The effect of dredging off Great Yarmouth

on the wave conditions and erosion of the

North Norfolk coast

Mike Walkden and Peter Stansby

December 2006

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Working Paper 97

 The effect of dredging off Great
Yarmouth on the wave conditions
and erosion of the North Norfolk
coast

Mike Walkden1 and Peter Stansby2

1
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Cassie Building,
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU
2
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
School of Mechanical, Aerospace & Civil Engineering
The University of Manchester, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD

Email: 1mike.walkden@ncl.ac.uk, 2p.k.stansby@manchester.ac.uk

Tyndall Centre Working Paper No. 97

December 2006

Please note that Tyndall working papers are "work in progress". Whilst they are commented on by
Tyndall researchers, they have not been subject to a full peer review.
The accuracy of this work and the conclusions reached are the responsibility of the author(s) alone and
not the Tyndall Centre.

1
Summary

A large scale hydrodynamic model and a regional coastal morphological model have
been used to explore the relationship between coastal erosion in north Norfolk and
seabed lowering due to dredging off Great Yarmouth. A scenario of extreme dredging
was defined and used to modify the boundary conditions of the hydrodynamic model
to reveal the sensitivity of nearshore waves. The modified waves were then used to
drive the morphological model to predict the coastal erosion. The resulting shorelines
were compared to predictions previously made with undredged bathymetry. No
significant difference was found in the nearshore wave climate or the shoreline
erosion due to the dredging scenario.

1 Introduction

Erosion is a significant problem for some areas of the North Norfolk coast between
Blakeney and Happisburgh and some coastal communities are concerned that this
natural process may be enhanced by dredging of seabed gravel offshore of Great
Yarmouth. The fear is that this artificial seabed lowering may allow larger waves to
attack the coastal cliffs. The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research has
explored the sensitivity of this coast to such seabed lowering using models developed
to describe wave conditions and coastal evolution in the region over the 21st Century
(Stansby et al, 2006, Dickson et al, in press). Before and after dredging the
bathymetry was assumed to be static. This report describes the scenarios tested and
the results of this model based investigation.

2 Seabed lowering under extreme dredging

A dredge scenario involving the maximum feasible removal of seabed material was
tested since this would be most likely to reveal any relationship between dredging and
costal erosion.

Dredging activities are licensed within specific adjoining areas off Great Yarmouth,
as can be seen at:
http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/43_active_area_charts_east_05_06_01.pdf)

The volumes of material that will be removed from these areas is uncertain, and
depends on factors such as the granting of licenses, restrictions imposed with those
licenses, economic demand for aggregate and the quality of the resource found. A
review of these factors was beyond the scope of this study, so the findings of a
previous review (HR Wallingford 2004) have been used. HR Wallingford identified
an extreme scenario under which 131 million tonnes of gravel would be removed
from a 35km2 of area 401/2 resulting in a lowering of the seabed by 2.5 m. They point
out that this represents approximately 7 times the volume that would be permitted
under current proposals over 15 years. HR Wallingford further assumed that the
maximum permitted quantity of material would be removed from the other license
areas, plus a 10% margin of error. This results in an average increase in depth in these
areas of from 0.05 to 1.23 m. In this study the maximum of that range (i.e. 1.23) was
applied uniformly. This is a large overestimate of the volume removed, which was

2
made for the sake of simplicity. It was also assumed that no siltation would occur
after dredging.

The dredging scenario adopted in this study is therefore lowering of the seabed by 2.5
m in areas 401/2 and by 1.23 m in other license areas, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Depth and extent of seabed lowering due to dredging in areas 401/2 (red, -
2.5m) and other licence areas (green, -1.23m)

3 Wave modelling

Wave propagation inshore is determined from the SWAN code (Booij et al. 2005)
with a 200m mesh covering the region shown in Figure 1. A paper by Stansby et al,
(2006) has shown the effectiveness of this method by comparing predicted inshore
wave climate with field measurements with offshore wave climate determined from
wind data.

The grid coordinates of the nearshore positions are given in Table 1.

