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IOCTOBER 1966i
...... ° •
• ° ° • ° ° °
. ° ......
• ° .....
i
j
UNI3LASSIFIED
o
Gemini I Unmanned Apr. 8, 1964 Demonstrated structural integrity.
64 orbits Demonstrated launch vehicle systems
Qualification performance.
UNC LASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
MSC-G-R-66-8
GEMINI PROGRAM MISSION REPORT
GEMINI XI
Approved by:
, , / P
Charles W. Mathews
Manager, Gemini Program
orge M. Low
Deputy Director
HOUSTON, TEXAS
OCTOBER 1966
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNC LASS1FI ED
UNCLASSIFIED
CONTENTS
Section Page
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Section Page
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED v
Section Page
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Section Page
Longitudinal oscillation
(POGO) ........... 5-97
Post-SECO disturbance .... 5-97
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Section Page
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Section
Page
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED ix
Section Page
UNCLASSIFIED
x UNCLASSIFIED
Section Page
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Section Page
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Section Page
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Section Page
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Section Page
e
12.1 VEHICLE HISTORIES ................ 12-1
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Section Page
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED xvi
TABLES
Table Page
f
4.3-Vll GATV MANEUVERS ................. 4-32
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Table Page
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED xix
Table Page
7.2-1 HEMATOLOGY
UNCLASSIFIED
X/K UNCLASSIFIED
Table Pag e
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURES
Figure Page
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UNCLASSIFIED
Figure Page
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Figure Page
UNCLASSIFIED
xxiv UNCLASSIFIED
Figure Page
EVA events
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Figure Page
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Figure Page
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Figure Page
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Figure Page
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Figure Page
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xxx UNCLASSIFIED
b ¸ .
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Gemini XI was the ninth manned mission and the fifth rendezvous
mission of the Gemini Program. The Gemini Atlas-Agena Target Vehicle was
launched from Complex 14, Cape Kennedy, Florida, at 8:05:02 a.m.e.s.t.
on September 12, 1966. The Gemini Space Vehicle was launched from Com-
plex 19, Cape Kennedy, Florida, at 9:42:27 a.m.e.s.t, on September 12,
1966, with Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., as the Command Pilot and Astro-
naut Richard F. Gordon as the Pilot. The flight was successfully con-
cluded on September 15, 1966, when the spacecraft was landed within
2.5 nautical miles of the prime recovery ship, the U.S.S. Guam, at
71:17:08. (NOTE: All times in this section are spacecraft ground
elapsed time (g.e.t.) referenced to lift-off of the Gemini Space
Vehicle, unless otherwise specified.) The flight crew elected to be
retrieved by helicopter and were on the deck of the prime recovery ship
approximately 24 minutes after landing. The crew completed their flight
in excellent physical condition and demonstrated full control of the
spacec_aft and competentmanagem_nt of all aspects of the mission.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
At 24 hours 2 minutes, the pilot opened the hatch and began the
umbilical extravehicular activity. After setting up a camera and
retrieving an experiment package, the pilot translated to the nose of
the spacecraft and attached the tether from the Gemini Agena Target
Vehicle to the docking bar. This operation was very difficult and tiring.
As a result, the extravehicular activity was terminated because of pilot
fatigue and the hatch was closed at 24 hours 35 minutes. The Apollo-
sump-tank cameras and the Hand Held Maneuvering Unit were not retrieved
from the adapter.
After awakening from the second sleep period, the crew began prep-
arations for the primary-propulsion-system posigrade maneuver. This
maneuver was performed at 40 hours 30 minutes and raised the apogee of
the docked vehicles to 741 nautical miles. During the next two revolu-
tions, photographs were taken for several experiments. Radiation meas-
urements indicated that the crew were not exposed to increased radiation
levels during the two high-apogee revolutions. At 43 hours 53 minutes,
a primary-propulsion-system retrograde maneuver was performed which
lowered the apogee of the docked vehicles to approximately 164 nautical
miles.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
2.0 INTRODUCTION
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-0882 JUN
Spacecraft stations Launch vehicle stations
' -X 50. 985
zz39.28
3,. ) "x,--x 56.295
Z233. 9?" I
!
Reentry
Spacecraft assembly
Adapter
Z103"_ 1 assembly
X 276.825 Compartment 1
Z13.44 • .k
Oxidi X 299.151
X 319.522
Fuel
384.522 Compartment 2
X 424.522
Engine
X 430.000
gimbal
X 499.130
X 500.000
Compartment 3
Stage 1'-1"!'
se X 583.200
X 621.727
X 649.727
Launch
Oxidizer
vehicle
X 887.826
Compartment 4
X 982.326
Engine X 122_311
gimbal Compartment 5
station X 1274.21
X 1342.31
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 3-3
NASA-S-66-6881 JUN
Launch vehicle
Launch vehicle pitch axis _J
Spacecraft yaw axis / __ quadrant system
I
coordinate system
Launch vehicle
coordinate system Launch vehicle yaw axis
Spacecraft 1"1" I_ /--
0.e.
this point
X-axis perpendicular
to plane of figure at this
point
Dimensional axes
True
North
ZS/C
l
i / _ P
These
to pageaxes perpendicular
at vehicle centerline 5o__ _/ ¥'z
(sign indicated is toward viewer)
. XLV;,S/C'-_;LPl/ kk I l/ /'--e-Pr°grammedr°ilangie
' ZLV, YS/C
"" Xp, X
UNCLASSIFIED
3-4 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-65-11,267A
Sta 90.33
Sta 183.83
Sta 207.33
Sta 229.50
Sta247.00
Gemini Agena
Target Vehicle GATV .k
435. 7 in. stations
Sta 384. O0
/
Sta 495.02
Sta 526.O0
n Sta 502.O0
ii
12442 in.
Target Launch
Vehicle Sta 960.0 TLV
808. 5 in. stations
Sta 1133.O
Sta 1310.O
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 3-_
I
t
|
I
i#
_ o_ Xo
_ o _°
.._ -.o
__o N
< o_ _ ._ _ b N +
_>_
<o _1>,
_
UNCLASSIFIED
3-6 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-6899 JUN
coefficients
_1 3 - positive X-axis for aerodynamic (Ca)
l 3 - negative Z-axis
X-axis for
for autopilot and guidance
dynamic analysis
(_ Positive roll for autopilot, guidance, and dynamic
analysis
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
(a) Communication
UNCLASSIFIED
3-8 UNCLASSIFIED
(e) Propulsion
(f) Pyrotechnic
(g) Landing
(b) A switch was provided to enable the crew to jettison the dock-
ing index bar independent of the adapter retrograde section jettison
function. This capability was required to permit singular release of
the GATV tether.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 3-9
(a) Foot restraints were added in the adapter assembly and were
intended to secure the pilot's feet while he was facing forward into the
adapter equipment section. These restraints were to be used also when
removing the HHMU from its stowage area.
UNCLASSIFIED
3- o UNCLASSIFIED
TABLE 3.1-1.- SPACECRAFT ii MODIFICATIONS
EVA equipment (a) The EVA visor configuration was the same as
that used on the Gemini IX-A mission.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Stowage area
It em Quantity
(see fig. 3.1-4)
70-mm camera
Ring viewfinder
Glareshield i
Tissue dispenser i
Postlanding kit i
70-mm camera i
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Stowage area
It em Quantity
(see fig. 3.1-4)
Defecation device
Penlight
Glareshield
Defecation devices
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 3- 3
Stowage area
(see fig. 3.1-4) Item Quantity
llluminated sight
Velcro, 12 by i inches 5
Defecation device i
Lightweight headset i
UNCLASSIFIED
3-___ UNCLASSIFIED
Stowage area
(see fig. 3.1-4) Item Quantity
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 3-15
e-
E
0
e"
e-
ra
e"
_J
.__
,m
lr
UNCLASSIFIED
3-16 UN CLA SSIFIED
NASA-S-66-8969 SEP 29
NASA-S-66-8960 SEP 24
UNCLASSIFIED 3-17
L
®
i= Overhead switch/circuit breaker panel © Water managernent panel
M irror (stow,
_W @ Center panel
ON CONt CO.T
controller
I
lttitude control handle
\ @ Lower consoleJ
l+" lit,
___ _Utilitylight t I , / .... "_ '_ _,n/off Utility Li_
UNCLASSIFIED
3-18 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-8961 SEP 26
_uclear Emulsion
Biomedical recorder
experiment package
no. 1.
