Phylogeny of Plants

and
Related Organisms
 SYSTEMATICS

• Scientific study of the kinds

and diversity of organisms
and any relationship among
them
 SYSTEMATICS

• Deals and encompasses

traditional TAXONOMY
 TAXONOMY
Is the:
• Description
• Identification
• Classification, and;
• Nomenclature of organisms
Recall: bio3
Category vs. Taxa
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
• The ordering of taxa provides a system of
cataloguing and expressing relationships
between entities.
Phenetic Classification

• Based on overall similarities

between and among taxa
Phenetic Classification
• The more features two taxa
share, the more likely they
will be put in the same
group.
Phenetic Classification
• Groupings are based on their
chemical, morphological,
anatomical, physiological, and
ecological characteristics
Phylogenetic Classification

• Based on evolutionary history

or pattern of descent, which
may or may not correspond to
overall similarity.
Phylogenetic Classification
• Most widely used form of
phylogenetic analysis:
CLADISTICS
–Represented by a CLADOGRAM
(phylogenetic tree)
Cladograms
• A branching diagram that
conceptually shows the evolutionary
pattern of descent.
Cladograms
• Have implied time scales
• The lines represent lineages or
clades, which denote descent.
Cladograms
• The branching shows lineage
divergence, changes in evolution
through time– a change from the
pre-existing (ancestral) trait to a
new derived character
(apomorphy)
Monophyletic groups

• Consisting of a
common
ancestor plus
all
descendants.
Paraphyletic groups

• Consisting of a
common ancestor
but not all the
descendants of
that common
ancestor.
Polyphyletic groups

• Two or more
separate
groups, each
with separate
common
ancestor
End.