CONTENTS

Pages
Acknowledgements iv
Notes on Romanization of Chinese Names and Terms xiii
Abbreviations xiv
Chapter One Introduction 1
I. The Main Aim of the Study
II. Political Integration and Imperialism
III. Regionalism and Mass Mobilization as An
Approach to Political Integration
IV. The Anti-Japanese National United Front and the
National Political Unity
V. Summary
Chapter Two The Rise of Li Zongren and the Guangxi Clique 29
I. A Brief Historical Background of Guangxi
II. The Rise of Li Zongren and the Formation of
the Guangxi Clique
III. Heading for the Northern Expedition
IV. Reasons for the Clique’s Conflict with Jiang
Jieshi and Its Return to Guangxi
V. Conclusion
Chapter Three The Internal Structure of the Guangxi Clique 61
I. The Graduates of Baoding Military Academy

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 (BMA) Group
The Hubei Faction
II. Leadership
III. The Secret Political Organization
IV. Brains Trust
V. Regional identity and Its Relations with the Clique
VI. Conclusion
Chapter Four The Theoretical Foundation of the Guangxi Clique’s Mass 106
Mobilization and the Integrated Relationship
Between Regionalism and Nationalism
I. The Guangxi Reconstruction Program
II. The Clique’s Analysis of Chinese Society and
Perception of the Chinese Revolution
1. Nature of Chinese Society
2. Objectives of the Chinese Revolution
3. Mission of the Chinese Revolution
4. Motive Force of the Chinese Revolution
5. Nature of the Chinese Revolution
6. Prospects of the Chinese Revolution
7. Leadership of the Chinese Revolution
III. The Pearl River Valley Revolution Theory - A
Motive Force of Mass Mobilization
IV. Achievements of Guangxi Mass Mobilization and
Reconstruction: A Brief Account
V. Conclusions
Chapter Five Relations Between Li and the Southwest Regional Factions 144
I. The Role of Relations Between Li Zongren and the
Southwest Regional Factions in the Process of
Internal Political Unity of the GMD
1. Definition of the Southwest Regional Faction
2. The Role of the Southwest Regional Factions

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 in the Internal Political Unity of the GMD
3. The Impact of Relations Between Regional
Relations on the Li-Jiang Conflict
II. Factors Affecting Relationships Between the
Southwest Regional Factions
III. Li Zongren’s Relationships with the Southwest
Regional Factions
1. Li Zongren’s Relations with Yunnan
2. Li Zongren’s Relations with Guizhou
3. Li Zongren’s Relations with the Guangdong
Faction (Yuexi)
4. Li Zongren’s Relations with Sichuan
IV. Conclusion
Chapter Six “Resisting Japan Is the Only Way”: Li Zongren’s “Scorched
Earth Resistance” (Jiaotu kangzhan) Idea 185
I. The Background and Origin of “Jiaotu kangzhan”
II. Li Zongren’s Idea of “Jiaotu kangzhan”
1. The National Policy towards Japan -
the Scorched Earth Resistance
1.1 The Significance of the Scorched
Earth Resistance
1.2 Criticism of Non-resistance Policy
1.3 Analysis of the Harmfulness of
Non-resistance
1.4 The Prospect of the Scorched Earth
Resistance
2. Strategy and Tactics of the Scorched Earth
Resistance
2.1 Full-scale Warfare
2.2 Offensive Warfare
2.3 Protracted Warfare

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 III. Other Theories for Resistance: Yan Xishan’s
“Shoutu kangzhan” (Defence and Resistance)
IV. Conclusion
Chapter Seven Background to the “June 1 Movement” 239
I. Origin of the “June 1 Movement” and Its Relations
with the Japanese
II. Reasons for Launching the June 1 Movement
III. The Motive Forces Behind the Launching of the
June 1 Movement
IV. Conclusion: The Nature of the June 1 Movement
Chapter Eight The June 1 Movement: Compelling Jiang to Resist
Japan and the Clique’s Role in the AJNUF 268
I. “Forcing Jiang to Resist Japan”
II. National United Front
III. Relationship Between the June 1 Movement and
the Xi’an Incident
IV. Conclusion
Chapter Nine Conclusion 315
Appendix 327
1.1 Names of Senior Officers of Li Zongren’s Troops
in Yulin in 1922-1923
1.2 Commanders of the 7th Army in 1936
1.3 (1) Commanders of the Guangxi
Militia Zones (1934)
(2) Senior Commanders of the Guangxi Army
in the First Half of the 1930s
1.4 Names of Guangxi’s Senior Officers Graduated
from the Baoding Military Academy
2.0 The Hubei Faction within the Guangxi Clique
(1927-1929)
3.0 Names of Guangxi’s Students Returned

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 from Soviet Russia before and after the
Northern Expedition
4.0 Expansion of the Guangxi Troops during
the June 1 Movement in 1936
Glossary 339
Bibliography Chinese Sources 360
I. Original Official and Private Documents and Materials
1. Archives
2. Important Journals and Periodicals published
in the 1920s-1930s
3. The Collections of Official and Private
Documents
4. Other Important Data and Materials
(A) Books
(B) Speeches and Articles
II. Memoirs and Historical Materials
1. Books
2. Writing Historical Materials
3. Records of Interviews
III. Relevant Academic Publications and Other Materials
1. Books
2. Articles
English Sources
I. Books
II. Articles
III. Archives

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