BLOOD II membranes of the antigen cells, releasing

HEMOGLOBIN into the plasma  HEMOLYSIS OF

O-A-B BLOOD TYPES THE RBC.

AGGLUTINOGENSthey often cause blood cell MISMATCHED BLOOD  immediate hemolysis of

agglutination RBC
*Antibodies cause LYSIS of the RBC by activating
Blood THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM which releases
Antigen Antibody
Type PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES (THE LYTIC COMPLEX)
O — Anti-A and Anti-B that rupture the cell membranes.
A A Anti-B
B B Anti-A
RH BLOOD TYPES
AB A and B —
In the O-A-B system, the plasma antibodies
responsible for causing transfusion reactions
GENOTYPEScombination of genes
develop spontaneously, where as in the Rh
*The type O gene is either functionless or almost
system, spontaneous agglutinins almost never
functionless, so that it causes no significant type
occur. Instead, the person must first be massively
O agglutinogen on the cells. Conversely, the type
exposed to an Rh antigen, such as by transfusion
A and type B genes do cause strong
of blood containing the Rh antigen, before
agglutinogens on the cells.
enough antibodies to cause a significant
transfusion reaction will develop
FATHER’S BLOOD TYPE
MOTHER A B AB O
’S A, B or Rh FACTOR each common type of Rh antigen
A A or O A or B O or A C, D, E, and c, d, e
BLOOD AB
TYPE A, B, C – no c
B B or O B or A O or B
or AB c- no C
AB A or B B or A * same goes with Dd and Ee
O A or O B or O
D antigen  anyone who has this type of antigen
AB- Universal Recipient
is said to be RH POSITIVE and vice versa.
O- Universal Donor

Rh(-) to Rh(+)  2-4 mos effect (but with multiply

The ANTIBODIES are gamma globulins, as are
exposures to the Rh factor, an Rh(-) person
almost all antibodies, and they are produced by
eventually becomes strongly “sensitized” to Rh
the same bone marrow and lymph gland cells
factor.
that produce antibodies to any other antigens.
Most of them are IgM and IgG immunoglobulins.
Rh(+) to Rh(-)  no immediate reaction (but anti-
Rh antibodies can develop in sufficient quantities
AGGLUTINATION
during the next 2-4 weeks to cause agglutining in
Because the antigens have two binding sites(IgG
the blood)
type) or 10 binding site(IgM type), a single
antigen can attach to two or more red blood cells  symptoms are usually MILD
at the same time, thereby causing the cells to be  subsequent transfusion on the same
bound together by the agglutinin. This causes the person, the reaction may greatly enhance and
cell to clump. Then these clumps plug small can be immediate and severe
vessels throughout the circulatory system. The
effect is either physical distortion of the cells or
attack by phagocytic WBC destroys the