughts, opinions, impression and the likes to the outside world. They could do this;
communicate to the outside world, through correspondence – letters, reports, brochures, etc. the
types of business communication we have are:
• business letters
• memos
• faxes and
• email
Does business correspondence serve any purpose?
The need to keep in touch with the outside world – suppliers, government agencies, clients –
necessitates why businesses write.
They following are some of the functions that business correspondence performs:
• Relating with the outside world helps in maintaining good relationship and creates
goodwill: we now live in a world where the both the producer(s) and provider(s) of goods
and services and their customers are most time world apart. With the correspondence in
form of letters and emails both of them keep in touch. The customers can make inquiries
of any good or service from the provider(s) or producer(s) through emails and letters
while the provider(s) and producer(s) reply through letters, emails, brochures,
advertisement and the likes. When this happens, there rapport that is established between
them. This creates a bond between the providers and the users of the goods or services.
Because customers write in and producers return their letters and emails either for

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 enquiries or complaints, goodwill is created and this put the business in business as the
customers will now be their reference point to the outside world.
• Cheaper to maintain and managed: unlike the other types of correspondence like
teleconferencing, telephone, fax, telex and telegraph, letters are more economical
compared to the rest of them. The cost of writing a letter is cheaper if compared to the
other types. The cost effectiveness gives business letter a huge boost with business
organizations and the customers.
Business correspondence also helps in expansion of business and serves as evidence
(http://www.missouriwestern.edu/CareerDevelopment/pdf/buscorr.pdf)

THE BUSINESS LETTER

Letters are important in our everyday lives. As technologically developed as the world is today,
people still rely on concrete evidence to have something confirmed in writing which a letter does
from time to time. When we write a letter, it gives both the sender and receiver a sense of
personal touch. Both parties see themselves as important and part of the development of
something, whether real or imaginary; the letter also “acts as an ambassador” for the writer. At
the same time, “letters are long-lasting, tangible evidence of information you communicate to
others”. Our attention, here, will be more on the business than the personal letter. The letter is
part of the verbal communication and falls in the class of written subcategory.
It is important to state that correspondences are classified according to either internal or external.
The distinction between internal and external communication has been talked about earlier.
However, the distinction between internal and external letter will be to classify the internal letter
as a memo. Letters can be classified as formal or informal. Though, our emphasis here is on the
formal letter. The style and language determine the formality or otherwise of a letter. We must
not forget too that there is a thin line in modern writing between formal and informal writing.
The Merriam-Webster defines a letter as: a direct or personal written or printed message
addressed to a person or organization. We can see from this that for something to qualify as a
letter, it must be written or printed. We need to give room for technology here as some letters are
sent online. Those materials will be classified as written. The item must also be directed, that is,
addressed to a particular person or organisation. We should add, too, that a letter could be
addressed to a group of people as the Oxford English Dictionary adds that a letter is: a written
message addressed to a person… Though we may say the exigencies of technology has taken
oven the idea of the letter been put in an envelope, it has not robbed it of been addressed to
someone, though.
Though we mentioned that the letter falls into the categories of written communication, it is
important to mention, too, that the overall nonverbal impression it holds on the receiver(s) are
great.
Carey (2002:1) lists three things about the business letter:
1. Business letters serve one purpose. The purpose that business a letter serves is to
communicate information to the recipient(s). It is meant to say a particular thing that is
why it is written in the first place. Unlike phatic communication that take place in verbal

