Chapter 5-8 Exam

• Biome- a major regional complex of similar communities, a large ecological unit

recognized primarily by its dominant plant type and vegetation structure.

• Symbiosis- occurs between when organism that live in close physical contact
that provides some goods that other can benefit from.

• Mutualism- is a relationship in which interacting species benefit from one

another.

• Parasitism- is a relationship in which one organism depends on other, like a host.

• Succession- a disturbance severe enough to eliminate all or most of the species

in a community, the effect will undergo a somewhat predictable serious of
change

• Producer- or autotrophs (self feeder) compromise the first Trophic level. Ex: algae
capture solar energy and produce sugars

• Primary consumer- Organism that consumes producers

• Secondary consumer- prey on primary consumers, wolf eat deer.

• Interspecific competition

• Stages of demographic transition- Pre industrial stage, transitional stage,

industrial stage, post industrial stage.

• IPAT model- a formula of I- total impact, P- population, A- affluence, T-

technology

• Wealth gap and population growth- the richest 1/5 possesses 80times the income
of poorest 1/5, also consumes 86% of world’s resources.

• effects of industrialization on soil and agriculture- intensifying irrigation and

introducing synthetic fertilizer, while the advent of chemical pesticides reduced.

• Leaching- the process where by solids suspended or dissolved in liquid are

transported to another location

• Soil horizon characteristic:

-O horizon: composed mostly by organic matter deposited by organism
- A horizon: consist of organic materials mixed with mineral components
- E horizon: loss of some minerals and organic matter through leacing
-B horizon: subsoils, accumulate
- R horizon: pure parental material
• Desertification- a loss of more than 10% productivity due to erosion, soil
compaction, forest removal.

• ways to prevent erosion- Crop rotation

Contour farming- consists of plowing furrows sideways across a hillside
terracing- most effective reducing erosion
Shelterbelts- tall row of trees plant along the edge of the field

• Salinization- build up of salt in surface of soil layers.

• recombinant DNA- breakup multiple DNA and splice them together, to produce
certain proteins and code for desire trait.

• animal that requires the most land and water to raise- BEEF

• techniques of integrated pest management (IPM)- numerous techniques including

biocontrol, use of chemicals

• Composting- mixture produce when decomposer break down organic matter

• Keystone species- species that have far-reach impact

• Extinction- last number of species die and never exist again

• Speciation- evolution of a new biological species

• Extirpation- disappearance of a species in an area, but no global.

• taxonomic hierarchy- system meant to reflect evolutionary relationships

• percent of species that are now extinct- 50-95%

• World Conservation Union’s “Red List”- an update list of high risk species.

• greatest cause of biodiversity loss today- Habitat alteration, caused 83% of

threaten mammals, 85% birds

• hot spots- a way prioritize region that are most important globally for biodiversity
conservation

• invasive species- introduced species that pushed native species away.

• Endangered Species Act- forbid gov and private citizen to destroy endanger
species and their habitat, also forbids trade in products made from endanger
species
• equilibrium theory of island biogeography- Attempt to explain species area curve,
the effect isolation, species turn over.