Extravehicular
camera mounting
Life Support System bracket stowage
stowage
supplies pouch
stowage
pouch
PCM recorder
Utility stowage pouch
TV monitor stowage area
(D015 Night Image Intensification experiment)
UNCLASSIFIED
"UNCLAS IREI) 3- 9
NASA-S-66-8962 SEP 26
Extravehicular Life
Support System
@ S029 Nuclear Emulsion
stowage -Aft stowage box (left)
experiment package --_
Biomedical recorder
R ight stowage a_
• UNCLA- IFI
3-20
Weight and balance data for the Gemini XI Space Vehicle are as
follows:
Center-of-gravity location,
Condition Weight, in.
ib (a)
X
4
Launch, gross weight 8374 -0.95 1.87 103.87
Gemini Agena Target Vehicle (GATV) 5006 was of the same configura-
tion as GATV 5005 used for the Gemini X mission (ref. ii). The only
significant differences were in the Target Docking Adapter (TDA) and
these were as follows:
(b) A hook (fig. 3.1-2) was installed for attaching the tether to
the GATV.
(d) A stowage area was provided for the spacecraft docking bar
mirror.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Weight and balance data for the Gemini Atlas-Agena Target Vehicle
are as follows:
Center-of-gravity location,
Weight in.
(including GATV), (a)
Condition
ib
X Y Z
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 3- 3
Gemini Agena Target Vehicle weight and balance data are as follows:
Center-of-gravity location,
6 in.
Weight,
Condition
ib (a), (b)
X Y Z
Separation 17 694
UNCLASSIFIED
3-_4 UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
After docking, the crew performed various sequences of the D003 Mass
Determination experiment, S026 lon-Wake Measurement experiment, and
S009 Nuclear Emulsion experiment. The S029 Libration Regions Photography
experiment originally scheduled for this period was not performed because,
as a result of the 3-day delay to the mission, the Milky Way obscured
the libration region. As an alternate to this experiment, the crew took
pictures of the gegenschein and of two comets. Each crewman successfully
conducted two dockings, one in daylight and one in darkness.
Following conclusion of the first eat and sleep period, the S011 Air-
glow Horizon Photography experiment and the Apollo sump tank test were
conducted.
V
Preparations for the umbilical extravehicular activity (EVA) were
initiated at 20 hours i0 minutes g.e.t. Four hours later, the pilot
egressed the cabin, retrieved the S009 Nuclear Emulsion experiment pack-
age, and attached the GATV tether to the spacecraft docking bar. This
task was difficult and very tiring, and the umbilical EVA period was
terminated early due to pilot fatigue. Approximately one hour after
termination of the EVA, the hatch was reopened and the umbilical EVA
equipment was jettisoned. Because of the shortened EVA period, the
DOI6 Minimum Reaction Power Tool Evaluation experiment and Apollo sump
tank camera retrieval were not performed. The second eat and sleep
period followed the equipment jettison.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
In revolution 26, the GATV primary propulsion system (PPS) was used
to increase the apogee of the docked vehicles to 741.5 nautical miles.
While the docked vehicles were at this altitude, sequences of photo-
graphic experiments S011 Airglow Horizon Photography, S005 Synoptic
Terrain Photography, and S006 Synoptic Weather Photography were con-
ducted. The S026 Ion-Wake Measurement and S004 Radiation and Zero-G
Effects on Blood and Neurospora experiments were also conducted during
this period. In revolution 28, the GATV PPS was used to lower the apogee
to 164.2 nautical miles.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
4-_ UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9014 OCT 5
M=I
rendezvous keeplng
ignition to and _ EVA _ EVA
with .and
spacecraft experiments r"_l experimentSand
attach _'_1 equipment I-'_l
GATV docking
separation
I lear and sleepJ I iGATV tether I lEar and sleepI II
GATV
GAATV
PPS
ignition
ignition
to GATV
to
separation
insertion
_ UNCLASSIFIED 4-_
I
I
rockets, salvo-fired posigrade) I
0
D-1
H
(Retrograde
Open-loop I
Mode TIT (Normal retrograde sequence) reentry
abort
(above
522 000 ft)
I I
Stand-off
maneuver
for
coincident- reentry
orbit (manual) H
Closed-loop
rendezvous
' I
I I
S=an
n oc
u 'n,
i
Separat ion
from
GATV
Coincident-
rendezvous
orbit k
Experiments
l
Gemini,1 GATV solo flight
Actual mission
Planned mission
Planned alternates
Primary propulsion system
Secondary propulsion system
....................................... _height adjustI.... ,_
"1 maneuvers (27
I(SPS Unit]I,]
-I
/
PPS
depletion
maneuver
t , vs s
"'"
Unit ]I over--
specification
maneuver
"'"
GATV orbit
190 n.mi.
c ircular
_ol.P- out _2
Figure 4-1. - Planned and actual Gemini _ mission with planned alternates included.
UNCLASSIFIED
_-6 UNCLASSIFIED
The time at which major events were planned and executed are pre-
sented in tables 4.2-1 and 4.2-11 for the Gemini Space Vehicle and in
tables 4.2-III and 4.2-IV for the Gemini Atlas-Agena Target Vehicle.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 4-7
TABLE 4.2-1.- SEQUENCE OF EVENTS FOR GEMINI SPACE VEHICLE LAUNCH PHASE
Pitch program rate no. 2 end, no. 3 start 119.04 i18.77 -0.27
Second IGS update initiated 140.00 14o.0o 0.00
aDuring a 105-second time interval, several maneuvers were made: a separation maneuver of
2 seconds, an Insertion Velocity Adjust Routine (IVAB) maneuver of 53 seconds, and a radial
maneuver of 15 seconds.
UNCLASSIFIED
4-8 UNC LASSIFIED
Planned a Actual
aThe planned values for the orbital phase are the latest information forwarded
to the crew prior to each maneuver.
UNC LASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
4- _o UNCLASSIFIED
Planned a Actual
aThe planned values are the latest times computed on the ground.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
IP 3600 (FPS-16) 0 to 8
UNCLASSIFIED
4-12
The GE MOD III tracking data and the MISTRAM radar tracking data
after SEC0 were used to compute a go/no-go for spacecraft insertion by
averaging i0 seconds of data starting at SECO + 5 seconds. The go/no-go
conditions obtained from GE MOD III showed no difference in velocity
and a flight-path angle that was low by 0.05 of a degree, when compared
with the more accurate orbital ephemeris data. The conditions obtained
by MISTRAM showed the velocity to be high by 4 ft/sec and the flight-
path angle to be low by 0.09 of a degree, when compared with the later
ephemeris data.
in real time by the RTCC. The actual elements were obtained after the
mission by integrating the Gemini tracking network vectors after each
midcourse and terminal phase maneuver.
Due to the limited tracking during the M=I rendezvous, the planned
and ground-commanded maneuvers were identical. The actual trajectory
during the initial rendezvous was reconstructed utilizing anchor vectors
(obtained from the best estimated trajectory) and the actual maneuvers
(derived from the Inertial Guidance System (IGS) postflight analysis)
applied as instantaneous changes in velocity.
The initial rendezvous was recomputed using the vector from the
Ascension station for spacecraft revolution i, and a very small out-of-
plane maneuver at TPI was indicated. This information was passed to the
crew for the TPI backup solution.
UNCLASSIFIED
4- _4 UNCLASSIFIED
The planned trajectories for both vehicles for the second rendezvous
were obtained from the real-time solution based on the vector from the
Pretoria tracking station for GATV revolution 34. (That is, the space-
craft and the GATV were assumed to be in the same orbit prior to the
separation maneuver). The ground-commanded maneuvers were determined
from various vectors for the spacecraft and GATV as the planned maneuvers
were updated after each actual maneuver. The actual trajectory during
the rendezvous was reconstructed utilizing anchor vectors obtained from
the best estimated trajectory, and the actual maneuvers as derived
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
from IGS postflight analysis. The onboard radar was not operational
during the second rendezvous, and no radar data are available to compare
with the simulated actual trajectory.
8.8 ft/sec, a _Vy of 11.9 ft/sec, and a _V Z of minus 0.i ft/sec. This
UNCLASSIFIED
4- _6 UNCLASSIFIED
maneuver proved to be very accurate: the vector from the Carnarvon sta-
tion for GATV revolution 42 and from the Woomera station (which was after
TPI) for spacecraft revolution 41 indicated a rendezvous miss distance
of only 0.2 of a nautical mile.
Because the onboard radar was not operational, the ground computed
a 34-degree correction after receiving the vector from the Texas station
for GATV revolution 42 and the vector from the Grand Turk station for
spacecraft revolution 42. A 34-degree correction of 6.0 ft/sec forward
and 2.4 ft/sec right was passed to the crew to be applied at
66:30:36 g.e.t. The 2.4 ft/sec right was disregarded an_ the crew applied
the 6.0 ft/sec forward. The actual maneuver applied at 66:30:36 was a
AV X of 1.2 ft/sec, a AVy of minus 5.8 ft/sec, and a AV Z of 0.12 ft/sec.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
4- 8 UNCLASSIFIED
4.3.2.2 Orbit.- The GATV was placed into the desired orbit for the
planned Gemini Space Vehicle launch and spacecraft rendezvous (see para-
graph 4.3.1.2.1). Table 4.3-V contains a comparison of the planned and
actual insertion conditions of the GATV. The actual conditions were
obtained by integrating the vector taken by the Canary Island ground
station in the first revolution back to the time of GATV primary pro-
pulsion system (PPS) cutoff.
