Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Stigma What are the three historical views?
Having a negative connotation – how we think about mental illness. (guiding perspectives over time)
Labeling someone based on our assumptions, and negativity is
Supernatural: mental illness is due to supernatural forces
attached in a big way.
(demonology, God, possession, etc)
Biological: originated with Hippocrates, says that psychopathology is
Apply label refers to undesirable attributes people seen as due to dysfunction in the brain, it is similar to physical disease
different discrimination
Psychological: says that psychopathology is due to something in the
environment like stress or trauma
These views dictated how mental illness has been treated, and how
people with mental illness were treated
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Freud Behaviorism
• Influenced by Bruer Suggests that behavior develops through classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, or modeling. People with symptoms just need
• Emphasized stages of psychosexual development
to reinforce OTHER behaviors. Shift was towards observing things that
• Importance of unconscious processes we can see, and moving away from unconscious
Repression and defense mechanisms • John Watson father of behaviorism, focused on learning
and observable behavior
Influenced psychoanalytic theory:
• BF Skinner: positive and negative reinforcement, showed
• Free association
that operant conditioning can shape behavior
• Analysis of transference
• Understand conflicts and find healthier ways dealing with
them,.
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Cultural Relativism Wakefield’s Harmful Dysfunction
Says that behavior is determined by culture and society, and that Says that must be harmful to the self or society, and must be an
there is no universal for human behavior. element of dysfunction, something operating in a way that deviates
from how it should operate.
• Think of gender roles in different parts of the world
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Demonology Hippocrates
Earliest idea of mental illness. Believed that demons and evil spirits Gave earliest biological explanation
possessed the mind to cause mental illness, and that exorcism was
Thought that mental illness was caused by natural as opposed to
the only treatment. They drilled holes in the skull to let the, escape
supernatural causes, and that it was located In the brain
(trepanning)
• Imbalance of four humours of the body
Black bile (infection)
Yellow bile (anxiety)
Phlegm
Blood
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Timeline of Psychopathology Lunacy Trials
Organized by the government (13th century England) to determine
sanity. Lunacy refers to theory that attributes insanity to misalignment
Supernatural Biologicacl (Hippocrates) Dark Ages (supernatural)
of the room and stars
Witches Lunacy Trials Aslyums (Priory of St Mary of Bethlehelm
Pinel (humanitarian treatment) William Tuke and Society of
Friends Dorthea Dix NAME can be inherited (Behavioral
genetics) Eugenics Psychological Approaches Mesmer
Bruer Freud (psychoanalytic theory) Neo-freudians Adler
Behaviorism (Watson, Thorndike, skinner) Modeling (Bandura and
Menlove) Behavior therapy
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehelm Phillipe Pinel
• One of the first mental institutions Pioneered humanitarian treatment
• Exploited those with mental illness Took Control of Aslyum
• Origin of term bedlam Wanted to treat people with dignity, like humans, to cure
• Treatment non-existent or harmful
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Moral Treatment Dorthea Dix
• William Tuke and Sociey of Friends, York Retreat Crusaders for prisoners and mentally ill in the United States
• Provided a calming environment Urged improvements in institutions
• Gave patients purposeful activity Established 32 new public hospitals,
• Talked with attendants But too large to maintain moral treatment
Hospitals staffed with physicians
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Kraepelin Behavioral Genetics - emergence
• Pioneered classification of mental illness based on “The extent to which behavioral differences are due to genetics”
biological cause
After Kraepelin noticed that symptoms tended to co-occur and
• Noticed groups of symptoms tended to co-occur, called it termed this a syndrome, was noted that these syndromes ran in
a syndrome, evidence of a biological cause families and could be inherited, so investigated causes
• Published first psychiatry text
Dementia Praecox (schizo) and manic depressive Eugenics: only those with desirable traits should be allowed to
psychosis (bipolar disorder) “breed” (period of enforced sterilization”
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Psychological Approaches Freud
View mental illness as due to psychological functions Psychoanalytic theory: Human behavior is determined by
unconscious forces, things we aren’t aware o that an observer
Dysfunctional thinking patterns, behavior determined by
cannot see
reward/punishment, things in the brain that couldn’t be understood
due to biology
Psychopathology results from conflicts among these unconscious
forces
Mesmer: used animal magnetism and hypnosis to treat hysteria
ID: unconscious, energy is libido, operates according to pleasure
Bruer: Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis
principle, reduces tension through wish fulfillment and fantasies
EGO: develops to consciously control the ID, conscious and operates
according to reality principle
SUPEREGO: our conscience, societal influence
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
**Stages of Psychosocial Development Defense Mechanisms
Oral Stage Rationalization: justifying with socially acceptable reasons over real
Anal Stage Repression: blocking threatening memory from consciousness
Phallic Stage Regression: return to more primitive levels of behavior
Latency period Denial: refusing to admit something unpleasant happening
Genital Stage Reaction formation: transforming anxious thoughts into opposite
Displacement: taking it out on someone/something else
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
**Conflict between ID,EGO,Superego Neo-Freudians (Jung and Adler)
• ID vs EGO Jung: Analytical psychology
• EGO vs Superego Collective unconscious
• Superego vs ID Archetypes
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Conditioning Conditioning continued (Skinner)
Classical Conditioning: Pavlov, learning by temporal association Skinner Box
When two events repeatedly occur close together in time, they Positive and Negative Reinforcement and Punishment
become fused in mind before long, respond in same way to both
(provide definitions and examples)
events
US (meat) --> UR (salivate) Positive Reinforcement: something added increases behavcior
US (meat) + bell --> UR (salivate) Negative reinforcement: something taken away increases behavior,
CS (bell) --> CR (salivate) so behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened
Operant Conditioning: (Thorndike) Looked at learning through Positive punishment: something added decreases behavior
consequences.
