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Denistyاﻟﮑﺜﺎﻓﻪ
: ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
ρ
: ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ
- 89 -
ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘــﺎت اﻟﮑﺜــــﺎﻓﻪ
: ( ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺪﻱ ﺷﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ١ )
و ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﻋﻠـﻲ ﻣـﺪي ﺷـﺤﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳـﺔ ﺑﻘﻴـﺎس q
. ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺔ
: ( ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ٢ )
ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺪم
1040 Kg/m3
1060 Kg/m3
ﺍﻟﺤﻤـﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺰﻣﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻷﻧﻴﻤﻴﺎﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ
ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﻮل
1020 Kg/m3
. و ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﺑﻘﻴﺎس ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺪم أو ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﻮل q
- 90 -
1f
f
ff
f
Kg/m.s2–J/m3–N/m2: وﺣﺪات ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ
A
P
: اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ
A
: ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻼت ﻫﺎﻣﺔ
. ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻴﻦ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺼﻞ ﺣﺎﺩ.١
. ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺃﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ.٢
. ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ.٣
. ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻹﺑﺮﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺪﺑﺐ.٤
. ﻳﺘﺮ ﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺬﺍﺀ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺐ ﺃﺛﺮﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺮ ﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ.٥
- 91 -
ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻤﺘﺰﺝ ﻣﻌﻪ
Pa Pa
h1 BA
h2 h2h1
B A
B=A
Pa + ρ2 g h2 = Pa + ρ1 g h1
ρ2 g h2 = ρ1 g h1
ρ2 h2 = ρ1 h1
f hf
= f
fff
ff
ρf
f
1f
f
f 2
ρ2 h1
- 93 -
: ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎت ﻫــﺎﻣﺔ
Pa Pa
h1
h2
B A
f hf
= f
ff
fff
ρf
f
f
1f
f 2
ρ2 h1
XX
h = 2 X
h1 A1
h2
A2X1
Af
f
ff
1f
f
ff
X2 = X1
A2
h = X1 + X2
X1A2
Af
f
ff
2f
f
ff
X2 = X1A1
A1
h = X1 + X2
Y- Z Y
Z
2X Y X
B A X
Z
X
h1 = 2X
h2 = ( Y-Z )+X
- 94 -
cm.Hg
Bar
× 10-1 × 10
: ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ mm.Hg
Torr
- 96 -
: ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ
76 cm.Hg
76 cm
76 cm
- 98 -
: ﺗﺨﻴﺮ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻗﻮاس/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻷول
N m-3J m-2N m-2N m-1Kg m-3
Kg m s2Kg m-1 s-2Kg m s-2 Kg m-2 s-2
105–7601.0137610-5
– – – –
–