The second stage of the Gemini Launch Vehicle was inserted into an
orbit with apogee and perigee altitudes of 126.6 and 86.6 nautical miles,
respectively. The Gemini network tracking radars and the North American
Air Defense (NORAD) network tracking equipment were able to skin-track
the second stage during the ensuing 24-hour orbital lifetime. The
Goddard Space Flight Center predicted reentry in revolution 16, with a
predicted impact point in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of West Africa.
UNCLASSIFIED
4-19
Actual
Condition Planned a
Preliminary Final
BECO
SECO
Spacecraft separation
Actual
Condition Planned a
Preliminary I Final
Spacecraft insertion
Maximum conditions
Landing point
Latitude, north ............... 24 deg 18 min b24 deg 20 min _24 deg 15.4 min
Longitude, west ............... 70 deg 00 min b69 deg 58 min _70 deg 00 min
aplanned elements were obtained in real time from the RTCC. Apogee and perigee altitudes
are referenced to a spherical earth with Pad 19 as the radius. Period and inclination are
osculating elements.
bActual elements are based on the Fischer ellipsoid earth model of 1960. Apogee and
perigee are integrated values. Period and inclination are osculating elements.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
aplanned elements were obtained in real time from the RTCC. apogee and perigee altitudes
are referenced to a spherical earth with Pad 19 as the radius. Period and inclination are
osculating elements.
bActual elements are based on the Fischer ellipsoid earth model of 1960. Apogee and
perigee are integrated values. Period and inclination are osculating elements.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 4- 3
aplanned elements were obtained in real time from the RTCC. Apogee and
perigee altitudes are referenced to a spherical earth with Pad 19 as the radius.
Period and inclination are osculating elements.
bActual elements are based on Fischer ellipsoid earth model of 1960. Apogee
and perigee are integrated values. Period and inclination are osculating elements.
UNCLASSIFIED
4. 4 UNCLASSIFIED
First rendezvous
Plane change
d4.0
At, see ...........
Vx, Vy, VZ
e
,
ft/sec
.....
139.6, 17.0, -6.6 139.6, 17.0, -6.6 i40.0,28.3,4.8
bGround-commanded elements were refinements of planned values and represent the latest
information passed to the crew.
CVx, Vy, VZ are the velocity vector components in computer coordinates. V X is positive in
the direction of motion, Vy is positive towards the center of the earth, and V Z is positive to
the left of the orbit path (North).
dThe time interval (At) indicated here is the amount of time that was taken to perform the
maneuver which includes the zeroing of the IVI.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 4-2
Pitch, deg
bGround-commanded elements were refinements of planned values and represent the latest
information passed to the crew.
CVx, Vy, V Z are the velocity vector components in computer coordinates. V X is positive
in the direction of motion, Vy is positive towards the center of the earth, and V Z is positive
to the left of the orbit path (North).
fThis is the resultant AV applied during the braking; however, the total AV expended
during the semi-optical approach was about 106 ft/sec.
UNCLASSIFIED
4- 6 UNCLASSIFIED
Second rendezvous
Separation
VX, Vy, VzC , ft/sec ..... 5.1, -7.1, O.0 5.1, -7.1, 0.0 5.4, -7.6, 0.2
Stand-off
VX, Vy, VZ c, ft/sec ...... -5.0, -7.4, 0.0 -5.O, -7.4, 0.0 -5.4, -8.1, 0.2
VX, Vy, VzC , ft/sec ..... -4.8, 6.7, -O.7 -8.7, 12.1, 0.0 -8.8, 11.9, -O.1
bGround-commanded elements were refinements of planned values and represent the latest
information passed to the crew.
CVx, Vy, V Z are the velocity vector components in computer coordinates. V X is positive
in the direction of motion, Vy is positive towards the center of the earth, and V Z is positive
to the left of the orbit path (North).
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 4- 7
Midcourse correction
VX, Vy, VzC , ft/sec ..... 0.0, -6.0, 0.0 1.2, -5.8, 0.12
Pitch, deg
bGround-commanded elements were refinements of planned values and represent the latest
information passed to the crew.
eVx, Vy, V z are the velocity vector components in computer coordinates. V X is positive
in the direction of motion, Vy is positive towards the center of the earth, and V z is positive
to the left of the orbit path (North).
hThis is the resultant AV applied during the braking; however, the total AV expended
during the semi-optical approach was about 30 ft/sec.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
TABLE 4.3-V.- PLANNED AND ACTUAL TLV AND GATV TRAJECTORY PARAMETERS
Actual
a
Condition Planned
Preliminary Final
BECO
Space-fixed flight-path
angle, deg .......... 21.57 21.12 21.12
SECO
Space-fixed flight-path
angle, deg .......... 10.19 i0.37 10.37
VECO
UNC LASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 4-29
TABLE 4.3-V.- PLANNED AND ACTUAL TLV AND GATV TRAJECTORY PARAMETERS - Continued
Actual
a
Condition Planned
Preliminary Final
VECO - Concluded
Space-fixed flight-path
angle, deg .......... 9.26 9.35 9.35
PPS start
Space-fixed flight-path
angle, deg .......... 5.49 5.60 5.60
GATV insertion
UNCLASSIFIED
4-3o UNC LASSIFIED
TABLE 4.3-V.- PLANNED AND ACTUAL TLV AND GATV TRAJECTORY PARAMETERS - Concluded
Actual
a
Condition Planned
Preliminary Final
Space-fixed flight-path
angle, deg .......... 0.00 0.07 0.07
Maximum conditions
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 4-3 .
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
71.0 72.0
At b , sec ...................
AV, ft/sec .................. ii0.0 109.8
93.O 94.2
Atb, sec ...................
AV, ft/sec .................. 920.0 918.0
Pitch, deg 0 0
9o.o 91.5
At b , sec ...................
AV, ft/sec .................. 920.0 917.6
16.0 16.0
At b , sec ...................
AV, ft/sec .................. 47.0 47.5
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 4-33
8 21.0 2o.8
At b , sec ...................
AV, ft/sec .................. 63.0 63.2
69.0 69.0
At b , sec ...................
AV, ft/sec .................. 213.0 216.0
UNCLASSIFIED
4-34 UNCLASSIFIED
( Insertion )
Perigee, n. mi ....... 156.6 153.5
aplanned elements were obtained in real time from the RTCC. Apogee and
perigee altitudes are referenced to a spherical earth with Pad 19 as the radius.
Period and inclination are osculating elements.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 4-35
NASA-S-66-8991 SEP 30
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 ii0 i00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 i0 0 i0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
70
70
Gemini tracking network
Call letter Station Call letters Station
Start revolution count CNV CRO
Cape Kennedy, Florida Carnarvon, Austral ia
60 GBI Grand Bahama Island CSQ Coastal Sentry Quebec (ship) 60
GTI Grand Turk Island WOM Woomera, Austral ia
BDA Bermuda Island WHE Wheeling (ship)
ANT Antigua Island CNT Canton Island
5O RKV Rose Knot Victor (ship) HAW
c-
Hawaii 50
CYI Grand Canary Island CAL Pt. Arguello, California
Z
o
ASC Ascension Islands GYM Guaymas, Mexico
HAW KNO Kano, Nigeria WHS White Sands, New Mexico
40
PRE Pretoria, South Africa TEX Corpus Christi, Texas 40
TAN Tananarive, Madagascar Island EGL Eglin AFB, Florida
3O
3O
2O
20
iO
10
Ol
._ 0
O
0
10
30
30
40
0 CTN ASC 40
(43 TAN CRO
60
60
180 170 160 150 140 120 110 I00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 IO 0 iO 20 30 '40 50 60 70 80 90 lOO ii0 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
West Longitude,deg East
(a)Revolutions1 and 2.
UNCLASSIFIED
-36 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-8992 SEP 30
i0 0 i0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 i00 II0 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 ii0 i00 90 80 70 60 50 40 50 20
7O
70 Gemini tracking network
Start. revolution count CNV Cape Kennedy, Florida CRO Carnarvon, Australia W
GBI Grand Bahama Island CSQ Coastal Sentry Quebec (ship) 60
6O
GTI Grand Turk Island WOM Woomera, Australia
Bermuda Island WIlE Wheeling (ship)
Antigua Island CNT Canton Island
RKV Rose Knot Victor (ship) HAW Hawaii 50
50 CYI Grand Canary Island CAL Pt. Arguello, California
_=
ASC Ascension Islands GYM Guaymas, Mexico
o
Z Kano, Nigeria WHS White Sands, New Mexico
HAW Pretoria, South Africa TEX Corpus Christi, Texas 40
40
TAN Tananarive, Madagascar Island EGL Eglin AFB, Florida
30
30
20
20
_J
i0
= 10
0
•_ 0
0
Q,) I0
10
20
2O
30
30
40
40 ASC PRE TAN CRO
0 CTN
V1
60
6O 170 180
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 i00 II0 120 130 140 150 160
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 II0 i00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 i0 0 I0
East
West Longitude, deg
(b) Revolutions 41 and 42.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED h-37
tl
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UNCLASSIFIED
_-38 UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED 4-47
OCT 13
NASA-S;-66-9062
52 28 I I
TPI
50 COR1 TPF
48- 26
I II
46- Maneuver:
\ TPI Terminal phase initiate _
44- 24
COR1 Correction maneuver
42- TPF Terminal phase finalize -
Range_
Iw
40-
38-
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34
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UNCLASSIFIED
_,-48 UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _-49
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UNCLASSIFIED _-_7
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
The crew also reported a low hum in the earphones when the cryogenic
quantity switch was turned to either the hydrogen or oxygen position.