Negative punishment: something removed decreases behavior
Law of Effect: any behavior followed by a pleasurable consequence
will be repeated, unpleasant consequence will be discouraged.
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Modeling and Shaping Behavioral Therapy
Modeling: Learning without any reinforcement “Application of procedures and principles used in operant
conditioning”
• Bandura and Menlove (children and fear of dogs)
• Must identify problems causing behavior and replace
Shaping: reward a sequence of responses that approximate a final
response (rats and pushing a lever) them with better ones. Therapist is like a coach
Counterconditioning: causing same stimulus to elicit a different
response (instead of fearing the bridge, being able to drive over it)
Systematic Desensitization: used often in treatment of phobias and
anxiety disorders. Identify phobia and then use relaxation
techniques and expose to what afraid of at different levels, lead up
to ultimate fear
**Aversive Conditioning**
Chapter 2 Current Paradigms in Psychopathology Chapter 2 Current Paradigms in Psychopathology
Paradigm Genetic Paradigm
A conceptual framework or general perspective. Says that psychopathology is caused or influenced by heritable
factors. Heredity plays some role in most behavior!
Ways that people think about mental disorder, how we organize
information around it, has implications for how people are treated Genes and the environment interact, and this leads to
psychopathology. Think of nature via nurture
Helps shape what we investigate treat and how we define abnormal
behavior Gene Exoression: proteins influence whether the action of a specific
gene will occur
Heritability: extent to which variability is due to genetics. Is a group
rather than an individual indicator
Shared environment: events and experiences family members have
in common
Nonshared environment: events and experiences unique to member
• Therapy that helped to identify and then change Identified and challenged patients’ irrational beliefs
maladaptive thought patterns.
Irrational beliefs: Internal, repetitive thoughts that reflect assumptions
“Nothing ever goes right for me!” abot the self
• Originally developed for depression (BDI) – depression “in order to be happy, I must be loved!”
caused by information processing biases. Made patients
• Musts or shoulders that are commonly unrealistic
search for evidence as support of their biases
demandws that we place on ourselves and others
Eg people shouldn’t make mistakes”
Chapter 2 Current Paradigms in Psychopathology Chapter 3 Diagnosis and Assessment
Paradigms of Psycopathology Diagnosis and Classification
Diagnosis: provides the first step into thinking about causes of
symptoms and in planning treatment
Psychodynamic
Advantages:
Neurobiological
• Communication among professionals, clinical care
Cognitive-Behavioral
• Advances search for causes and treatments
Genetic
• Diagnosis is important – must be made within 3 sessions
Diathesis-Stress
Classification: of disorders is by symptoms and signs so the diagnosis
is a cluster of symptoms
**only in psychopathology does classification and diagnosis get hazy
because we don’t have discrete tests
Dissociative amnesia Rare disorder! Symptoms: headache, hallucination, self harm suicide
attempts
Dissociate fugue
Depersonalization disorder Comorbid with: PTSD, depression, borderline personality disorder,
substance abuse, phobias
Dissociative Identity Disorder DID
More common in women than men
** best way to study is with case study
Chapter 6: Somatoform Disorders Chapter 6: Somatoform Disorders
Epidemiology DID Treatment of DID
Major increase in diagnosis since 1970s because of media attention Mainstays of most treatments:
DSM III (1980) made more explicit diagnostic criteria to address this Empathetic support of therapist REALLY important
surge
Integration of alters into one fully functioning individual
Etiology of DID, Two major theories
Improved coping skills
Posttraumatic model: results from sever psychological and or sexual
Psychoanalytic approach adds Re-experience the traumatic event
abuse as child
thought to underly the disorder (hypnosis)
Sociocognitive model Is a form of roleplay in suggestible individuals
Can be done by hypnotized students
Only partial memory deficit in DID patients
Differs by clinicians, few clinicians diagnose, after therapy starts
gnose the majority of cases
Chapter 6: Somatoform Disorders Chapter 7: Stress and Health
Summary of Somatoform Disorders Defintiions
Features somatoform disorders: physical problems without organic
cause Coping: how people try to deal with problems
Features dissociative disorders: extreme distortions in perception, Social Support
memory, or identity Structural: person’s basic network of social relationships (marital
status and friends)
Functional: quality of a person’s relationships
BOTH rare but we have quote few movies because they are Stress: Body’s alarm reaction Resistance Exaustion
interesting
Allostatic load: price body pays in response to stress and high levels
of cortisol, becomes more susceptible to disease