Assignment of Simulation And Modeling (CAP- 416)

Assignment 1

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Name: Mandeep Singh Mr. Amandeep

Class: BCA-MCA Dept: CSE\IT

Reg no.: 3010060023

Roll no.: 15
Homework Title/Number: 1 Course Code: CAP416

Course Instructor: Mr. Amandeep Course Tutor: _________

Date of Allotment: 23-08-2010 Date of Submission: 06-08-2010

Student Roll Number:15 Section: E3601

Declaration:
I declare that this assignment is my individual work. I have not copied from any other student's
work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text,
nor has any part been written for me by another person.

Mandeep Singh

(Student Signature)

Evaluator’s Comment:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Marks Obtained: ____________ Out Of: ______________________

Q1. Models play an important role in simulating a system. Take some real world examples
from IT and also delineate the various differences between physical model of a system and
logical model of a system?

Ans: Simulation is use of a mathematical model to recreate a situation, often repeatedly, so that
the likelihood of various outcomes can be more accurately estimated. The act of simulating
something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviors of a selected
physical or abstract system.
Simulation is also used when the real system cannot be engaged. The real system may not be
engaged because it may not be accessible, it may be dangerous or unacceptable to engage, or it
may simply not exist. Modeling and Simulation is a discipline for developing a level of
understanding of the interaction of the parts of a system, and of the system as a whole. The level
of understanding which may be developed via this discipline is seldom achievable via any other
discipline.
Physical data modeling is conceptually similar to design class modeling, the goal being to design
the internal schema of a database, depicting the data tables, the data columns of those tables, and
the relationships between the tables.

LDMs are used to explore the domain concepts, and their relationships, of your problem
domain. This could be done for the scope of a single project or for your entire enterprise. LDMs
depict the logical entity types, typically referred to simply as entity types, the data attributes
describing those entities, and the relationships between the entities. LDMs are rarely used on
Agile projects although often are on traditional projects (where they rarely seem to add much
value in practice).

The use of logical model:

The use of physical model:

Q2 Can you make projects execution feasible like related to astronomy or satellite
launching without using simulation? If not why or if yes why? Take your own examples and
prove the above said statement?
Ans : Simulation is the imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process. The act of
simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviors of a
selected physical or abstract system.Simulation is used in many contexts, including the modeling
of natural systems or human systems in order to gain insight into their functioning. Other
contexts include simulation of technology for performance optimization, safety engineering,
testing, training and education.
As we all know that Astronomy and satellite projects are very costly so we cannot take risk by
directly executed these projects. So we first perform simulation techniques on these projects.
Because it help us to reduce all the errors in such systems.
Example: Celestia is a real-time visual space simulation astronomy program. It is
a cross platform, open source software and released under the GNU General Public License.
NASA and ESA have used Celestia in their educational and for interfacing to trajectory analysis
software. It allows users to travel through an extensive universe, modeled after reality, at any
speed, in any direction and at any time in history. Celestia displays and interacts with objects
ranging in scale from artificial satellites to entire galaxies in three dimensions using OpenGL. It
is a perfect software for astronomer, educator, student, and teacher for astronomy purpose.

Q3 There is various areas where simulation will be used before actually implementing the
projects. Take some real world examples to describe all these areas and also take some
examples to cite the real power of simulation?
Ans: Communication Satellite Simulation
Modern satellite communications systems (SatCom) are often large and complex with many
interacting parts and elements. In addition, the need for broadband connectivity on a moving
vehicle has increased dramatically in the past few years for both commercial and military
applications. To accurately predict and deliver high quality of service, satcom system designers
have to factor in terrain as well as atmospheric and meteorological conditions in their planning.
To deal with such complexity, system designers and operators increasingly turn towards
computer models of their systems to simulate real world operational conditions and gain insights
in to usability and requirements prior to final product sign-off. Modeling improves the
understanding of the system by enabling the SatCom system designer or planner to simulate real
world performance by injecting the models with multiple hypothetical atmospheric and
environmental conditions.

Flight simulation

It is an artificial re-creation of aircraft flight and various aspects of the flight environment. This
includes the equations that govern how aircraft fly, how they react to applications of their
controls and other aircraft systems, and how they react to the external environment such as air
density, turbulence, cloud, precipitation, etc. Flight simulation is used for a variety of reasons,
including flight training (mainly of pilots), for the design and development of the aircraft itself,
and for research into aircraft characteristics, control handling qualities, and so forth.