This condition started about halfway through the mission and was described
as being noticeable but low enough in volume to cause no interference with
communications. This condition could not be repeated during postflight
testing in the spacecraft; however, this mode of operation will be thor-
oughly checked on Spacecraft 12 before launch.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-3
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Both the UKF descent antenna and the UHF recovery beacon antenna
were correctly deployed at main parachute two-point suspension.
Texas 17 99.75
Hawaii 34 96.12
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-5
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
--O
(1) *, _ -_- co ko o"I _-
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UNCLASSIFIED
U NQ F -D .++ 5-T
UNC-LA$StFIED
5-8
The IVAR correction was applied during this mission and a successful
first-orbit rendezvous was completed with near-nominal maneuvers, indi-
cating that the IVAR solution and application were accurate. The Incre-
mental Velocity Indicator (IVI) display, as computed by the onboard IVAR,
was reconstructed using the IGS navigational and gimbal-angle data. At
spacecraft separation, the reconstructed IVI display read 39 ft/sec for-
ward, ii ft/sec right, and 4 ft/sec up displaying a 41 ft/sec in plane
and 0.2 ft/sec out-of-plane velocity correction in component form. About
30 seconds later, following the roll and yaw to zero degrees and the
nulling of the pitch attitude error needles, the reconstructed IVI read
39 ft/sec forward and i ft/sec left, confirming the reported crew read-
ings. During the 53-second 1VAR maneuver, the crew maintained a zero-
degree yaw angle and used the right-firing thruster seven times for a
The data acquired from the various trackers agree relatively well
along the X and Z axes from lift-off to SECO. The velocity residuals do
not agree along the vertical (Y) axis. There were large position discon-
tinuities in the MISTRAM 100K-foot data during the time interval from
lift-off to BECO. The GE/Burroughs data have a refraction error. The
GE MOD III final data are the GE/Burroughs data smoothed and corrected
5-10
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
The close agreement of the actual trajectory with the preflight planned
trajectory indicates close to nominal performance throughout.
Figure 5.1.5-4 shows time histories of the gimbal angles and radar
parameters taken from computer telemetry words during the initial ren-
dezvous sequence. The figure also contains a history of the values of
total velocity change required to achieve rendezvous (AVT) , computed
_ J
The spacecraft was reoriented off boresight for the terminal phase
initiate (TPI) maneuver so that the aft-firing thrusters could be used.
Table 5.1.5-VI lists TPI and other rendezvous maneuvers calculated by
the onboard computer, by the ground, and by the onboard backup procedures.
The onboard computer solutions were used for TPI and the first mid-
course correction, but apparent erratic radar behavior (fig. 5.1.5-4 and
paragraph 5.1.5.4) prior to the second midcourse correction invalidated
the computer solution for that maneuver. The crew realized that the radar
data would cause the computer solution to be erroneous; therefore, they
used the backup solution, calculated onboard, for the second midcourse
correction. After the second midcourse correction, inertial line-of-
sight rates were small, and braking was accomplished with little diffi-
culty. Fuel consumption throughout the rendezvous sequence was within
acceptable bounds. The GATV was first seen by the crew in reflected
sunlight at a range of 73 nautical miles (29 minutes g.e.t.). The crew
reported that the GATV acquisition lights were first observed at
31 nautical miles at dusk (40 minutes g.e.t.).
The BET target and spacecraft state vectors were used in conjunction
with the rendezvous equation simulator to produce a number of different
postflight simulations. These simulations provided a basis for comparing
the ground-computed, onboard-computer-computed, and simulator-computed
results of the rendezvous maneuvers with the results of the maneuvers
actually applied in flight.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5 -13
The run designations used in the tables and in the figure refer to the
solutions used for each of the three rendezvous maneuvers (see key in
figure 5.1.5-5).
For the in-plane components, figure 5.1.5-5 shows that the flight
values, onboard-computer values, and simulation values produced essen-
tially the same trajectory. The close agreement between the run using
the simulator values for the TPI and first midcourse maneuvers and those
using the flight and computer values for these maneuvers indicates that
the in-plane components of the state vectors used closely represented
the actual flight situation.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
was following such a trajectory. On the other hand, the BET state vec-
tors placed the spacecraft north of the target and moving northward at
TPI, having passed through a nodal crossing shortly prior to TPI. The
out-of-plane component of the simulator TPI solution was calculated to
move the next nodal crossing uprange to occur at the proper time for a
120-degree rendezvous. No evidence of platform yaw misalignment or
radar azimuth bias was noted; therefore, the most likely cause of these
differences was an error in the BET state vector. The FFC simulation
shows the effect of applying the onboard closed-loop solution and indi-
cates acceptable performance of the system.
UNCLASSIFIED
5-15
realized from sources other than the retrorockets. The IVl's are zeroed
at retrofire and do not take into account adapter equipment section sepa-
ration. The IVI readings after adapter retrograde section jettison do
include the retrograde section jettison impulse but the values used were
read by the crew and transmitted to the ground prior to adapter retrograde
section jettison. The adapter equipment section separation impulse, as
measured by the IGS accelerometer, had a AV of less than 0.7 ft/sec.
drogue deploy to be 3.1 nautical miles (1.6 nautical miles west and
2.7 nautical miles south of the target) as obtained from ground tracking
radar.
The command pilot reported that the down-firing thruster was "soft
or intermittent" during the late stages of both rendezvous. An exami-
nation of spacecraft accelerations, measured by the IGS, and rates,
measured by the rate gyros, indicated that the correct disturbance torque
was generated when the thrusters indicated "on" and revealed no evidence
of low thrust level from either the up-firing or down-firing thrusters.
The absence of telemetry on the maneuver hand controller prevents an
analysis to determine whether or not the thruster was firing correctly
in response to commands. Investigation of postflight operation of the
maneuver controller is underway and a comparison of preflight simulator
runs and flight data will be made to verify hand-controller operation.
Neither of these apparent or reported failures had any effect on the
ability of the crew to complete the mission objectives.
The first automatic reentry of the Gemini Program used the reentry
control mode with the resultant miss distance verifying the control sys-
tem performance. Following retrofire, the control mode was switched from
UNCLASSIFIED 5-17
rate command to pulse. The reentry rate-command mode was selected 22 min-
utes 15 seconds later, and the spacecraft was rolled to the backup bank
angle in preparation for IGS computer guidance initiation. Fifty-one sec-
onds after guidance initiation, the control mode was switched to
reentry (automatic control) and remained in this mode until drogue para-
chute deploy. From drogue parachute deploy until the spacecraft was
powered down, the rate command mode was used. The crew reported that
single-ring Reentry Control System (RCS) operation was used until
90K feet, after which both rings were used. The maximum rates experienced
by the spacecraft prior to drogue parachute deployment were approximately
4 deg/sec in pitch and 6 deg/sec in yaw which is comparable to the rates
observed in previous missions and indicates normal operation of the RCS
in the reentry and reentry rate-command modes. Figure 5.1.5-13 is a
complete time history of control system parameters during the reentry
phase.
....
FiEmres 5.1.5-14 and 5.1.5-15 show that the spacecraft pitch, yaw,
and roll attitudes at the time the rotational rate was increased were
145, 17, and 180 degrees, respectively. TCA nos. ll and 12 (aft) and
TCA no. 16 (down) were fired, producing an in-plane tangential component,
a radial component, and a small out-of-plane component of thrust. The
presence of an out-of-plane thrust component is indicated by the attitude
disturbances shown at and immediately following 51:42:05 g.e.t., and in
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
At 52:58:36 g.e.t., the crew damped the spacecraft rates using the
spacecraft control system, translated forward to remove tension from
the tether, and jettisoned the docking bar, ending the tether evaluation.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-19
UNCLASSIFIED
5-20 UNCLASSIFIED
2:36:17 g.e.t. This indicates that this failed condition had existed
from 2:36:17 g.e.t, to the end of the mission.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _-21
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UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-23
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.UNCLASSIFIED
5-24
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UNCLASSIFIED 5-33
Actual Miss
Planned IGS Navigation
(radar BET) distance
error
(planned
Event (IGS minus
Longitude, Latitude, Longitude, Latitude, minus Longitude, Latitude,
actual),
deg deg deg deg actual), deg deg
n. mi.
n. mi.