–––
– Torr – Bar – Pascal
N/m3
– 1.013 Bar
1.013105 Pascal–0.76 m.Hg–760 cm.Hg
–––
105–7601.0137610-5
–
0.76–76–105–1.0131.013105
: ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ أن/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
13600 Kg/m3
8.6
2.7
2103 N/m2
1.3103 N
- 99 -
5104 N/m2
1.013105 Pa
0.76 m.Hg
750 Torr
60 cm
: ﻋﻠﻞ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
: أذﻛﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ
- 100 -
Kg.m-1.s-2
1 m2 76 cm
0oC
105 Pascal
: أذﻛﺮ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
: ﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺴﺎدس
- 101 -
76 cm
: ﻗﺎرن ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
–
: أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
CBA
g = 9.8 m/s2ρw = 1000 Kg/m3
Pa = 1.013105 N/m2
h
P ( N/m2 )
B
A h N/m2
B , A
h(m)
- 102 -
: اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ
103 Kg/m360 Kg90 Kg
0.0899 m3–667 Kg/m3–0.667
15103 N/m2
3.0159106 N8 m
1000 cm2
4104 N4000 N
0.92 cm260 Kg
6.4106 N/m29.8 m/s2
50 m
1.01305 N/m2103 Kg/m3
5.9105 N/m2–4.9105 N/m29.8 m/s2
3.039105 N/m2
4 atm1.013105 N/m2
100 m
1000 Kg/m3
9.8105 N/m29.8 m/s2
1000 cm2 1030 Kg/m3
9.8 m/s2
1.114104 N–1.114105 N/m21.013105 N/m2
40 m
80 cm
g = 9.8 m/s21030 Kg/m3
2.03105 N–4.0376105 N/m2
- 103 -
120 m
1.013105 N/m21030 Kg/m3
13.1105 N/m29.8 m/s2
350 KPa
980 Kg/m3
40.128 mg = 9.8 m/s2
210 mm.Hg 10 Km
600 cm2
760 mm.Hg
4.4103 N9.8 m/s213600 Kg/m3
12 atm
70 cm 40 cm
13600 Kg/m3 1000 Kg/m3
3.4105 N–124 m76 cm.Hg9.8 m/s2
0.2 m 1 m
3.64104 N13600 Kg/m31000 Kg/m3
1 atm
1000 kg/m3 3 atm
20.67 m9.8 m/s21.013105 N/m2
4 cm2 2 cm2
0.5 cm
20.4 cm1000 Kg/m313600 Kg/m3
50 cm
50 cm 13600 Kg/m3
50 cm 1200 Kg/m3
50 cm h
800 Kg/m3
100 cm–7.35 cm
- 104 -
U
19 cm
23.75 cm800 Kg/m31000 Kg/m3
13600 Kg/m3
1230 Kg/m3
0.5 cm 3.69 cm
39.4 N–40.8 cmg = 10 m/s2
9 cm3 2 cm2 U
3.6 cm
8 cm310 3 Kg/m3900 Kg/m3
900 Kg/m3
6 cm
13.5 cm
0.0216 Kg–800 Kg/m32 cm2
75 cm.Hg
1.26 Kg/m3 50 m
75.46 cm.Hg13600 Kg/m3
36 cm
atm – cm.Hg N/m2
13600 Kg/m3 1.013105 N/m2
1.48 atm–112 cm.Hg–1.5105 N/m29.8 m/s2
75.5 cm.Hg 74.3 cm.Hg
13600 Kg/m31.25 Kg/m3
130.56 m
76 cm
200 74.15 cm
13.6103 Kg/m3
1.258 Kg/m39.8 m/s2
- 105 -
P
h (m) 5 10 15 20 25 30
P 105 (N/m2) 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
103 Kg/m3–105 N/m210 m/s2
P
h (m) 3 6 9 12 15 18
P 105 (N/m2) 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.6
24 m
103 Kg/m3–105 N/m210 m/s2
h1
h2
h1 (cm) 6 9 12 18 Y 24
h2 (cm) 5 X 10 15 17.5 20
h1
h2
YX
21 cm–7.5 cm–1.2
hΔP
ΔP (N/m2) 384 512 640 896 1024 Y
h (m)10 30 40 50 X 80 100
h ΔP
YX
1.28 Kg/m3–700 m–1280 N/m2
- 106 -
Manometerاﻟﻤــــﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ
Pa : اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ
h
: ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ
A B
U
––
: ﻋﻤﻠﻪ
BA
BA
BP∴
P = Pa + ρ g h
Pa
P - Pa = ρ g h
∴ ΔP = ρ g h
: ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎت ﻫــﺎﻣﺔ
h
A B
P = Pa - ρ g h
P = Pa
mm.Hg = Torr cm.Hg m.Hg
P = Pa + h
+h
-h
- 107 -
ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀﻓﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ
ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ
: ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ: ًﺃﻭﻻ
: اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻻﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ
120 mm.Hg
: اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻻﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ
80 mm.Hg
ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒــﺲ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ
: اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻨﻪ
a A : ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ
f F
a
A
: ﻋﻤﻠﺔ
y1af
P
P= f
ff
ff
a
A
Py2F
P= f
Ff
f
ff
A
ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل
- 109 -
: و ﻳﻜﻮن
ff
f
ff F
= f
f
ff
f
a A
: ﺗﺒﻌﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ
F y2 = f y1
: اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻐﻤﻮر ﻛﻠﻴﺎً أو ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ
ρL
VL
g
- 111 -
(Fb)>(Fg)S
ﻣﺜﻞρL>ρS
: و ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻄﻔﻮ-
FT = Fb - (Fg)S
= ρL g VL ρS g Vs
FT = (ρL ρS ) g Vs
: ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ
ρL>ρS
ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ
(Fb)(Fg)S
ﻣﺜﻞρLρS
: و ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ و ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ-
FT = Fb – (Fg)S = 0
FT = 0
(Fb)<(Fg)S
ﻣﺜﻞρL<ρS
: و ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ و ﻫﻮ ﻣﻐﻤﻮر-
FT = (Fg)S - Fb
= ρS g Vs ρL g VL
FT = (ρS ρL) g Vs
- 112 -
: ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ
Fb
: ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻄﻔـﻮ
# Fb = (Fg)s = ρL g VL
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﻔﻮ ﻓﻴﻪ
ρ2ρ1
#
V1 h1 (Fb)1 = (Fb)2
ρ1 g V1 = ρ2 g V2
ρ1 ρ1 V1 = ρ2 V2
f Vf
= fff
2f
f
ff hf
= f
ff
fff
ρf
ff
1f
f 2
ρ2 V 1 h1
: ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ أن
V2 h2
ρ2
- 113 -
: ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻼت ﻫﺎﻣﺔ
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬـﺮ ﻳﺠـﺐ.١
. ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺘﻬﺎ
. ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ.٢
. ﻳﻐﻮﺹ ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻄﻔﻮ ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ.٣
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻐﻤﺮ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻌـﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﻓـﻲ.٤
. ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﻔﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻛﻞ.٥
. ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ
ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺋﻞ.٦
. ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻐﻤﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ
Fb = ρL g VL
- 114 -
(Fg)S = ms g
Ff
f
ff
Tf
f
ff
f
a =
ms
- 115 -
ff
f
fff f ff
f
fff
ff
f
ff
fff
f
ff
f
f
200f
ff
f
fff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
f
10 m20 m
P= = = 6.36910 N/m 5 2
a π B1B10@ 4
1030 Kg/m3
9.8 m/s2
0.09 Kg/m3 اﻟﺤﻞ
14104 m3 Fb = Fg s à Ahρg = mg
f ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
f
h= ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
1.29 Kg/m3 m 10B2000
= = 0.097 m
105 Kg A ρ 1030B20B10
10 m/s2
اﻟﺤﻞ 510-3 m3
0.21000 Kg/m3
Fg = Fgs + m g = 10510 + V ρH2 g
Fg =106 +141040.0910 = 1.126106 N
Fb = V ρair g = 141041.2510
Fb =1.806106 N 9.8 m/s2
F = Fb –Fg = 1.806106 – 1.126106 اﻟﺤﻞ
F = 6.8105 N Fb = Fg s à VL ρL g = Vs ρs g
4f
f
ff
f
40 Kg V ×1000 = V ρs à ρs = 800 Kg/m3
5
5000 cm3 Fb = Fg s + Fg'
0.76 Vs ρL g = Vs ρs g + Fg'
10 m/s2 5×10-3×1000×9.8 = 5×10-3×800×9.8 + Fg'
اﻟﺤﻞ Fg' = 9.8 N
Fb = V ρ g = 760 500010-6 9.8
Fb = 37.24 N
FT = Fg – Fb = 409.8 - 37.24 = 354.76 N
- 119 -
: ﺗﺨﻴﺮ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻗﻮاس/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻷول
100 N
10 N–104 N100 N–1000 N–2000 N
2 cm 8 g/cm3
1 g/cm3
–––
–0.008 m3
20 N
25 N–25 N–25 N5 N
20 N–
20 N
– 23 N 3 N
20 N–23 N–23 N
––
100 N
200 N–150 N–100 N–75 N–50 N
–
– –
- 120 -
fffff
fffff
fffff
fffff
3 1 4 3
4 4 3 4
––
fffff
1
4
1 fffff
fffff
fffff
4 3 1
3 4 4
–
–
ρL ρ V
ρf
f
ff
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
Lf
f
ff ρ
V ffff
Lf
f
ff
ff
ff
f
ff
ff
ff ρ
V ffff
Lf
f
ff
ff
f
ff
ff
ff
ff
@ ρ @ ρ @ ρ
V
ρ ρL ρL + ρ
V fffffffffffffff
ρ @ ρLf ff
f
ρL
ρL ρ V
fffffffffff fffff
Lf
f
ff
ff f
fffffffff
Lf
f
ff f
fffffffffffff
V ρ ρ Vρ ρ
ρL V ρ ρ V ρL
––
0oC20 cm3
20 cm3–20 cm3
–20 cm3
–––
– –
fffff
sf
f
ff f
ff
gf
f
ff f
ff
bf
f
ff f
fwfffff
V F F ρ
Vw Fb Fg ρs
–
–
- 121 -
: ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ أن/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
3 atm
5 atm
120 Torr
90 Torr
180/100
400
20 N
40 N
6000 N
10 N
50 N
1156.4 N
: ﻋﻠﻞ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
- 122 -
: أذﻛﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ
- 123 -
: أذﻛﺮ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
: ﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺴﺎدس
100%
- 124 -
: ﻗﺎرن ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
: أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
U
76 cm.Hg
5 cm2
500 cm2
50 N
10 cm
Fb ( N )
Fb
ρ
ρ ( kg/m3 )
- 125 -
5 cm.Hg
5 cm.Hg
5 cm.Hg
•
150 K Pa
100 K Pa
h
13600 Kg/m3
- 126 -
– q
B A
P
hC
755 mm Hg q
mm.Hg
q
- 127 -
ρ
100 Kg
0.5 m 2
N/m2
N/m2
N
A F
P
P , A , F
A
B
NB
N/m2
13.6 cm
A B
75 cm.Hg
ABA
X X B
ffff
Y Z 1
A B 3
ZYX
- 128 -
A B C D
B A
1 2 3 4
Fb Fb Fb
L
A
L L L q
(1) (2) (3) Fb
L
q
: اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ
+10 cm
105 N/m2
13600 Kg/m39.8 m/s2
1.133 Bar–0.133 Bar
0.01 atm
13600 Kg/m3cm.HgN/m2
1.01310 5 N/m2 9.8 m/s2
76.76 cm.Hg–1.023105 N/m2–1.01 atm
25 cm
N/m2
1.013105 N/m2g = 9.8 m/s213600 Kg/m3
1.346105 N/m2–0.333105 N/m2
- 129 -
200 N 410-4 m2
10 m/s21200 cm2
300–6000 Kg
650 Kg
650 Kg
1.5 m 15 cm2 0.1 m2
f0.8
1000 Kg/m3
77.91 N9.8 m/s2
2 cm2
50 cm2
50 cm–400 N–25g = 10 m/s22 cm
2 cm
1800 Kg 32 cm
2.238105 N/m2g = 10 m/s2
24 cm 2 cm
2880 N
1 cm
144 cm–20 N
900 Kg/m3 270 g
1.510-4 m30.8103 Kg/m3
6 cm
1200 Kg/m3
5 cm1000 Kg/m3
4102 Kg/m3110-5 m3
10-3 m2
2.66710-3 m1.510 3 Kg/m3
- 130 -
120 N160 N
3.20.8
600 Kg/m3
0.2 m380 Kg
5000 cm340 Kg
760 Kg/m3
354.76 N–37.24 N g = 9.8 m/s2
2.7 10 cm
9.8 m/s21000 Kg/m3
16.66 N–21.56 N–26.46 N
250 g
180 g 160 g
10 m/s2103 kg/m3
777.77 Kg/m3–2777.77 Kg/m3
14104 m3
1.29 kg/m3 0.092 Kg/m3
8104 Kg
8.772105 N10 m/s2
320 g 540 g
1000 Kg/m32700 Kg/m3
210-5 m3
0.2 Kg
2 cm
10-3 m31000 Kg/m3
45 Kg50 Kg
5.110-4 m3–5 Ng = 9.8 m/s21000 Kg/m3
- 131 -
40 Kg
103 Kg/m3
Zero–0.04 m3–392 Ng = 9.8 m/s2
7850 Kg/m30.12 Kg
9.8 m/s2103 Kg/m3
0.1047 Kg–1.52810-5 m3
2.549 N1.8 N2 N
9.8 m/s2103 Kg/m3
1274.5 Kg/m3–900 Kg/m3
920 Kg/m3
103 Kg/m310 Kg
78.4 m38%
20
10 m20 m2000 Kg
1030 Kg/m3
0.194 m–38.83 m3
765 g
652.5 g675 g
1000 Kg/m3
8500 Kg/m3–1250 Kg/m3
2.5 N
8800 Kg/m31000 Kg/m3
0.224 Kg–2.5510-4 m3
15 cm
13600 Kg/m3 2700 Kg/m3
9.8 m/s2
0.029 m
- 132 -
21 N20 N24 N
0.75–6
600 Kg/m3 3 m 2 m 0.5 m
1000 Kg/m3
80 Kg
1200 Kg–0.313 m–0.3 m
720 m2
1100 Kg16
0.024 m 1000Kg/m3
60 Kg
0.5 m0.8 m21000 Kg/m3
g = 9.8 m/s230 cm
3332 N1764 N–0.075 m
4 %10 Kg
62.5 Kg
3 men103 Kg/m3
30%350 Kg/m3
75 Kg
950 Kg/m3
0.0266 m31030 Kg/m3
20 cm
1.75 m2103 Kg/m370 Kg
8%24.72 Kg
1.03 70 Kg
4 men103 Kg/m3
- 133 -
1.5 m3 1 Kg
0.092 Kg/m3 1.3 Kg/m3
6.99 m/s29.8 m/s2
1800 Kg
12 m30 m
1025 Kg/m3
0.0975 m9.8 m/s2
154.4 g
12 g
410-6 m3103 Kg/m3g = 9.8 m/s219.3
800 Kg/m3
0.6 cm192 g
810-3 m3
1100 Kg30 cm
3.667 m2103 Kg/m3
820 Kg/m3 0.3 Kg
0.6
210-4 m31000 Kg/m3
3 g5 g
103 Kg/m33.24 g
2500–880 Kg/m3
12 cm 28 cm
8.8 cm
0.8
0.69.8 m/s21000 Kg/m3
0.18 Kg/m3 4000 m3
1400 Kg
0.09 Kg/m3
490 Kg
- 134 -
850 Kg/m3 10 cm
1.0510-3 m31000 Kg/m3800 Kg/m3
1000 Kg/m320 cm
9.8 m/s25
6.410-3 m3
0.9
800 Kg/m3 8 cm
5 cm
1000 Kg/m3
7 cm –35 cm
34 N2.7
54 N1000 Kg/m3
0.2 m32700 Kg/m3
1960 N1000 Kg/m3
0.3 N0.45 N
2700 Kg/m30.9
210-4 m3
2707 Kg/m3
1.2610-4 m310 m/s2
0.09 Kg/m3
1.29 Kg/m314104 m3
105 Kg
68104 N10 m/s2
1000 Kg/m3
f
1f
ff
ff
ff
f
fffff
3
36 4
3f
f
ff
1
- 135 -
1 cm3
103 Kg/m319.3
9.510-7 m3
1.5 cm3
19.3 g/cm31 g/cm3
1.4210-6 m3– 1.5 g g = 9.8 m/s2
850 Kg/m3
5 cm50 g
400 Kg/m3–0.55 N
2.5 Kg4 Kg
1 g/cm3 2.7 g/cm3
210-5 m3
0.003 m3 0.004 m3
10 N0.8
2600 Kg/m3 g = 10 m/s2
4 Kg 6000 L
0.09 Kg/m3
9.8 m/s21.25 Kg/m3
29.6 N –6.52 m/s2
4 cm 20 cm
10 cm
0.8
0.71000 Kg/m3
3 Kg1.5 m2
4000 Kg/m3
0.15 cm–
fffff
ffff
4 3
5 5
103 Kg/m3
750 Kg/m3–600 Kg/m3
- 136 -
40 cm3 50 cm3