Flight simulations have varying degrees of hardware, modelling detail and realism that depend
on their purpose. They can range from PC laptop-based models of aircraft systems, to simple
replica cockpits for familiarisation purposes, to more complex cockpit simulations with some
working controls and systems, to highly detailed cockpit replications with all controls and
aircraft systems and wide-field outside-world visual systems, all mounted on six degree-of-
freedom (DOF) motion platforms which move in response to pilot control movements and
external aerodynamic factors.

Q4 Simulation of an aircraft falls under which category of system simulation continuous or

discrete and how will you simulate an aircraft with an autopilot system and under various
conditions it will be operable at its best condition?

Ans. Simulation of an aircraft falls under the category Simulation for Continuous System.

Flight simulation:

It is an artificial re-creation of aircraft flight and various aspects of the flight environment. This
includes the equations that govern how aircraft fly, how they react to applications of their
controls and other aircraft systems, and how they react to the external environment such as air
density, turbulence, cloud, precipitation, etc. Flight simulation is used for a variety of reasons,
including flight training (mainly of pilots), for the design and development of the aircraft itself,
and for research into aircraft characteristics, control handling qualities, and so forth.

Flight simulations have varying degrees of hardware, modelling detail and realism that depend
on their purpose. They can range from PC laptop-based models of aircraft systems, to simple
replica cockpits for familiarisation purposes, to more complex cockpit simulations with some
working controls and systems, to highly detailed cockpit replications with all controls and
aircraft systems and wide-field outside-world visual systems, all mounted on six degree-of-
freedom (DOF) motion platforms which move in response to pilot control movements and
external aerodynamic factors.

Training for Pilots:

Flight simulation is used extensively in the aviation industry for the training of pilots and other
flight crew in both civil and military aircraft. It is also used for the training of maintenance
engineers in aircraft systems, and has applications in aircraft design and development, also in
aviation and other research.

Several different types of devices are utilized in modern flight training. These range from simple
Part-Task Trainers (PTTs) that cover one or more aircraft systems to Full Flight Simulators
(FFS) with comprehensive aerodynamic and systems modeling. This spectrum encompasses a
wide variety of fidelity in both physical cockpit characteristics and quality of software models, as
well as various implementations of sensory cues such as sound, motion, and visual systems. The
following training device types are in common use:

• Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT) - Used to practice basic cockpit procedures, such as
emergency checklists, and for cockpit familiarization. Certain aircraft systems may or
may not be simulated. The aerodynamic model is usually extremely generic if one is even
present at all. CPTs are usually not regulated.
• Aviation Training Device (ATD) - Used for basic training of flight concepts and
procedures. A generic flight model representing a "family" of aircraft is installed, and
many common flight systems are simulated.
• Basic Instrument Training Device (BITD) - A basic training device primarily focused
on generic instrument flight procedures.
 • Flight and Navigation Procedures Trainer (FNPT) - Used for generic flight training.
A generic, but comprehensive flight model is required, and many systems and
environmental effects must be provided.
• Flight Training Device (FTD) - Used for either generic or aircraft specific flight
training. Comprehensive flight, systems, and environmental models are required. High
level FTDs require visual systems but not the characteristics of a Full Flight Simulator
(FFS), see below.
• Full flight simulator (FFS) - Used for aircraft-specific flight training under rules of the
appropriate National Civil Aviation Regulatory Authority. Under these rules, relevant
aircraft systems must be fully simulated, and a comprehensive aerodynamic model is
required. All FFS require outside-world (OTW) visual systems and a motion platform.
• Full Mission Simulator (FMS) - used by the military to denote a simulator capable of
training all aspects of an operational mission in the aircraft concerned.

In many professional flight schools, initial training is conducted partially in the aircraft, and
partially in relatively low cost training devices such as FNPTs and FTDs. As the student
becomes familiar with basic aircraft handling and flight skills, more emphasis is placed on
instrument flying, cockpit resource management (CRM), and advanced aircraft systems, and the
portion of flight training conducted in these devices increases significantly. Finally, for more
advanced aircraft-specific training, Full Flight Simulators (FFS) are used, particularly as part of
conversion to the Commercial Air Transport (CAT) aircraft that the pilot will eventually fly.

Q5 Numerical integration is an inseparable part of system simulation and plays an

important role in simulating a system? Take some examples of systems where numerical
integration will be used to make a model of the system and finally to simulate it?

