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z Single stranded molecule of RNA that encodes z Codon – specifies the sequence of amino acids
sequence of the polypeptide z Initiation (start) codon
z Transcribed and processed in the nucleus and z AUG – methionine
then exported into cytoplasm z Every protein in a cell starts with methionine
z 5’ end has binding sites for translation initiation z Termination (stop) codons
z Middle is a coding sequence z UAA, UGA, UAG
z 3’ end regulates stability of mRNA
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Genetic code Genetic code
z Universal
z Degenerate - some amino acids are specified by
more than one codon
z 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids
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Charging of tRNA Charging of tRNA
Ribosomes Ribosomes
Ribosomes Ribosomes
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Ribosomes Ribosomes
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Initiation Initiation
Initiation Initiation
Initiation Elongation
z Association with large ribosomal subunit z Repetitive cycles of codon directed addition of
aa-tRNA
z Aa-tRNA binding
z Proofreading
z Peptidyl transfer
z Translocation
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Elongation Elongation
Elongation Elongation
Termination Polysomes
z Protein factor eTF binds to stop codon and z In eukaryotes the same molecule of mRNA can
catalyzes hydrolysis of last amino acid-tRNA be simultaneously translated several times
z Peptide is released from the ribosome z Each emerging peptide is synthesized on a
z Ribosomal subunits dissociate separate ribosome
z Many ribosomes on the same “string” of mRNA
are called polysomes
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What happens after translation? What happens after translation?