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 (spoken) communication, the business letter does not just take place. There must be
something or need for it before it can be created in the first place.
2. Business letters are expensive. It is important to factor in the cost of producing a business
letter as this will go a long way towards the overall effect of the letter. When we look at
today’s business environment, many letters are sent and received daily the one that does
not meet the expectations of the receiver is thrown to the trash can. When the cost of
producing one is factored in at the end of the day, it amounts to huge sum for the
organization sending it. If the cost of one letter is so great why would anyone want to
send a letter that is not worth the trouble?
3. Business letters serve as a record. Because it is written, it can be kept by both the
receiver and the sender for future references. How would if sound if at a later date, your
written letter was produce as evidence and it is full of misstates? Apart from this, when
the letter is shown tomorrow and the argument is present is not as it claims to be, then the
overall impression will be somehow. From Casey’s point of view, Letters are long-
lasting, tangible evidence of information you communicate to others.
The Parts of the Business Letter
A business letter like any other thing in the world has a basic structure. The structure is the
constituent parts of the letter. The parts of the business letter are:
• Letterhead
This is the big difference between personal and business letters. In personal letters, there is no
need for a letterhead. However, in the case of business letters, the letterhead plays a unique part.
A letterhead is stationery printed or engraved usually with the name and address of an
organization (Merriam-Webster). This means the letterhead will have been printed earlier even
before conceiving the particular letter.
Letterhead design varies from business to business, but it usually consists of at least the
following items:
• Business logo
A design used by an organization on its letterhead, advertising material, and signs as an emblem
by which the organization can easily be recognized (Encarta). The logo is likened to the symbol
or motto of the organization. The typical example of this is the boy scouts’ logo or the Nike
Swoosh).

• Business full, legal name

Businesses are legal entities that must have their distinct names. The business name or legal
name of an organization is the name that the company is registered with when it filed to be
registered as an entity under the law(s) of the country. In Nigeria, for example, the
responsibilities of registering a company lie with the Corporate Affairs Commission. Each
company that is registered under the laws of a country is given a registration number. No two
companies can use the same number and name. There must be something uniquely different
about the two entities that will separate them).
• Full street address and/or post office box number
The organisation like any human being will be located somewhere on the map. In the same way,
the company in question will have a registered address. This is where mails and bills would be
sent to for the organisation and the people working in it. The company will be resident in a

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building or with a post office address. The build must have a house number and a street number.
This will make corresponding with the entity easier.
• City, state, and zip code
The house that houses the organisation will be in particular town, state of a country with a postal
code (zip code) as the case may be to facilitate the delivery of mails and possibly to make
verification by the regulatory authorities easier.
• Telephone number
• Fax number
• E-mail address
• Web site address (Seglin, 2002: 29-30).
The information relating to the above subheading must be written in such a way that they could
seen by all. It will not do the organisation any good to fancifully write their details – address,
phone, fax number etc. – that will be of no effect to the public. The essence is for the details to
be seen by anyone who picks up the stationery. As such they should be neatly and orderly stated
on the stationery.
Business stationery is usually white or some other conservative color. The standard size
of the stationery is 81/2 by 11 inches. Margins on the typed letter should be consistent.
The margins on the top and the bottom of the letter should be the same. The side margins
should also be equal to one another (Seglin).
When the letterhead has been taken care of we can begin to look at the parts that come with a
typical business letter. Though we need to state here that it is not every business letter that has
the same part, some letters might not have some of these items depending on who is writing the
letter and for what purpose. There are many parts to the business letter — some required, some
optional… Casey. The elements that are included in the business letter are:
• Date
This is the day in history when the letter is written. It should be conspicuously stated so that the
receiver sees it and note is. The date also serves reference purposes as it can be used to make
reference to the letter in future. Depending on the house style of the company, the date can come
either on the right or the left of the top of the page after the details (name, logo, house/street
number etc). For the sake of emphasis, it should however be clearly written and not be clustered
with the other elements of the letter. Some organization use the American date format:
month/day/year – February 20, 2010 or the European format: day/month/year – 20 February,
2010. The months, Seglin continues: … the year should always be spelled out, and the day
should always be indicated by a cardinal number (e.g., 1, 2, 3), never using ‘‘nd,’’ ‘‘th,’’ or
‘‘st’’ after the number as you would with ordinal numbers (p. 16). As such, formats as 1st
February, 2nd March or 3rd April etc are not called for. Though we need to emphasize that some
people still prefer the (nd, th or st).
• File Number / Reference Line (optional)
It is a number or a series of numbers and letters referring to previous correspondence. It is
usually included for the benefit of a person who must file all correspondence dealing with the
same issues or topics. Like the date, the reference line makes referring to the latter at a later date
easier, both to the recipient or sender. You have something like this: BA/IM/01/09/009. The file
number should be physically separated from the date by two spaces and from the part that
follows ... by two spaces (Casey: 10).
• Inside Address