Position X (m) Y (m) Depth at mid tide (m)
1 629050 343922 18.19
2 633165 341179 18.22
3 636271 336594 17.98
4 642354 331447 18.08
Table 1. Coordinates of nearshore wave points

Various offshore wave conditions have been chosen with a representative condition
with a significant wave height Hs of 3m and period Ts of 6s with directions of S, SSE,

3
SE and ESE. Mid tide level was assumed. Conditions with values of Hs =3m and Ts
=10s and Hs =6m and Ts =10s have also been tested from the predominant Southerly
and the SE directions. The resulting inshore wave heights and the ratio of values after
dredging to values without dredging are shown in Appendix 1. It is noted that changes
due to the ESE direction are minimal and for waves from the East to North will be
less

These results show that the influence on dredging on inshore wave height, period and
direction is less than 1% which is within the prediction error of this approach. This is
not altogether surprising as the bed level reductions are in depths of 20-30m and the
dredging site is 60km from the coastal region of concern.

4 Cliff erosion modelling

Tyndall uses a SCAPE model to describe the evolution of the North Norfolk coast.
SCAPE, which is described in detail by Walkden & Hall (2005), models a rock shore
profile (platform and cliff) with an overlying beach. It can be used to simulate a quasi-
3D coast by assembling a series of profiles alongshore and allowing them to interact.
The Norfolk model sections are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Map showing the shore model profile locations

Future coastal erosion depends on many factors that can not be precisely known in
advance, such as coastal management decisions and climate change. Consequently
predictions are often made under different scenarios, which are used to explore the
range of possible future conditions. The Tyndall Coastal Programme has modelled
future erosion under 45 such scenarios, each of which include an unchanging seabed
(i.e. they assume that no future dredging will occur).

4
In this study four of these scenarios have been rerun, using the new inshore wave
conditions described in the previous section, which were modelled under the
assumption that extreme dredging will occur.

The four scenarios that were selected for retesting are shown in Table 2.

D1 Maintain existing defences (71% of cliffed coast defended)

D2 Managed retreat 1 (34% of cliffed coast defended)
by 2030 structures removed from small towns
D3 Managed retreat 2 (16% of cliffed coast defended)
by 2030 structures removed from larger towns/industry
(i.e. Overstrand, Mundesley, Bacton Gas Terminal)
D4 Remove defences (0% of cliffed coast defended)

Table 2. Four scenarios of coastal management

These scenarios describe a range of coastal management policies, but not climatic
change to avoid confusion between climatic and potential dredging effects. It was
decided not to test a scenario under which structures were built in new locations as
this was deemed unrealistic. The erosion under the four ‘dredged’ scenarios are
compared to the equivalent ‘undredged’ predictions in figures 3 to 6.

In each figure the total recession predicted over the 21st Century is shown with the
difference between the dredged and undredged simulations. Here positive values
indicate more recession under the dredging scenario, and negative values indicate less
recession.

150
) Undredged
m( Dredged
n 100
oi
s
s
e
c 50
er
l
at
o
T
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

20
)
m(
e 10
c
n
er
ef 0
fi
d
n
oi -10
s
s
e
c
e -20
R 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Distance from Winterton Ness (km)

Figure 3. Recession predicted under scenario D1

5
 150
) Undredged
m( Dredged
n 100
oi
s
s
e
c 50
er
l
at
o
T
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

20
)
m(
e 10
c
n
er
ef 0
fi
d
n
oi -10
s
s
e
c
e -20
R 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Distance from Winterton Ness (km)

Figure 4. Recession predicted under scenario D2

150
) Undredged
m( Dredged
n 100
oi
s
s
e
c 50
er
l
at
o
T
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

20
)
m(
e 10
c
n
er
ef 0
fi
d
n
oi -10
s
s
e
c
e -20
R 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Distance from Winterton Ness (km)

Figure 5. Recession predicted under scenario D3

6
 150
) Undredged
m( Dredged
n 100
oi
s
s
e
c 50
er
l
at
o
T
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

20
)
m(
e 10
c
n
er
ef 0
fi
d
n
oi -10
s
s
e
c
e -20
R 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Distance from Winterton Ness (km)

Figure 6. Recession predicted under scenario D4

The results do not show a relationship between dredging and increased recession
rates. Scenarios D1 and D2 show no net difference in recession distance, whilst D3
shows an average increase in recession and D4 an average decrease. These results are
unsurprising given the very small changes in the input wave conditions. The observed
changes in output result from feedback driven amplification and would be expected
from any small differences in wave input.