Retrofire -179.825 4.562 -179.882 4.592 0.2 -179.825 4.591 0.2 "
UNCLASSIFIED
5-34
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Nov Apr May June July Aug Sept
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D-40
NASA-S-66-9023 OCT 7
.2 i I I I
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I i i I flight
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UNCLASSIFIED
Maneuver:
COR2 Secondmklcoursecorrection
TPF Terminal phasefinalize
Radarazimuth angle
Radardataare sampledbythe
only for (imes ShOWn
Radarelevation
gle
Pitch
Spiral
...... Switchir
6VT-TRW
210 Postflight)
Radar
4 •hVT-Onboardcomputer
UNCLASSIFIED
5-42 UNCLASSIFIED
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....
UNCLASSIFIED 9-45
NASA-S-66-g081OCT ]3
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Horizontaldisplacement,n. mi. Behind.._-Ahead
(a) TPI through TPF.
, Itil
• 1-minute time intervals
i
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2.2
2.4 .! L:IP:00
2.6
2.0 1.0 0 1.0 2.0
Behind_,-_.Aheed
Horizontaldisplacement,n. mi.
UNCLASSIFIED
7-44 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-90/2OCT 13
_- 15
14
(Translate
(Translate
up)
left)
Off
Off
i i i i,_ on,._. _' '' II I I I I ' Ji i I
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? 11 & 12
13 (Translate
(Translate
right)
aft)
Off
Off
Onvl G/1/1///lilllll/_ _/111111
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Terminalphaseinitiate--
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100 140 130 I
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80 130 120 I I
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60 - 120
40 110
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--- ----- _Roll gimbal angle
(_ _40 10
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z
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r
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:40 :20 :40
:20 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40
0:48:00 0:49:00 0:5O:00 0:51:00 0:52..00 0:53.-00 0:54:00 0:55:00 0:56:00 0:57:00 0:58:00 0:59:00 i:00:00 1:01:00 1:02:00 1:03:00
(a)0:48:00to 1:03:00
g.e.t. Ground elapsedtime, hr:min:sec
Figure5.1.5-7.
- First
rendezvous
maneuvers.
UNCLASSIFIED
1
UNCLASSIFIED 5-45
NASA-S.66-9O71
OCT 13
r- 16
15
(Translate
(Translate
down)
up)
Off
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8O - 130 120
I
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-2O I
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I
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I
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1- iI AVz.._._
+180 0 -10
:20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 .-20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40
1:03:00 1:04:00 1:05:00 1:06:00 1:07:00 1:00:00 1:09:00 1:10:00 1:11:00 1:12:00 1:13:00 1:14:00 1:15:00 1:16:00 1:17:00
Groundelapsedtime, hr:min:sec
(b)1:03:00 to1:17:00
g.e.t.
Figure5.1.5-7.-
Continued.
UNCLASSIFIED
_-h6 UNCLASSIFIED
- ch gimbal angle-
1/// f--
' i
I gi
' i ? 'n_
:20 :40 :20 :40 I :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 I :20 :40 :20 :40 I :2o :4o
1:19:_ 1:20:00 1:24:00 1:25:00 1:26:00 1:27:00 1:28:00 1:29:00 1:30:00 1.31:00 1.32:00
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-47
NASA-S-66-_3 OCT]3
I
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1
1
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:20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40 :20 :40
65:2/:00 65:28:00 65:29:00 66:30:00 66:31:00 66:32:00 66:33:00 66:34:00 66:35:00 66:36:00 66:37:00 66:38:00 66:39:00 66:40:00
UNCLASSIFIED
•_-48 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9067OCT13
6
4
Pitch rate-
2 t
_o I J
_'_ -2 __ _Roll_
I
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40:30:.00 40:.30:.
15 40:30:30 40:30:45 40:.31:00 40:31:15 40:.31:30 40:.31:45 40:.32:00
Groundelapsedtime, hr:min:sec
Figure 5.1.5-9.
- Velocitychangesduring the PPS posigrademaneuver.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-49
NASA-S-b6-9001
OCT 13
_ -4
{ I _ ,,.,I_Yaw I I 1
Yaw rate --'_ _::/:Pitch [ ] /
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\
\
r-AVx (Expanded
-300 -3
.4/ (Expanded _ scale)-
" _-- scalel
-400 - _ -4
= _
\
I
I /'
I
-600 - _ -6 i
I
I
I
-71117- -1
I
I
-SO0 - -8
I
x
J_ -900 - -0
I
I
-1100 - -11 I
I
I
I
- 12(X) - -12
43:52:45 43:53:00 43:53:15 43:53:30 43:54:45 43:54:00 43:54:15 43:54:30 43:54:45
Figure 5.1.5-I0.
- Velocitychangeduring the PPS retrogrademaneuver.
UNCLASSIFIED
5-_0 UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
5-51
NASA-S-66-9065
OCT 13
180
I
I q / f "_.
_ -40
I
I
\,,
/
I /
qllll I : ,
I
i -- ROllindicatorx 10 till i,_ I, ',
! Bank angle command i IIII,IY"_ ,,
: -- -- -- Actualbankangle
-100
I
, IIIIIII , _111 ' ',
-120 j I-) Bank command- right deflection / I_l:l ',
commandsright roll. Spacecraft i I ] I I_ IIIhl
-1111 • • • -I-translate north towardstarget -I- Rollcommand _l :_I_ b_J I
.....i-
.... '.... -_-_J..
,!'"----,_ t-.- _-+-_-._L_,t-........ ..... .L.I._
-160
! Roll indicator15° limit
I I I I I
I |
I l
[
t
i
200
I I I I I I I I I
..z
I (+) Pitch indicatordeflectsup J II
E I Presenttrajectory will undershoot I Upperlimit-
I
100
I the target i ...... ._
o
iv - T ............... i
Lowerlimit, -/
c i / I
l (-) Pitch indicator deflects down |
I Presenttrajectory will overshoot I
the target i
-21111
i I I I I I i _ I
..J
E
i i
(+) Yawindicatordeflectsleft j
I (Targetnorth of presentgroundtrack)l
i i i i i t |
. I llIl -
H 10 ! I I I I I I I I,-', Guidanceinitiate
Guidanceterminate--
.............
5-52 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-b6-9057 OCT 11
200 I 1OR= =
I
150 - _
o')
20
I
L
I "I P I
I
-.t_ I Attitude
I
controller
,11
position
O°g_
0
o--
- == 10
I00
I Pitch rate- I -10i
50 - _ 0 ' I
I I
0 - _ -1o i I
- bT. -20 r--400K feet i---Guidance initiate
310
I Pitch attitude- I
-_
_
180
E
260 - i ',, I I
17o 210 - I I
I I O O( 0.O O O_> ( 0,0 ,0 0_000 0 r-O00=O 00_0 O O' O, 0 >_ >0 _0-
:=
_ -17o
160 I =_ 160 - i I | : , .y
_
,<
1so ii0 -
I I Angle of attack
200 - lO o_==
I
150 - 30 II I
r 7 / I --: [F
i00 - _, 20 J
I
Attitude controller )osition -/
I -1o _
50 I I
- _ 10
I
0 -
"o
_ 0 I
I
I
.-4- s\ ..- % rl
Roll rate -7"
310 I I
Ro II rate- /
- =_ -10 I I
-_ 18o o - -20
E
260 I I
170 210 - I I r Total angle of attack
I I
_---. Roll attitude-
_ i60 160 - i"
I i I r I o 0o' o oA>o _ o o? o_ o:o o
'- 150 I I Roll attitude
Ii0 - I
0
2O0 I i0 o==
I
150 I I
0 °_
I T_
_.o
I00 f _ 20 _
"I
260 - I I
I -Yaw attitude, Sideslip angle --
-_ -170 210 - I
I \ t I
180 160 _ I
I
I I
170 Ii0 -
e- :40 :50 :i0 :20 :30 :40 :50 =10 :20 :30 :40 :50 :I0 :20 :30 :40 :50 :I0 :20 :30 :40 :_50 :I0 :20 :30 :40 :50
<
71:02:00 71:03:00 71:04:00 71:05:00 71:06:00 71:07:00
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _-_3
NASA-S-6b-9058 OCT ii
200
1o _
150
08g
I00 -lO _ "_
5O ^,^ Ilfllllllllllll
IltllA4--4LI
_
._
o
31o
| = II
Oro,
gueparachutedeploy.--_'!_g_:U_
180 _. 260
170 210
-_
= -170
160 I "_ 160
ISO 11o
200
i0 =R_
I
Aititucle controller'position' c-
150 I O 3_O
I00
I
/ _ Roll rate I
5O Rollrate -lO _ _,
I
_ 0
f" / / v \ _ \',, I
\/"v I
= 310
- Roll attitude
/ \ \ I
Total angle of attack -- -_
170 210
0
o 160
180 I 160
260
150 110 ! oc_>: Ooo¢oooo <>d
oo
200
150 o 20 8_
== o== o
= i00 lO -1o _
(U
m <
_ 50 o
= 0 -1o
_ 310 >- -20
m. "-- I"
"lb.