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This refers to the details of the recipient. The address of the company has been stated above, so
our attention is on the person the letter is meant for. The need is to make the letter as distinctly
addressed to a specific person as possible. In the inside address, the name and title –personal and
job – of the recipient should be stated. The address of the recipient should be made distinct so as
to make delivery of the letter easier. In the area of the recipient’s address, you must state who in
particular the letter is meant for “write the address, name and position of the person you are
writing to… (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2006).” It will amount to a waste of effort
if, for example, a letter written to an organisation without directing your letter to a specific
person as:
The Lagos State Polytechnic
Sagamu Road
Ikorodu Lagos
Rather than:
The Registrar
The Lagos State Polytechnic
Sagamu Road
Ikorodu Lagos
To guard against your letter been thrown to the trash can, always direct your letters to a
particular person in an organisation
…the inside address is typed two to twelve lines beneath the dateline (or reference line or
confidential note, should there be such notations). The placement of the inside address is
flexible, depending upon the length of the letter, but four lines is the most common …
When a company is being addressed, the inside address should include the name of the
company, the individual department desired, and the full address of the company (Seglin,
18-19).
Department of English
Faculty of Arts & Education
Adekunle Ajasin University
Akungba Akoko
Ondo State
• Attention Line (optional)
If you are addressing a letter to a company but wish to direct it to the attention of a specific
person, you may include an attention note. For example, when dealing with an establishment
such as a university, the correspondence is directed to the Registrar. If for example you know
who is handling the case you are writing about – the particular officer your letter is directed to
the state it in the Attention Line. The attention note is typed two lines below the last line of the
inside address and two lines above the salutation
The Registrar
Lagos State Polytechnic
Directorate of Annexes
Sagamu Road
Ikorodu Lagos

Attention: Mr. Salaam, M. A.

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Here, instead of the letter going through the office before being sent to the appropriate officer, it
is sent from the onset to the desk of the particular officer in changer. The importance of the
Attention Line is to hasten mails in place where administrative procedure might create delay –
whether real or imagined. However, if this is not the case, there is no need using the Attention
Line. For example in the above example, if the letter is directed directly to the recipient, there is
no place for the Attention Line.
• Salutation
Courtesy demands that you be civil to the other person. As such, when you write – whether
personal or formal, also exhibit this rule of courtesy by being civil to the other person. This is
particularly important in business letters. Use the appropriate salutation for the letter. Casey
states that: People don’t usually get upset if you don’t address them with the proper salutation,
but they notice and appreciate it when you do. Care must be taken to use the proper gender
salutation. Nothing is more annoying than addressing a man as a woman and vice versa.
• To address someone whose name you do not know you can write:
o Dear Sir
o Dear Madam
o Dear Sirs
o Dear Sir/madam
o Dear Sir or madam (all especially BrE)
o To whom it may concern (especially AmE)
• To address someone by name, use their title and surname:
o Dear Dr Smith (BrE)/
o Dear Dr. Smith: (AmE)
o (not Dear James Smith or Dear Dr James Smith) (Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary, 2000).
As it is now, the very idea of writing Dear Sir/Madam is gradually becoming old fashion as the
much non-gender specific “To Whom it May Concern” is preferable. The only problem with this
is that it is rather too distance. Most people still do not accept it, in our part of the world, we will
say. Though, it is more common now to see formal letters addressed to the office and the title
holder of the office. Such as a letter to the Human Resources Department in an organisation
would read:
Dear Human Resources Manager
Ewata & Daughters Unltd
22 Ajoke Street
Iwaya Yaba
Lagos

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The best way to handle this is to make sure you know who will receive the letter. Nothing is
more annoying than addressing a man as a woman and vice versa. The most conventional
ways of addressing a group consisting of males and females are:
Ladies and Gentlemen:
or you can simply use the title of the person you’re addressing. For example:
Dear Editorial Director:
Dear Sales Manager:
Dear Customer Service Representative:

• Subject Line
In personal letters you can combine as many issues as you can into the
letter. However, in business letters, the topic or subject that the letter covers
is restricted because a business letter is expected to cover an issue. From
the beginning, the reader(s) should know what the letter is about. They do
not need to have read the letter before they know. Once the title of the letter
is stated at the beginning, both the reader(s) and sender(s) know what they
are after.
The subject line can be typed in all capital letters or with each
important word capitalized. Sometimes when just the important words
are capitalized, the whole subject line is underlined. When the subject
line is typed in all capital letters, it is never underlined.
Subject: Proposed Distribution Arrangement
Subject: Proposed Distribution Arrangement
SUBJECT: PROPOSED DISTRIBUTION ARRANGEMENT (Seglin, 22).
Though, some people do not use the Subject Line when they write. I will it gives
your letter a better perspective and puts you in good perspective when the letter
gets to the receiver as they do not need to wonder what it could be about.
• Body of the Letter
This is where everything the letter sets out to do is outlined and stated. All a lot of attention is
expected to be focused here. The end result of the letter is what the body of the letter reflects.
Casey says the writer must make efforts towards getting the body of the letter through practice.
Unless you’re aiming for the Nobel Prize, you shouldn’t worry about your writing talent.
Writing good business documents is a craft, not an art. It requires skill, not talent, and you can
learn skills.
It is at the body of the letter the rules of grammar and paragraphing comes in. in terms of
structure, the body of the letter comes after the salutation. The body of a letter should begin two
lines below the salutation or subject line ... The letter should be single-spaced within paragraphs
and double spaced between paragraphs. If the letter is very short, double-spacing can be used
within the paragraphs, using the semi block style of indentation to indicate
new paragraphs.
The rules of paragraphing would be emphasised here. We need to know that our letters –
irrespective of whether it is formal or informal – should be well paragraphed. Our letter should

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contain about four (4) paragraphs. Most writers use more and this creates problems for the
readers. A letter of complaint for example, should be paragraphed in such a way that:
 paragraph i will explain why you are writing;
 paragraph ii will explain what the problem is and describe any action you
have already taken;
 paragraph iii will say what inconvenience it has caused you; and
 paragraph iv will say what you want done about the problem (Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary).
Seglin collaborates this when he says: The first paragraph should introduce a letter’s subject or
refer to a previous correspondence or conversation to which you are responding. The following
paragraphs of your letter should elaborate on the subject set up in the first paragraph. The
closing paragraph should briefly summarize the topic and close on a positive note, encouraging
a positive working relationship with the letter’s reader.

USE LETTER OF COMPLAINT1 (BUSINESS COMMUNICATION) PDF FILE

If this is done, the letter would be well organised and serve the purpose for
which it is meant very well. It is funny, yet true, that most often “people use
no paragraphing and the reader is faced with a "sea" of writing with no
breaks from start to finish (The IELTS Academic Writing Test – Task 2
Tutorial).” With the issue of paragraphing comes the issue of linking the
ideas in the letter.

• Complimentary Close
To end formal letters in American English you use:
o Sincerely
o Sincerely Yours
o Yours Truly
In British English you should write:
o Yours sincerely if you have addressed the person by name,
o Yours faithfully if you have begun the letter Dear Sir/Madam, etc (Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2000).
• Signature
To make the letter authentic, the writer must sign their name. There should be four lines
between the complimentary close … and your typed name so there is room for your
signature (Casey: 13).

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 • Enclosure and Attachment Notations
If some documents are added to support the claims made in the letter, the documents need to be
noted at the end of the letter after the signature. This become necessary because the in the
process of filling the letter, if any document falls off it can easily be traced to the letter.
Seglin adds:
If an enclosure is included with the letter, one of the following should
be typed two lines below the identification line or the signature block if
there is no identification line:
Enclosure
Enc.
Encl.
enc.
encl.
If there is more than one enclosure the plural of one of the above
notations is used, with the number of enclosures indicated before the
notation, or after it in parentheses.
Enclosures (2)
2 Enclosures
encs. (2)
2 encs.
Encs. (2)
2 Encs.
The enclosures should be placed behind the letter in order of importance.
If a check is one of the enclosures, it should be placed in front of the
letter. The enclosures can be numbered and listed next to the enclosure
notation, one per line. If they are to be returned, indicate such in
parentheses next to the item.
encs. (2) 1. Credit analysis worksheet (please return)
• Distribution Notation
This aspect comes in if there are others who are going to receive the same letter. However, if this
is not the case, then there is no need for this the distribution Notation will be indicated with.
The distribution notation consists of the words ‘‘Copy to’’ (or ‘‘Copies to’’)
or the abbreviation and colon ‘‘cc:’’ followed by the recipient’s or recipients’
names.