5 Conclusions

The effects of extreme dredging on wave conditions and cliff erosion between
Happisburgh and Blakeney have been explored with model simulations. Effects on
wave conditions were found to be very small and were no larger than the error margin
inherent in the modelling process. Given this the subsequent modelling of cliff
evolution was not strictly justified. Nevertheless the models were run and minor
fluctuations in cliff recession were observed, both positive and negative. No link was
found between seabed lowering in the dredged area and increased cliff recession was
found.

References

HR Wallingford (2004) Area 401/2 Dredging Licence Extension Coastal Impact

Study. Report EX 5030
Dickson, M.E., Walkden, M.J. and Hall, J.W. (in press) Systemic Impacts of Climate
Change on an Eroding Coastal Region over the 21st Century. Climatic Change
Booij, N., Haagsma, I.J.G., Holthuijsen, L.H., Kieftenburg, A.T.M.M., Ris, R.C., van
der Westhuysen, A.J. and Zijlema,M. 2004-5 SWAN Cycle III version 40.41 User
Manual, Delft University of Technology.

7
Stansby, P.K., Zhou, J., Kuang, C., Walkden, M., Hall, J., Dickson, M., (2006) Long
term prediction of nearshore wave climate with an application to cliff erosion. Proc.
30th Int. Conf. on Coastal Engineering, San Diego, USA.

8
Appendix 1

Table 1 Inshore wave climate with and without dredging for different offshore wave
climates

Offshore wave climate Inshore wave climate

Hs (m) Ts (s) θo position Hs(m) Ts (s) θo
dredged 3 6 90 (S) 1 0.630 4.82 154.5
2 0.689 4.81 149.2
3 0.652 4.86 152.4
4 0.733 4.74 148.4
original 3 6 90 (S) 1 0.629 4.82 154.5
2 0.689 4.81 149.2
3 0.651 4.86 152.3
4 0.744 4.75 148.4

dredged 3 10 90 (S) 1 0.488 7.13 169.2

2 0.568 7.44 167.3
3 0.611 7.93 170.7
4 0.716 8.10 170.6
original 3 10 90 (S) 1 0.489 7.14 169.2
2 0.569 7.44 167.3
3 0.611 7.94 170.7
4 0.718 8.11 170.7

dredged 6 10 90 (S) 1 0.905 7.43 169.1

2 1.063 7.67 166.6
3 1.158 8.12 170.0
4 1.364 8.24 169.4
original 6 10 90 (S) 1 0.906 7.44 169.2
2 1.065 7.68 166.6
3 1.160 8.13 169.9
4 1.367 8.25 169.4

dredged 3 6 135 1 1.202 4.50 157.4

(SE)
2 1.314 4.59 154.3
3 1.385 4.60 158.6
4 1.525 4.62 157.7
original 3 6 135 1 1.202 4.50 157.4
(SE)
2 1.313 4.60 154.3
3 1.384 4.60 158.6
4 1.524 4.62 157.7

dredged 3 10 135 1 0.763 5.78 165.4

(SE)
2 0.861 6.06 163.6
3 0.938 6.28 167.1

9
 4 1.085 6.58 168.4
original 3 10 135 1 0.761 5.79 165.4
(SE)
2 0.859 6.07 163.7
3 0.935 6.28 167.1
4 1.083 6.58 168.4

dredged 6 10 135 1 1.252 5.82 164.2

(SE)
2 1.43 6.02 161.5
3 1.566 6.29 165.4
4 1.801 6.56 165.9
original 6 10 135 1 1.249 5.83 164.2
(SE)
2 1.422 6.03 161.5
3 1.563 6.30 165.3
4 1.800 5.57 165.9

dredged 3 6 157.5 1 1.246 4.45 160.4

(ESE)
2 1.361 4.59 158.3
3 1.506 4.58 162.5
4 1.677 4.64 163.7
original 3 6 157.5 1 1.246 4.45 160.4
(ESE)
2 1.360 4.59 158.3
3 1.504 4.58 162.4
4 1.676 4.63 163.7

dredged 3 6 112.5 1 0.976 4.56 154.9

(SSE)
2 1.066 4.61 150.8
3 1.063 4.63 154.7
4 1.171 4.61 151.9
original 3 6 112.5 1 0.975 4.56 154.9
(SSE)
2 1.065 4.61 150.8
3 1.062 4.63 154.7
4 1.170 4.61 151.9