-170 210
B
._ -160
180 I > 260
160
m
170 ii0
c
< .'10 .'20 :30 .'40.'50 I :I0 :20 :30 :40 :50 :I0 :20 :30 :40 :50 :I0 .20 :30 :40 :50 :I0 :20 :30 :40 :50 :I0 :20
71:07:00 71:08:00 71:09:00 71:10:00 71:11:00 71:12:00
Groundelapsed time, hr:min:sec
(b)71:07:00 to 71:12:20 g.e.t.
UNCLASSIFIED
5-54 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9052
OCT 12
-10 - 135
-8 -2.5
c
180 -2.0 •_ Off _-ll& 12_ P
_- Off F-----13-1-
" -4 22P -1.5
o.-rn
_ -2 onilmm_ _ . ,it-- Attitudehand controller
p-Rate //--Attitude hand controller
o- _ 270
315
-°_
-1.00
_=
_ 2
_ 4 == o .5
10
- _- 45 _
90
_ 1.0
1.5
2.0
®S Translate aft
Translate right (_
@ Translate up
Translateclown
135 2.5 ® Translate left
off --liNT
off --IIT
Off "on
O_
-10 8_ Taw right
-8 _ 135 -2.5
180 (_ (_ Yaw left
-2.0 Attltude
L. -4 - 225 -1.5
-1.0 Attitudehand controller
_ 270 p/-.Attitude hand controller
&
!o 8
2 -
4
6
_
_
315
o
45
90
_
•
-.5
1.0
1.5
0
_=
'"UI'vV %.te "
/
- -
4 .5 Off
OnI
2 off • I I1 I I i-I]1 Rate _ fl
_- 45 - _ 1.0 16 Onll"l I--I1--1-11"1 I I 111 a Till
R- 1.5 E
0- 8 9O I
10 2.0 I 0 _ Pitch down _@ Roll clockwise
135 I
I _ _ Pitch up _ Roll counterclockwise
I
i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I I t I t t t t t I t t t t t I t I I t t I
50:12:00 50:.12:30 50:13:00 50:13:30 50:14:00 50:14:30 50:15:00 50:15:30 50:16:00 50:.16:30' 50:,17:00
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
_,;:
NASA-S-66-9(]53OCT12
-10
-8
O
" -6
"4
"E -2
8 Attitude hand controller , _
2
4
6
- Rate .t'--'tt"ude ,ttitu
hand
econtro,er
--/
(_) (_ Translate
aft (_) Translate
left "
IP - (_) Translate right (_ Translate up
Translate down
-lO
-8
g_ Q(_) Yaw right
-_ -6
..__Attitude
Q(_ Yaw left
-2
f Attitude hand controller J
0 Attitude hand controller
2
-44
6
8
(_ (_) _ude
Translatefwd _-'_'-*"_ Rate
__ "_------_-'_-_ _- ..... ,. ,
10
......................................................................................................................... 0AMSPower
switchon .................................................................................................
-10 #r-Attitude
-8 _- ]35 F -2.5
(_) Q Pitch down 0 Q Roll right
180j...- -2.0
1 (_ (_ Pitch up (_ (_ Roll left
-4
-2 • 270 _-1.0
jRate F Attitudehand controller _ F Attitude hand controller
0 Rate.-._.__
2 315 .__ off
= off
I i I I I I = I I I I I = I = I i I I i 1 i I I i I I I I I t I I I 1 I I /i I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
50=.17:00
50:.17:30 50=,18=00 50:.18:30 50.19:00 _ 50.19:30 50.20:.00 50:20:30 50:.21:00 50.21:30 50=.22.'00
Ground elapsedtime, hr:min:sec
Figure5.1.5-14. - Continued.
UNCLASSIFIED
5-56 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9054
OCT 12
I I i i I I i I i I i [ i t i I t l i i I I I i l , = a s z i t i o i i = l i i i l i i a i l i i l i i i = l i l t i l
50:.52:30 50:53:00 50:53:30 50:54:00 50:.54:30 50:55:00 50:.55:30! 50:56:00 50:.56:30 50:.57:00 50:.b1:30
Ground elapsedtime, hr:min:sec
Figure5.1.5-14. - Continued.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-57
NASA-S-66-9055OCT 12
-lO
i °°
On
135 - _
-8 -2.5
I ' fRate
_' -6 180 -2.0 @@ Yaw right fAttitude j I
•" -4 225 - _ -1.5
-2 - 2?0 ' -1.0
...... -- ---- I --' ' ' _Rata -L , f
=_ -.5 - g
8 2 - 315 - _ 0 (/_ (8_ Yaw lett _ I '' '_t_..,.,,,._ f Attitu(:le _
I ,o o T. .5 9 & 10 _ Attitudehand controller =1
i k
i
"<t"-
-"
o 6 45 1.0 off _ .... -_,
L5
2:
9O
]0 2.0 I I
B5 @ @ Translate I OA S
2.5 I I
-* ................................ OAMS power switchoff......................... -_.L_er--_f-_ - .................................................. OAMSpowerswitch off....................................................................................... _.
| :_Wltt.II
-I0 135
-2.5 -
-8 180
"6
-2.0 - I I
z.. I
a -4 _' 225 - _ -1.5 - I
-l.O - I I
2 4 270 -.5- f Attitude hand controller I I Attitude hand controller
Ok- == 315 c On °ffl I
"_ 2 L =_ 0- .:- =l W--Rate
] ;,_ On .2 Off[
_
..¢:
4 5 o - =_ .5-
Q.
1.0 •._ On _Offl /-'_,,_ I
6- " 45
2 On °"I I-
8- go " 1.5, I
@ Pitch down @ Roll right I
I0 135 , 2.0 Ii l Attitude
2.5 @ @ Pitch up @@ Roll left I
UNCLASSIFIED
5- 8 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-06-9056OCT 12
_.
315
270
o g -.5
0
.5
2 ? =_ ,_ "--Rate .......
.'_...,"
Attitude hand controller "_Rate
4 _ _ (_ Translate aft I :, _ _ _
- _ 1.0 I , ' _.--Attitude _A_itude hand controller
(_ Translate right l _- _-.--Attit u de
>" 8- 90 1.5 I _%_-Attitude hand controller
2.0 (_) Translate left I
10 -
2.5 - g
c
Translate up I _ Translate down
:= On
Off_ Im '-
Off! ._L__ •
_ o.
On iOf_ Ul I liB] lull 1
Off/ fill IIIIII I IJlll I/I t
2 On I
-10 - 135
-8 -- -2.5
-6 180 -2.0 Q _ yy_ii_h i _--Rate P-Attitude .______ttitude
-1.5
__-4- 2_
"_ -2 - _ 270 -1.0 /--Aft.ude
hand
contro,er /--A hand
.ude
con,ro,er
I "_ -',' •
c
2 315 - " 0
_, -.5 I _ _-------4 ,._,,._,._ .,__.____Rate __.,.,__._.._,._-" _-- " " ....
4 0 _. .5 On ) & 10- - -_ I
6 45 _ 1.o
8 1.5 i1
10 g0 2.0
135 4-. OAMSpower switchoff_ ._ ....................... OAMS powerswitchon....................... _ .4- .......................................................................... OAMSpower switchoff ...................................................................
2.5
l ,_ On
2 =_
-_ 4 _ 0
-- _ .5 _ On ____----- _*' _ill /_'V _ _ ----... il I ti
r-,
,-, 6
.--
a. 45 -- 1.0 _ _ On
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-59
-4
UNCLASSIFIED
F:=-=
5-60 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9086 OCT 20
L_
I0
135 11/12 and 16 are firing On
8 2.5 --
' On
g 6 180 2.0
4 225 1.5 .Attitude
2 =, 270 1.0
o controller controller
8 -8 315 _ .5
-_ -2
0
,': _g
-6 _ 45
-,5
-1.0 °- -
>- -8 -1.5
90
-10 -2.0
135 ; I
-2.5 -
10 135
2.5 --
$ 86 180
2.0-
,= 4 225 1.5-
27o 1.0-
0 .5
-2 315
m_
0
,.: -4 = 0 -.5 -
o
_. -6 45 - _-1.o-
-8
-10 90 _ -1.5 -
-2.o -
135
-2.5 -
10
8 135
2.5-
6 180
2.0-
" 4
m 225 1.5-
_ _" 270 1.o
-8 .5
-2 315 0 --
5 0 ._ -.5-
-6 a. 45 - -q -1.o-
E
-8 -t.5
90
-i0 -2.0
135 0 (_ Pitchdown (_) (_) Rollclockwi_i:i
-2.5 Q Q PitchUp @ Q Rollcounte_lockwise
I
50:15 _, 50:20 50:25 50:30 50:3.5 50:40 50:45 50:50
_i Groundelapsed
time, hr-min
Figure 5.1.5-15. - Spacecraft dynamics during the tether exercise, condensed scale.