Copy to Louis Leigh

cc: Louis Leigh

Multiple recipients are listed alphabetically by full name or by initials,

depending upon the letter writer’s preference or company policy.

Copies to: Louis Leigh

David Marshall

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If other information about the recipient is useful (e.g., a company’s name) it
should be placed next to the person’s name in parentheses.

Copies to: Louis Leigh (Bethany Bagel Company)

David Marshall (The David Marshall Agency)
cc: LL (Bethany Bagel Company)
DM (The David Marshall Agency)

If space is tight and a distribution notation is essential, it can be typed a

single-space above either the enclosure notation or the identification line.
It is important to say here that punctuating the address, salutation, and
complimentary close is worth mentioning. There two ways of punctuation
them. The first way is the open punctuation while the other is called the
open punctuation. With the open punctuation, it means the addresses are
devoid of the usual punctuation marks Open punctuation omits all
nonessential punctuation (even omitting the colon or comma after the
salutation and the comma after the complimentary closing) KCI Reader-
Based Writing Style Guide. For example

Ewata Thompson Olusegun

29 Durosimi Street (Last Floor)
Somolu Lagos

Here the name serves as a letterhead and has no direct relationship as would have been expected
with the normal address. This is the more reason why the font and character are different so as to
make it unique. The whole picture of open punctuation looks like this:

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Alternatively, the address could take the closed punctuation:
In Closed Punctuation Style:
• A period follows the date and the last word of the identification line
• A colon follows the salutation (we however need to note that in the
British style, this will take a comma)

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 • A comma follows all lines in the inside address except: the last one before
the postal code, the complimentary closing, the company name, and the
identification line. “What is open punctuation, standard punctuation and closed
punctuation?” Yahoo Answer.

The address will look like this:

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13
ESSENTIALS OF THE BUSINESS LETTER
We mentioned earlier that communication is a two way thing. The sender must ensure that the
message they send gets to the receiver in exactly the same way so as not to cause
misunderstanding. Most often, the writer says something and the recipient gets something else.
The something else the receiver gets could be from the message, the channel of communication,
the sender or the receiver. Since business letter is all about words and other nonverbal modes
then, we should expect misunderstands. Our goal in writing the business letter is to keep out
misunderstandings.
• tone
The overall attitude that pervades your letter will determine how the recipient sees you and the
letter. The attitude you take in the letter is the tone. Tone in writing refers to the writer’s attitude
toward the reader and the subject of the message. The overall tone of a written message affects
the reader just as one’s tone of voice affects the listener in everyday exchanges (Ober, 1995:88).
To get the right tone, the writer must have it at the back of their mind that like respect that begets
respect, the other person at the other end is a human being that might get angry if the right tone is
used for them. When you take the other person (receiver/recipient) into consideration you begin
to view how they will feel if they are not addressed properly. As much as possible, we should
detach our person biases from our writing and speech. When we allow our emotions to get the
better out of us, we won’t be in focus of our elements. They way we feel about an issue should
not be conveyed to the other person unless they ask us.
The tone or personality of a letter can help you get a positive reaction from a reader. The
tone should be set at the very start of a letter and maintained throughout. The tone of any
business letter should be courteous and friendly, and written as if you were talking with
the reader. You don’t want to get too technical in a letter. Write in language that the
reader can understand.
The tone should help to show that someone with a personality—a human being—is
writing the letter. If the reader believes that the writer is genuinely concerned about how
the topic of the letter affects him or her, a positive response is likely (Seglin, 11).
You don’t have to be frozen when writing a business letter, use a tone that portrays confidence,
though not overbearing, one that is courteous as you see the recipient of your letter as another
human being that deserves respect and you sincere want them to see things the way you’re
portraying them. That they show believe you for who you are and what you say.
• Language
The choice of language you use will to a large extent determine how you want the reader of you
letter to see you. Don’t go and exhibit all the knowledge you know about the subject through the
use of specialised register. If you do this, you will not be talking to your reader. The use of
specialised register should be limited to the barest level. You should write to express in business
letters and not to impress anyone. Granted, there may be terms intrinsic to your industry, but
there is not a special type of ‘‘business English’’ to be learned and used when writing business
letters.