10
Table 2 Dredged inshore wave climate as ratio of original for different offshore wave
climates

Offshore wave climate Inshore: ratio of dredged to original values

Hs (m) Ts (s) θo Position Hs(m) Ts (s) θo
3 6 90 (S) 1 1.0006 0.9992 1.000
2 1.0006 0.9995 1.000
3 1.0017 0.9994 1.000
4 0.9854 0.9993 1.000

3 10 90 (S) 1 0.9985 0.9992 1.000

2 0.9982 0.9991 1.000
3 0.9991 0.9990 1.000
4 0.9978 0.9987 1.000

6 10 90 (S) 1 0.9987 0.9989 0.999

2 0.9983 0.9989 0.999
3 0.9988 1.0045 1.000
4 0.9977 0.9986 1.000

3 6 135 (SE) 1 1.0006 0.9992 1.000

2 1.0008 0.9993 1.000
3 1.0010 0.9999 1.000
4 1.0006 0.9999 1.000

3 10 135 (SE) 1 0.9900 0.9981 0.9997

2 1.0029 0.9981 0.9998
3 1.0031 0.9991 1.0002
4 1.0014 0.9989 1.0000

6 10 135 (SE) 1 1.0027 0.9988 0.9999

2 1.0024 0.9988 1.0000
3 1.0020 0.9989 1.0003
4 1.0015 0.9985 1.0000

3 6 157.5 1 1.0007 0.9991 1.0000

(ESE)
2 1.0010 0.9990 1.0001
3 1.0012 1.000 1.0003
4 1.0028 1.000 1.0000

3 6 112.5 1 1.0006 0.9992 1.0000

(SSE)
2 1.0007 0.9995 1.0000
3 1.0011 0.9997 1.0003
4 1.0008 0.9997 1.0000

11
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Government. Adaptation lessons learned
from responding to tropical cyclones by the
Cayman Islands’ Government, 1988 –
2002, Tyndall Centre Working Paper 35
• Dessai, S., Hulme, M (2003). Does
climate policy need probabilities?, Tyndall
Centre Working Paper 34
• Pridmore, A., Bristow, A.L., May, A. D. and
Tight, M.R. (2003). Climate Change, Impacts,
Future Scenarios and the Role of Transport,
Tyndall Centre Working Paper 33
• Xueguang Wu, Jenkins, N. and Strbac, G.
(2003). Integrating Renewables and CHP
into the UK Electricity System:
Investigation of the impact of network
faults on the stability of large offshore
wind farms, Tyndall Centre Working Paper 32
• Turnpenny, J., Haxeltine A. and O’Riordan,
T. (2003). A scoping study of UK user needs
for managing climate futures. Part 1 of the
pilot-phase interactive integrated
assessment process (Aurion Project),
Tyndall Centre Working Paper 31
• Hulme, M. (2003). Abrupt climate
change: can society cope?, Tyndall Centre
Working Paper 30
• Brown, K. and Corbera, E. (2003). A
Multi-Criteria Assessment Framework for
Carbon-Mitigation Projects: Putting
“development” in the centre of decision-
making, Tyndall Centre Working Paper 29
• Dessai, S., Adger, W.N., Hulme, M.,
Köhler, J.H., Turnpenny, J. and Warren, R.
(2003). Defining and experiencing
dangerous climate change, Tyndall Centre
Working Paper 28
• Tompkins, E.L. and Adger, W.N. (2003).
Building resilience to climate change
through adaptive management of natural
resources, Tyndall Centre Working Paper 27
• Brooks, N. and Adger W.N. (2003).
Country level risk measures of climate-
related natural disasters and implications
Tyndall Working Papers
for adaptation to climate change, Tyndall
Centre Working Paper 26
• Xueguang Wu, Mutale, J., Jenkins, N. and
Strbac, G. (2003). An investigation of
Network Splitting for Fault Level
Reduction, Tyndall Centre Working Paper 25
• Xueguang Wu, Jenkins, N. and Strbac, G.
(2002). Impact of Integrating Renewables
and CHP into the UK Transmission
Network, Tyndall Centre Working Paper 24
• Paavola, J. and Adger, W.N. (2002).