Ans. Monte Carlo methods (or Monte Carlo experiments) are a class of computational
algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to compute their results. Monte Carlo methods
are often used in simulating physical and mathematical systems. Because of their reliance on
repeated computation of random or pseudo-random numbers, these methods are most suited to
calculation by a computer and tend to be used when it is unfeasible or impossible to compute an
exact result with a deterministic algorithm.
Monte Carlo simulation methods are especially useful in studying systems with a large number
of coupled degrees of freedom, such as fluids, disordered materials, strongly coupled solids, and
cellular structures (see cellular Potts model). More broadly, Monte Carlo methods are useful for
modeling phenomena with significant uncertainty in inputs, such as the calculation of risk in
business. These methods are also widely used in mathematics: a classic use is for the evaluation
of definite integrals, particularly multidimensional integrals with complicated boundary
conditions. It is a widely successful method in risk analysis when compared with alternative
methods or human intuition. When Monte Carlo simulations have been applied in space
exploration and oil exploration, actual observations of failures, cost overruns and schedule
overruns are routinely better predicted by the simulations than by human intuition or alternative
"soft" methods.

Engineering:

Monte Carlo methods are widely used in engineering for sensitivity analysis and quantitative
probabilistic analysis in process design. The need arises from the interactive, co-linear and non-
linear behaviour of typical process simulations. For example,

• in microelectronics engineering, Monte Carlo methods are applied to analyze correlated

and uncorrelated variations in analog and digital integrated circuits. This enables
designers to estimate realistic 3 sigma corners and effectively optimise circuit yields.
• in geostatistics and geometallurgy, Monte Carlo methods underpin the design of mineral
processing flowsheets and contribute to quantitative risk analysis.

Design and visuals:

Monte Carlo methods have also proven efficient in solving coupled integral differential
equations of radiation fields and energy transport, and thus these methods have been used in
global illumination computations which produce photorealistic images of virtual 3D models,
with applications in video games, architecture, design, computer generated films, and cinematic
special effects.

Finance and business:

Monte Carlo methods in finance are often used to calculate the value of companies, to evaluate
investments in projects at a business unit or corporate level, or to evaluate financial derivatives.
Monte Carlo methods used in these cases allow the construction of stochastic or probabilistic
financial models as opposed to the traditional static and deterministic models, thereby enhancing
the treatment of uncertainty in the calculation. For use in the insurance industry, see stochastic
modeling.

Telecommunications:

When planning a wireless network, design must be proved to work for a wide variety of
scenarios that depend mainly on the number of users, their locations and the services they want
to use. Monte Carlo methods are typically used to generate these users and their states. The
network performance is then evaluated and, if results are not satisfactory, the network design
goes through an optimization process.

Games:

Monte Carlo methods have recently been applied in game playing related artificial intelligence
theory. Most notably the game of Go and Battleship have seen remarkably successful Monte
Carlo algorithm based computer players. One of the main problems that this approach has in
game playing is that it sometimes misses an isolated, very good move. These approaches are
often strong strategically but weak tactically, as tactical decisions tend to rely on a small number
of crucial moves which are easily missed by the randomly searching Monte Carlo algorithm.

Q6. To simulate a system we also need to make its model just draw the corporate model of
LPU and show its various components that how do they work together to finally simulate
the system?
Ans.

The Corporate Model of Lovely Professional University:

 The Corporate Model of Lovely Professional University is presented through this model. As we
can see in model, a Class has a group of students. These group of students (on average, 60), have
a Class In-Charge over them.

The Class In-Charge is responsible for the queries of students regarding university or
Executive Dean
the undertaken subjects.

Dean of School
Over the group of Class In-charges there is one C.O.D.S (Chief Of Department
Students).
H.O.S

Over 2-3 C.O.D.S, there is one C.O.D.F (Chief Of Department Faculty).

C.O.D.F

Then comes H.O.S (Head Of School).

C.O.D.S
After the Head of School is Dean Of School.

Class In-charge
And lastly on the apex is the Executive Dean or ED

Students

Every department in LPU follows the same hierarchy of Information Exchange. As we move up
the ladder, more policy making and administrative work is performed. But as we move down,
work relating to policy implementation is done.

Simulating the corporate model of LPU is not a complex task. The role of each and every
personnel is clearly defined and their superior-subordinate relationship is also mentioned.