Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents.
3 Introduction
4 Hydrogen
8 Process features
10 Process options
16 Contact
3
Introduction.
Hydrogen.
The demand of hydrogen grew as the world´s Amongst all hydrogen technology suppliers, These technologies are basically:
consumption of refinery products increased by Linde is the outstanding contractor for complete
the ever growing industrialization. hydrogen plants and the only company who – Steam reforming technology for light HC-feed-
owns all technologies inhouse, covering the stock combined with Linde´s own PSA systems
The demand for better and more abundant complete range of petrochemical feedstocks for hydrogen purification.
automotive fuels called for better yields from from natural gas through LPG, refinery off-gases
the limited feedstock crude oil. In turn the and naphtha up to heavy fuel oil, asphalt and – Partial oxidation technology for heavy HC-
demand for hydrogen import grew to balance coal. feedstock followed by a sequence of various
the hydrogen refining catalytic refinery process integrated process steps to shift, desulfurize
steps. and purify the raw hydrogen. The pure oxygen
for the gasification is produced with a Linde air
separation unit.
The specific Linde know-how in all these fields Proven know-how in design and construction More than 200 new hydrogen plants have been
are the essential advantage for a successful of furnaces, steam reformers and heaters has built all over the world, for clients in the refining,
integration and complete inhouse optimization been completed with the acquisition of Selas of chemical and fertilizer industry, with capacities
of all process sections. The results are highly America, which is now Selas Fluid Processing Co. ranging from below 1,000 Nm3/h to well above
efficient and reliably operating hydrogen plants. in the USA and SELAS-LINDE GmbH in Germany. 100,000 Nm3/h, and for processing of all types
Linde together with Selas have developed their of feedstock. Most of these plants have been
Since the early 70´s Linde favoured and promo- own proprietary top fired reformer design. built on a lump-sum turn-key basis.
ted with innovative improvements the now well
established steam reforming/pressure swing Combining the know-how of the Engineering
adsorption technology for the production of pure Division – and the Gases Division – the company
and ultrapure hydrogen preferably from light is in the unique position to build, own and oper-
hydrocarbon feedstock. ate complete hydrogen plants for continuous
supply of hydrogen over the fence to large re-
fineries and chemical companies. The extensive
feedback of operating data and information on
process and equipment performance in oper-
ating plants provides Linde with substantial
background for the yet more efficient design
of future plants.
6
Production of hydrogen
from light hydrocarbons.
Linde has a well-proven technology for
hydrogen manufacture by catalytic steam
reforming of light hydrocarbons in combi-
nation with Linde´s highly efficient pressure
swing adsorption process.
A typical flowsheet for a Linde designed large The basic process steps
capacity hydrogen plant is shown in figure 1.
1. Hydrodesulfurization of feed stock
2. Steam reforming
3. Heat recovery from reformed and from
combustion flue gas to produce process
and export steam
4. Single stage adiabatic high temperature
CO-shift conversion
5. Final hydrogen purification by pressure
swing adsorption
Figure 1
Demin water
Export steam
Waste heat
recovery
Steam Process
H2-recycle
Fuel
Purgegas
Steam reformer 7
8
Process features.
Process design and optimization for every
process step and in particular the optimized
linking of operating parameters between the
two essential process steps: reforming furnace
and pressure swing adsorption unit are based
exclusively on Linde´s own process and opera-
ting know-how.
Commissioning and start-up of the plants as well
as operator training and after sales service are
performed by experienced specialists.
Concurrent firing ensures a uniform temperature The radiant reformer box is insulated with multi-
profile throughout the reformer tube length. ple layers of ceramic fibre blanket insulation, me-
Flame and stable combustion flow pattern is chanically stable and resistant to thermal stress.
Fuel
HP steam
Hydrogen
Combustion air
Feed
LP steam
Demin water
9
Mixed feed
gas and steam
Primary reformer
Pre-reformer
Reformed gas
Process options.
Pre-reforming
Pre-reforming is the term applied to the low The advantages provided through the inclusion In its most common application today the main
temperature steam reforming of hydrocarbons of a pre-reforming unit may often be plant benefit comes from the ability to effectively
in a simple adiabatic reactor using highly active, specific. Some or all of the following advantages transfer reforming heat load from the radiant
nickel based catalyst, which promotes the steam may apply to a specific case section of a reformer to its convection section.
reforming reaction at low temperatures. This
process was developed in the 1960´s for town – Fuel savings over stand alone primary
gas and synthetic natural gas (SNG) production. reformer
– Reduced capital cost of reformer
Feedstock - ranging from natural gas to naphtha – Higher primary reformer preheat
is converted by the steam reforming reaction temperatures
to give an equilibrium mixture containing – Increased feedstock flexibility
hydrogen, carbon oxides, methane and steam. – Lower involuntary steam production
Depending on the feedstock, the temperature – Lower overall steam/carbon ratios
profile can be either endothermic or exothermic. – Provides protection for the main reformer
11
MT-shift Steam
Apart from the conventional adiabatic MT-shift,
Linde developed and successfully installed the
isothermal Medium Temperature shift reactor,
a fixed bed reactor suitable for exothermic and Circulating water
endothermic catalyst reactions, with an inte- Boiler feed water
grated helically coiled tube heat exchanger for
cooling or heating of the catalyst. Gas entry
Syngas
Reformer furnace
Design export steam production T/1,000 Nm³ H2 0.5 - 1.2 0.4 - 1.2 0.4 - 1.2 0.4 - 1.1
flexibility fuel consumption GJ/1,000 Nm³ H2 0.9 - 3.5 1.8 - 4.3 1.9 - 4.4 0.7 - 2.9
13
– The BOC
– AIRCO facility in MAGOG
– Canada with a capacity of 13,600 kg/d.