800 Kg/m3–103 Kg/m3
0.6
0.02 m3 900 Kg/m3
10 m/s2
–
6.66710-3 m3–120 N–60 N–180 N
f
1f
ff
ff
ff
f
– 1000 Kg 500 Kg
10
4500 Kg103 Kg/m3 ffff
1
5
ffff
1
2
ffffffffff
2
0.5
100 g
810 Kg/m3 7500 Kg/m3 – 8800 Kg/m3
1 g10 m/s2
400 N 0.2 m3
100 N
0.85103 Kg/m3g = 10 m/s2
: ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ
2500 Kg/m3 V
900 Kg/m3 fffffffff
25
16
- 137 -
450 Hz
409 Hz1000 Kg/m35.7
5000 Kg/m3
420 Hz
336 Hz1800 Kg/m3
320 Hz
284 Hz4270 Kg/m31000 Kg/m3
392 Hz
4267.9 Kg/m349 Hz
: اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺤﺎدي ﻋﺸﺮ
80 50 35 20 10 f
1280 800 560 320 160 F
60 N
5 cm
20 cm–960 N–16
16 Y 12 10 9 8 Fb N
1600 1400 1200 X 900 800 ρ Kg/m3
ρ Fb
YX
10 m/s2
10 Kg
89 N–10-3 m2–14 N–1000 Kg/m31100 Kg/m3
- 138 -
2700 Kg/m310 cm
Y 14 15 17 18 19 F' N
1500 1300 X 1000 900 800 ρ Kg/m3
ρF'
YX
–10 m/s2–12 N–1200 Kg/m3
2.7 N
1.1 1.3 X 1.7 1.9 2.1 F' N
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 ρ Kg/m3
ρ Fb
X
g = 10 m/s2
2700 Kg/m3–2700 Kg/m3–10-4 m3–1.5 N
- 139 -
: ﺧﻂ اﻻﻧﺴﻴﺎب
ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺴﯿﺎب
Qm ﻣﻌﺪل اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﮑﺘﻠﯽ QV ﻣﻌﺪل اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻤﯽ
Q m = QV ρ = A v ρ Kg/s QV = A v m3/s
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ
ρ
A2A1YX
A2 v2 v2v1
X A1
QV =A1 v1
A1
A1 Qm =A1 v1 ρ
Y A2
v1 QV =A2 v2
A2
Qm =A2 v2 ρ
- 141 -
$
v2 ∴
v1 ∴ A1 v1 ρ = A2 v2 ρ
A2
Af
f
ff
1f
f
ff vf
f
ff
ff
f
A1
∴ A1 v1 = A2 v2 = 2
A 2 v1
: ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل و اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار
: ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎت ﻫــﺎﻣﺔ
vf
f
ff
fffA
ff
f
f1f
f
ff rf
2fff
f
f
1f
2
2
v1 A 2 r 2
q
A2 A1
v2
v2
A2 n
A1
v1 v2
A2 A2
v2 A2
A1 v1 = n A2 v2
A1
v A 2 2
A1
v3 A3 A1 v1 = A2 v2 + A3 v3 + ……
v4
v1
A4
: ﻋﻠﻞ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ
- 142 -
: اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ
ﺗﺠﺎرب ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ
: ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
: ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ
ﻛﺤﻮل ﺟﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ
: اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ
: اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج
: ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ
: ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ
ﻛﺤﻮل ﻋﺴﻞ
: اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ
: اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج
- 143 -
: ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ
: ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ
ﻣﺎء
ﺟﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ
: اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ
: اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج
ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫــﺎﻣﺔ
V A Qm
1f
ff
f
f
t QV
f
ff
ff
f
Slope = ff
V v Qf
ff
ff
ff
f
Slope = 1f
Slope = = QV Af
f
fff= Av =QV m
=ρ
t f
f
fff
QV
v
Qv Qm F
1f
f
ff
v
ρ
Slope = f
Qf f
f
ff
ff
f
f
Slope = = ηvs f
Ff
f
ff
f Af
f
ff
f
Slope = f
Qf
ff
f
Vf
f
ff
m
= QV
= QV ρ = Qm ρ v d
f
f
f
1f
f
ρ
- 146 -
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ
10 cm
0.5 cm
0.4 m 2.5 cm
0.2 cm 1 m/s
0.25 m/s
اﻟﺤﻞ 1000 Kg/m3
اﻟﺤﻞ
A1v1 = n A2v2
π r12 v1 = n π r22 v2 A1v1 = A2v2
b c
2 π r12 v1 = π r22 v2
πf
f
ff
rf
ff
ff
f
ff
f
fvf
f
ff
f
ff
f
f f 0.5B10 @2
= bf
ff
ff
f
fff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
f
2
1 1
B0.4 1.252 v2 = 52 × 1
n= c
πr v
2
@2
2
v2 = 16 m/s
2 2 0.2B10 B0.25 m = Qm.t = Avρt
= 10 =3.145210-41601000
=471 Kg/min
8 cm
0.8 Kg/m.s
2 m/s0.5 m2
2 cm
اﻟﺤﻞ
Af
f
ff
f
fvf
f
ff
f f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
f
0.5f
f
ff
f
ff
f
f
B2f
f
ff
f
ff
f
ff
F1 = ηvs = 0.8 = 40 N
d1 2B10@ 2
Af
f
ff
f
fvf
f
ff
f f
ff
ff
f
ff
f
f
0.5f
f
ff
f
ff
f
f
B2f
f
ff
f
ff
ff
f
F2 = ηvs = 0.8 = 13.33 N
d2 6B10 @2
F = F1 + F2 = 40 + 13.33 = 53.33 N
- 147 -
: ﺗﺨﻴﺮ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻗﻮاس/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻷول
Kg.m-1.s-1 – Kg.m.s-1
Kg.m/s2–Kg.m-1.s
Pascal.s
N.s.m-1
Kg/sKgm3/s
m3–
1.4 cm 4 m/s
6.16 10-5 m3/s6.16 10-4 m3/s6.16 10-6 m3/s
0.0086 m3/s
- 148 -
––––
–––
–
– –
–
– –
–
–
––
–––
–
–
––
––
- 149 -
: ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ أن/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
0.5 Kg/s
2 Liter/s
0.04 N.s.m-2
15 mm/hr
: ﻋﻠﻞ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
: أذﻛﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ
- 150 -
: أذﻛﺮ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
: ﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺴﺎدس
: ﻗﺎرن ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
–
––
- 151 -
: اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ/اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
0.2 m/s1.5 cm
0.5 cm
9.510-3 m3–1.8 m/s
25 cmA
B
A D 10 cm B 15 cm D
C 8 cmC
2 m/sAA
4 m/sBDC
5.56 m/s–13.3 m/s–0.3927 m3
0.1 cm1000.5 cm
0.04 m/s
0.0025 m/s
4 m/s1 cm
0.408 cm24 m/s
5 m/s 2 cm
20 m3
12738.85 s–15.710-4 m3/s
0.7 cm
300.33 m/s
0.044 m/s0.35 cm
14 cm
3 cm/s 1 cm
0.015 cm/s
2.5 cm 200 L/min
15 m
490 watt1.698 m/s
2 m/s 3 cm
0.0848 m3
- 152 -
18 L
10-4 m23 m/s
4 cm 2.5 m/s
3.110-3 m3/s
6 L/min
0.2510-4 m24 m/s
5 m
0.35 m/s2.5 m3/hr
4.427 m/s
2.5 cm8.710-3 m3/s
10 m/s 12 cm2
30 m/s4 cm2
0.54 m/s 5 cm
1.5 m/s3 cm
10 m/s4 cm2
1 mm2
40 m/s
40 min
423.6 s
2 m/s4104 m2
210-4 m2
4 m/s
0.1 mm 80
0.044 m/s 0.035 cm
6.710-3 m/s
r cm v m/s
64 v m/s fffffcm
r
4
- 153 -
10 cm2
20 g.cm-1.s-11 mm
0.02 N1 cm/s
2.5 cm
0.75 m2 0.785 Kg.m-1.s-1
0.5 m/s
49 N–47.1 N1 cm
0.01 m2
2.5 N 2 mm
4 N.s/m212.5 cm/s
50 40 30 25 20 X v m/s
1f
f
ff
f -2
25 20 Y 12.5 10 5 m
A
fffff
1
v
A
YX
120 m3–15 m-2–10 m/s