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Write in such a way that your writing will convey one mean and only one meaning only. When
second or other meanings (ambiguity) start appearing in your writing, then the communication
intent is lost.
Taylor (2004) listed 10 steps to Good Writing among the 10 are:
o Remember your ABC
Your message must meet these essential specifications:
Accurate Check facts carefully
Include all relevant details
Proofread thoroughly

Be brief Keep sentences short

Use simple expressions
Use non-technical language

Clear use plain, simple English

Write in an easy, natural style
Avoid formality or familiarity

o Write naturally and sincerely

Your message should sound sincere while written in your own style. Write naturally, as if you
are having a conversation.

Instead of Say
I have pleasure in informing you I am pleased to tell you
We do not anticipate any increase in prices We do not expect prices to rise
I should be grateful if you would be good Please let me know
enough to advise us
Please favour us with a prompt reply I hope to receive a prompt reply
Please revert to us soonest I hope to hear from you soon

o Remember the KISS principle

Business people today have many documents to read. A message that is direct and straight to the
point – while retaining courtesy – will be appreciated. As you work on developing your writing
ability, you should constantly practise your KISSing skills. KISS stands for:
Keep
It

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Short and
Simple
KISS means instead of long or complex words, use short ones:
Instead of Say
commence start
regarding about
purchase buy
utilise use
require need
endeavour, attempt try….
KISS also means instead of long phrases, use one word where appropriate:
I should be glad if you would please
in spite of the fact that despite
with regards about
at the present moment in time now…
o Compose CLEAR Communication
… when writing any message ask yourself whether it meets these CLEAR objective. Your
message should be:

Clear Leave no doubt in your reader’s mind. Help yourself by being specific,
avoiding vague expressions, using familiar words and using simple
English. Remember also to use straightforward language that your reader
can understand, written in a friendly, natural, conversational style

Logical Structure your messages logically, remembering to use the 4 point plan.
Start with an introduction, develop your point logically in the central
section, and come to a natural conclusion in which you state the action
you need from the reader. Finish with an appropriate one-liner.

Empathetic Put yourself in your reader’s place and ask yourself how the reader will
feel when he/she reads your message. If anything is unclear, or if
anything is worded badly, then change it before you send it.

Accurate Make sure all the relevant details are included – times, dates, names,
facts, and figures.

Right Proofread carefully (not just spell check!) to make sure everything is
100% right before you send the message.

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Structuring a Business Letter
We mention earlier that the body of the letter is where we do justice to the letter proper. The
business letter has a structure of three parts. The Microsoft Encarta lists the parts as:

• an introduction, which communicates your purpose in writing the letter (this is what the
first paragraph of the letter does. It tells the reader why the letter is written. The first
could reiterate the topic or subject of the letter).
• supporting information, which offers background on the topic of the letter, the reasons
for a decision you have reached or recommendation you want to make, or the
justification for a request you have of the reader (this is where all your Arguments, Ideas
and Evidence are used. The argument is how you present your case … The ideas part is
how many and how good your ideas are in helping your argument. The evidence is the
facts that you use to back up your ideas (The IELTS Academic Writing Test – Task 2
Tutorial).
• a conclusion, which restates your central point and, if necessary, reminds the reader of
any action you want that person to take (This doesn't need to be a long paragraph. You
need to sum up your points providing a final perspective on your topic. All the conclusion
needs is three or four strong sentences The IELTS Academic Writing Test – Task 2
Tutorial).

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