UNCLASSIFIED
i
UNCLASSIFIED 5-61
NASA-S-66-908/ OCT 20
(_) (_ Translate aft (_) Translate up
When OAMS power switch is in the off position,
(_) Translate right @ Translate down
telemetry indicates thrusters on (thrusters not
Translate left actually firing)
Termination of data
II I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I = I I I I I I I I I I I i i I l I I I I I
50:50 50:55 51:00 51:05 51:10 51:15 51:20 51:25 51:30
Ground elapsed time, hr:min
.i=
Ui
i_ __
UNCLASSIFIED
/ zb: -
UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-55-90_8OCT 20
_'_ On A,
c
10 .:-
8 135 - _ On
6 180 2.0
- On
4 c_ 225 1.5 On
i 2 _ 270 _ 2.5
1.0 on _k
-2 _= 315 0 --
.= -4 _ 0 -.5
-6 _ 45 - -i.0 On
>- -8 >-
-10 90 -1.5 On
135 -2.0 on
-2.5 On
10 135
8 180 2.5
_.. 6 2.0
_ 225 1.5
0 -- _- 270 - ,_ 1.0
-2 .-_=
31s-_ .5
0
"_ -4 _ 0 _ -.5 On
-10 , 90 -1.5
135 -2.0
-2.5
180 2.5 On
2 ,-,
2.0
o.
On
0 _ _ 270 1.0
Z -4 5 0 -.5
E 90 -1.5
51:30
Figure5.1.5-15. - Continued.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED .%63
NASA-S-66-g089 OCT 20
10-
13.5 -
Onr,U & 12
(_) Translate left
i|
;
'lli l ,m , .. !1
i
8- 2.5- ,_ .
_- On
6 - 180 - 2.0
_ 2- g27o-_1.0
-2 " =" 0 'Attitude hand controlle hand controlle_
• Rate I
Attit, Rate I
_: -4 - _ 0 -- _ -.5 Rate i ; I
-6 -- 45 - _ ml_O
: ! i
-8
gO - -1.5
-10 -
135 - -2.0
-2.5
10- 135 -
8- 2.5
[ 6- 2O
180 -
_ 4- _--- Attitude hand controller
i
_ o--
2,0 1.ol-
_ -2-
31, 'L
._ -4- _. 0 _ =. 0 On -9&10
g.
-8
-10
-
-
4_
gO
135
$. -1.oI-
-2 0
-1.5 f
-215
Q (_) Translate fwd
/ //_--- Attitu_
"*" ............................................................................... OAMS power off ....................................................................................... _ -*4-- ................. OAMS power on
10- m
On 1,
8- 135-
On
180 -- 2.5
2.0 On
_ 4 - P On
225 - 1.5
_ 2 - - =_
2/0 1.0
§ 0--
_ -2- x: _ 0 - "Rate
o -- _ -.5
_ -6 - 45 - _1_0
UNCLASSIFIED
•.- ?,
5-64 UNCLASSIFIED @
5.1.6 Time Reference System
The event timer and the elapsed-time digital clock were used several
times during the mission and were found to be correct when checked
against other sources. The flight crew reported satisfactory operation
of the G.m.t. battery-operated clock and the G.m.t. mechanical clock,
but made no special accuracychecks. During the recovery sequence, when
the clocks were compared with the ship's clock to the nearest minute,
the battery-operated
clock was one minute
G.m.t.
fast.
clock was correct
Satisfactory timing
and the mechanical
on the tapes
G.m.t.
from the
@
onboard voice tape recorder indicated normal operation of the time
correlation buffer.
UNCLASSIFIED
;ii
UNCLASSIFIED 5-65
deactivation load, failure of an Aerospace Ground Equipment valve allowed
helium to be introduced into the hydrogen system. Following the dis-
covery of this condition, when the output went to nearly zero, the oxygen
and hydrogen systems were subjected to the standard helium shutdown purge,
after which hydrogen was reintroduced into the system in accordance with
the standard procedures. Open-circuit voltages at this time were normal
for this configuration. Deactivation and depressurization of the fuel
cell proceeded in what was thought to be the prescribed manner; however,
it was later discovered that the coolant flow had been diverted around
the fuel cells throughout the 21.5 hours of deactivation. The overall
D temperature rise of the fuel cells during this period was estimated to
have been 17 ° F. The second fuel cell activation (fig. 5.1.7-1) was
Jl performed on September 8, 1966. At this time the performance of sec-
tion i was normal, but the performance of section 2 was approximately
0.7 of a volt lower than the average second activation performance of
fuel cell sections used for previous Gemini missions. Because of the
launch cancellations on September 9 and i0, 1966, three unscheduled days
of standby operation of the fuel cells were required. The performance
decays prior to the September 12, 1966, launch were approximately 1.0 volt
and 0.6 of a volt for sections i and 2, respectively. This compares with
the 0.2 to 0.5 of a volt performance decay achieved with fuel cell sec-
tions used for previous missions. No measurable performance decay
occurred during the day immediately preceding the launch, and, in addi-
tion, the system met all launch requirements.
UNCLASSIFIED
-66 UNCLASSIFIED
Once the membrane is perforated, oxygen gas, because of its higher pres-
sure, forces its way into the hydrogen portion of the cell. In the
presence of the platinum catalyst, the gases unite and burn. The outlet
coolant temperature of the fuel cell was not monitored by telemetry, but,
because of the feed-back loop (fig. 5.1.7-5), changes in the outlet
temperature are reflected in the inlet coolant temperatures. The inlet m
coolant temperatures are plotted in figure 5.1.7-5 as a function of ground
elapsed time. This figure shows that the section 2 coolant inlet tempera- 4A
ture rose to a peak, presumably due to the energy released during the
oxygen-hydrogen combustion, and then dropped gradually to a point slightly
lower than it had been prior to the anomaly. This type of failure mode
was observed in the fuel-cell development program. As a result, the
hydrogen feed line of each stack has a check valve which will close by
the normal oxygen-to-hydrogen differential pressure. The closing of this
check valve evidently limited the combustion period by restricting the
quantity of hydrogen gas available, thereby preventing further damage.
The lower temperature that followed is indicative of the lower load
carried by section 2 as a result of the loss of stack C. During the same
period, an increase in the coolant temperature of section 1 reflected the
additional load section 1 had assumed. An examination of the analog
oxygen-to-hydrogen differential-pressure data during this period also
revealed evidence of the perforation and subsequent check valve closure.
The data showed a very slight decrease in pressure, followed by a recovery
which was presumably due to the valve closure.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-67
UNCLASSIFIED
5-68 UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _-69
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UNCLASSIFIED 5-7_-
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED -T3
5.1.8 Propulsion
UNCLASSIFIED
-74 UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-75
UNCLASSIFIED
. ....
5-76 UNCLASSIFIED ?_i _'/!;71
ii__i _
NASA-S-669069OCT T3
1.2
i"- • • eoe •
1.1 _o o= -• ,• i •
,<.=, i \_":.'-;'= _,"- .... ._-_-.-_"_"-'-_':,'-"" me
m• • • o•
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.9
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1000
( Ill III)111 lilt
• Experiments
gO0 ....... Plannedactivities
M = 1 rendezvous
,
, d
Experiments
O
Actualactivities
Correctedpropellantquantityindicator reading m
5OO f
C
=
,w= _- -T i7 ..... • o
,11
lllm_mllmllml
.. ram, i 11 i I i I I I i i i i _
• • om a o •
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400
_' _ • ,. m. Docking
practice • =Docking )ractice ----_Exp_rim_nts
,m mm --u Apollosumptanktest ...... ,,.=.=. UmbilicalEVA
o I Maneuver-
I -.rmmm, = EX_riments
30O 1. Separationand insertion
r,{J 2. Heightadjust
3. Plane change
200 _*- 4. Terminalphaseinitiate
!. 5. Firstcorrection
,k
6. Second correction
! 7. Terminal phasefinalize
8. Massdetermination (D(]03) 0
9. Docked planechange(GATV-PPS)
-- M=I rendezvous
0 r-'- I I I L I I I I t I I I I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 g 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3O 31 32 33 34 35
Groundelapsed
time, hr
Figure5.1.8-1.- OAMSpropellantconsumption.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-77
NASA-S-669068OCT13
1.2
_.o
4_ eooe oe
-_. 1.1 , ,, , *_-.. * _JIL, b-._
90O
Lastu ndock
I
E_periments StandupEVA n l B!
Experiments
__--_,,_ .- .-- - = --
I I1 ._. L. .......