Justice and adaptation to climate change,
Tyndall Centre Working Paper 23
• Watson, W.J., Hertin, J., Randall, T.,
Gough, C. (2002). Renewable Energy and
Combined Heat and Power Resources in
the UK, Tyndall Centre Working Paper 22
• Watson, W. J. (2002). Renewables and
CHP Deployment in the UK to 2020, Tyndall
Centre Working Paper 21
• Turnpenny, J. (2002). Reviewing
organisational use of scenarios: Case study
- evaluating UK energy policy options,
Tyndall Centre Working Paper 20
• Pridmore, A. and Bristow, A., (2002). The
role of hydrogen in powering road
transport, Tyndall Centre Working Paper 19
• Watson, J. (2002). The development of
large technical systems: implications for
hydrogen, Tyndall Centre Working Paper 18
• Dutton, G., (2002). Hydrogen Energy
Technology, Tyndall Centre Working Paper 17
• Adger, W.N., Huq, S., Brown, K., Conway,
D. and Hulme, M. (2002). Adaptation to
climate change: Setting the Agenda for
Development Policy and Research, Tyndall
Centre Working Paper 16
• Köhler, J.H., (2002). Long run technical
change in an energy-environment-economy
(E3) model for an IA system: A model of
Kondratiev waves, Tyndall Centre Working
Paper 15
• Shackley, S. and Gough, C., (2002). The
Use of Integrated Assessment: An
Institutional Analysis Perspective, Tyndall
Centre Working Paper 14
• Dewick, P., Green K., Miozzo, M., (2002).
Technological Change, Industry Structure
2000 - 2006
and the Environment, Tyndall Centre Working extreme weather events, Tyndall Centre
Paper 13 Working Paper 6

• Dessai, S., (2001). The climate regime • Barnett, J. (2001). The issue of 'Adverse
from The Hague to Marrakech: Saving or Effects and the Impacts of Response
sinking the Kyoto Protocol?, Tyndall Centre Measures' in the UNFCCC, Tyndall Centre
Working Paper 12 Working Paper 5

• Barker, T. (2001). Representing the
Integrated Assessment of Climate Change,
Adaptation and Mitigation, Tyndall Centre
Working Paper 11
• Gough, C., Taylor, I. and Shackley, S.
(2001). Burying Carbon under the Sea: An
Initial Exploration of Public Opinions,
Tyndall Centre Working Paper 10
• Barker, T. and Ekins, P. (2001). How High
are the Costs of Kyoto for the US
Economy?, Tyndall Centre Working Paper 4
• Berkhout, F, Hertin, J. and Jordan, A. J.
(2001). Socio-economic futures in climate
change impact assessment: using
scenarios as 'learning machines', Tyndall
Centre Working Paper 3

• Barnett, J. and Adger, W. N. (2001). • Hulme, M. (2001). Integrated

Climate Dangers and Atoll Countries, Assessment Models, Tyndall Centre Working
Tyndall Centre Working Paper 9 Paper 2

• Adger, W. N. (2001). Social Capital and • Mitchell, T. and Hulme, M. (2000). A

Climate Change, Tyndall Centre Working Paper Country-by-Country Analysis of Past and
8 Future Warming Rates, Tyndall Centre
Working Paper 1
• Barnett, J. (2001). Security and Climate
Change, Tyndall Centre Working Paper 7
© Copyright 2006
• Goodess, C.M., Hulme, M. and Osborn, T.
(2001). The identification and evaluation of
suitable scenario development methods for
the estimation of future probabilities of

For further information please contact

Javier Delgado-Esteban

Tyndall Working Papers 2000 - 2006