15
LH2- fueling station in USA Mobile CGH2 and LH2- fueling station
Δ CGH2- fueling station in Tokio CGH2 and LH2- fueling station in Germany
Δ
Designing processes – constructing plants.
Linde´s Engineering Division continuously develops extensive process engineering know-how in the planning,
project management and construction of turnkey industrial plants.
More than 3,800 plants worldwide document the leading position of the Engineering Division in international
plant construction.
Engineering Division Linde Impianti Italia S.p.A. Linde Engenharia do Brasil Ltda. Linde Engineering India Pvt. Ltd. Linde Engineering Division
Schalchen Plant Rome, Italy Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Vadodara, Gujarat, India Beijing Representative Office
Tacherting, Germany Phone +39.066.5613-1 Phone +55.21.3545-2255 Phone +91.265.3056-789 Beijing, P.R. of China
Phone +49.8621.85-0 Fax +39.066.5613-200 Fax +55.21.3545-2257 Fax +91.265.2335-213 Phone +86.10.6437-7014
Fax +49.8621.85-6620 r.tikovsky@lindeimpianti.it jaime.basurto@linde.com sales@linde-le.com Fax +86.10.6437-6718
plantcomponents@linde-le.com linde@public.bta.net.cn
Linde Kryotechnik AG Linde Process Plants (Pty.) Ltd. Linde Engineerig Far East, Ltd.
Linde-KCA-Dresden GmbH Pfungen, Switzerland Johannesburg, South Africa Seoul, South Korea Linde AG Taiwan Branch
Dresden, Germany Phone +41.52.3040-555 Phone +27.11.490-0513 Phone +82.2789-6697 Engineering Division
Phone +49.351.250-30 Fax +41.52.3040-550 Fax +27.11.490-0412 Fax +82.2789-6698 Taipei, Taiwan
Fax +49.351.250-4800 info@linde-kryotechnik.ch lindepp@global.co.za hanyong.lee@linde.com Phone +886.2.2786-3131
lkca.dresden@linde-kca.com Fax +886.2.2652-5871
Cryo AB Linde-KCA Russia Branch Linde Engineering Division bernhard.puerzer@linde-le.com
Selas-Linde GmbH Göteborg, Sweden Moscow, Russia Bangkok, Thailand
Pullach, Germany Phone +46.3164-6800 Phone +7.495.646-5242 Phone +66.2636-1998 Linde Australia Pty. Ltd.
Phone +49.89.7447-470 Fax +46.3164-2220 Fax +7.795.646-5243 Fax +66.2636-1999 Chatswood N.S.W., Australia
Fax +49.89.7447-4717 gunnar.lenneras@cryo.aga.com dirk.westphal@linde-kca.com anuwat.krongkrachang@linde.com Phone +61.29411-4111
selas-linde@linde-le.com Fax +61.29411-1470
Linde Process Plants, Inc. Linde Arabian Contracting Co. Ltd. Linde Engineering Co. Ltd. willy.dietrich@linde.com.au
Cryostar SAS Tulsa, OK, U.S.A. Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Dalian, P.R. of China
Hésingue, France Phone +1.918.4771-200 Phone +966.1.419-1193 Phone +86.411.39538-800
Phone +33.389.70-2727 Fax +1.918.4771-100 Fax +966.1.419-1384 Fax +86.411.39538-855
Fax +33.389.70-2777 sales@lppusa.com linde-ksa@linde-le.com jochen.nippel@lindeleh.com
info@cryostar.com
Selas Fluid Processing Corp. Linde Engineering Middle East LLC Linde Engineering Co. Ltd.
Linde CryoPlants Ltd. Blue Bell, PA, U.S.A. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Hangzhou, P.R. of China
Aldershot, Great Britain Phone +1.610.834-0300 Phone +971.2.4477-631 Phone +86.571.87858-222
Phone +44.1.252.3313-51 Fax +1.610.834-0473 Fax +971.2.4475-953 Fax +86.571.87858-200
Fax +44.1.252.3430-62 john.mcdermott@selasfluid.com linde@emirates.net.ae hangzhou.leh@lindeleh.com
info@linde-lcl.com
H2/1.1.e/10
Linde AG
Engineering Division, Head office, Dr.-Carl-von-Linde-Str. 6-14, 82049 Pullach, Germany
Phone +49.89.7445-0, Fax +49.89.7445-4908, E-Mail: info@linde-le.com, www.linde.com