8OO o
l0 10 ) _, .. ,_ ... _ ...,w
_j " • %
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8 _ J
' r Maneuver.
i
bl_Oo U •
5O0 in mm! Tether
evaluation
1. Separationandinsertion
) =" 4OO
10
I
I
I
10
I
2. Heightadjust
3. Planechange
(#'1 I
4. Terminalphaseinitiate
5. Firstcorrection
6. Secondcorrection
3OO l. Terminal phasefinalize
•_,,_,._ .-......,-Standup EVA 8. Massdetermination(D0(B)
------.--- Plannedactivities 9. Docked planechange(GAW-PPS)
20O Actualactivities 10. Docked heightadjust (GAIV-PPS) --
n mm mmm mm mmm" ,Ex)eriments
O Correctedpropellant
quantity indicatorreading 11. Separation
• Datasampleduring stationpasses 12. Trueanomalyadjust
100 LastundocF Actualgeneral.equationdata ]3. Stand--off
Plannedconsumption of propellant 14. Final separation
0
I I il ill I II II lllllliil
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 /I
Groundelapsedtime, hr
(b)35to 71 hoursg.e.t.
Figure5.1.8-1. - Concluded.
UNCLASSIFIED
_-78 UNCLASSIFIED ®
,-.w
_II _
.°
,0
i,
O 4.
¢"
ql '6ujujeumj lUelladOJd
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED -79
UNCLASSIFIED
-8o UNCLASSIFIED
Binding of the lap belt was also reported during the Gemini X mis-
sion but was not evident during the Gemini XI mission. A design change
to the lap belt incorporated a set of guides on the buckle. These guides
orient the belt to prevent it from folding over and binding as it passes
through the gripping mechanism of the buckle.
The 70-mm superwide-angle EVA still camera was used for photograph-
ing the earth during the EVA and during the high-altitude orbit phase.
This camera operated satisfactorily with good results.
The underexposure occurred only when the 18-mm lens was used, and
it appears that this lens was improperly set. It was noted during post-
flight inspection that the physical stop at the f/16 end of the iris
control was approximately i/8-inch beyond the f/16 mark. Because this
lens did not have detents at the f-stops, there was no way to exactly
locate the f/16 position of the iris. In the postflight debriefing the
flight crew indicated that they used the procedure of rotating the lens
all the way to the physical stop to set it at f/16. Densitometer meas-
urements of the underexposed film indicate that most of it was taken with
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-8
a lens setting corresponding to a position between the f/16 setting and
the physical stop. This problem was not encountered with the 5-mm and
75-mm lens assemblies, because these two lenses had detents at each lens
setting•
The smearing and improper focus of the film in one magazine was
0 caused by damage to the spring on the magazine door of the camera. Post-
flight inspection showed that the magazine door springs in both 16-mm
sequence cameras were bent out of position. The normal function of this
spring is to hold the magazine in place against the aperture plate at
the front of the camera. With this spring inoperative, the magazine
would be free to move away from the aperture plate, and the framing
pawl would not engage the film. Also, with the magazine out of
position the image was not properly focused on the film. Inspection
of the cameras indicates that the magazine door spring is susceptible
to damage if the door is closed with the magazine only partially inserted
in the camera. It is probable that the springs were damaged during the
EVA film changes because of the reduction in crew dexterity in the pres-
surized space suits. A design change has been incorporated into the
Gemini XII cameras to prevent this type of damage to the magazine door
spring.
UNCLASSIFIED
5-8 UNCLASSIFIED
5.1.10.3.2 Waste equipment: Removal of the launch-day urine col-
lection devices was accomplished during the first day of the mission.
No problems were encountered in their use, and they were subsequently
discarded overboard.
5.1.i0.4.2 Pilot's space suit: The space suit for the pilot
(G-4C-40) utilized the G-4C configuration pressure garment assembly of
the same design as that provided the command pilot, but, in addition,
it was fitted with an extravehicular coverlayer, P/N A-1817, and a poly-
carbonate pressure visor which included a low emissivity coating on the
outside. The postflight inspection of this suit indicated the equipment
to be in very good condition, meeting all leakage and relief valve
requirements. Actual postflight leakage was 270 scc/min at 3.7 psig.
The right,wrist-disconnect locking action also had a tendency to stick
in the same manner as on the command pilot's suit.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED -83
(b) Space suit pressure gage desiccant assemblies - The suit pres-
,p sure gage on each suit incorporated a desiccant assembly to preclude
pressure gage fogging during EVA. The crew reported that these gages
Q_ did not fog at any time.
5.1.10.4.4 EVA sun visor: The pilot was provided with an extra-
D
vehicular sun visor similar to the one worn by the Gemini IX-A pilot.
After installation, the visor performed satisfactorily; however, during
postflight inspection it was found to be cracked. During preparation
for the EVA, the pilot installed the visor on the helmet while his suit
was pressurized to 3.7 psig. The close tolerances of the visor/helmet
interface and the flexibility of the visor produced considerable binding
and misalignment. The pilot's inability to see his working area and the
difficulty in working against the suit pressure produced high workloads
which contributed to the pilot's overall fatigue and profuse perspiring
prior to opening the hatch.
The flaking of the gold coating on the EVA sun visor that was
reported after the Gemini X mission was not evident during this mission.
The use of a visor cover at all times except during launch and EVA pre-
vented contact of the visor with spacecraft protuberances, and no flak-
ing occurred.
UNCLASSIFIED
5-84 UNCLASSIFIED
The cabin was depressurized to less than 0.2 psi five minutes before
the hatch was opened, and the ELSS heat exchanger began normal operation
at this time. At the time of hatch opening (24 hours 2 minutes g.e.t.),
the ELSS flow control was set on the medium position, and the pilot sub-
sequently reported that the ELSS cooling was satisfactory with the
medium flow.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
After the hatch was opened for umbilical EVA, the pilot noted a
definite tendency for him to move out of the cockpit. This effect con-
tinued after the initial outrush of gaseous flow, which lasted only
five to ten seconds. The tendency to move away from the spacecraft was
also suspected during the attachment of the GATV tether. The similarity
of the description of this effect to the report by the Gemini IX-A crew,
and the lack of this effect reported during standup EVA indicate the pos-
sibility that the gas outflow from the ELSS caused some small pressure
force on the pilot while he was extravehicular. Calculations and tests
indicate that the thrust directly from the outflow valve is approximately
0.05 of a pound. Further analysis and investigation are being carried
out to identify the magnitude of possible pressure forces. Specific
checks for the effects of ELSS outflow will be included in the next
Gemini extravehicular mission.
UNCLASSIFIED
-86 UNCLASSIFIED
The pilot reported that all handrails deployed normally and that,
looking aft along the adapter assembly, everything appeared to be normal.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
occurred several times and increased the difficulty of the task substan-
tially over the effort required in ground simulations. When the clamp
had been tightened sufficiently to engage the docking bar, it stayed in
a fixed position. Thereafter, the pilot was readily able to tighten the
clamp.
The pilot made one attempt to unstow the docking bar mirror, which
was also located on the back of the docking cone. He was unable to
remove the Velcro stowage cover on the first attempt, and, because of
his fatigued condition, he elected not to expend any further effort on
this task.
,IP
The loop strap on the right leg of the pilot's space suit enabled
the command pilot to hold the pilot in the cockpit during the first tasks
of the umbilical EVA. This restraint stabilized the pilot sufficiently
to permit retrieval of the S009 Nuclear Emulsion experiment package with-
out undue difficulty. The EVA camera mounting task was more difficult
because of the O-ring problem described previously.
The two handles on the TDA provided adequate restraint for the
pilot's hands, but his attempts to use these handles to force his body
into a sitting position on the spacecraft nose were unsuccessful. In
these attempts he expended a very large amount of energy, principally
in overcoming the suit mobility forces. The GATV/spacecraft tether attach-
ment was ultimately completed as a one-handed task, in which the pilot
held on with one hand and allowed his body to float freely.
The pilot reported that the restraint problems while attaching the
GATV/spacecraft tether were substantially different from those experi-
enced in zero-gravity aircraft simulations. In the aircraft simulations,
he had been able to attain a sitting position on the spacecraft nose
and attach the tether readily within 30 seconds. In orbit he was unable
to keep himself positioned on the nose using only the handholds. His
attempts to place his feet between the TDA and the spacecraft were
UNCLASSIFIED
5-88 UNCLASSIFIED
ineffective in lowering his body onto the spacecraft nose. The principal
differences between the simulation and the conditions in orbit were
(i) the effects of the ELSS outflow in a vacuum, and (2) the 30-second
duration of the zero-gravity period in the aircraft. Analysis of the
equipment used in the aircraft simulation did not reveal any other dif-
ferences which could explain the difficulty experienced in orbit.
The relationship between body restraint and workload for this EVA
mission indicates that, when positive restraints are not available, it
is possible to expend a high level of energy with little productive
result. If tasks are to be attempted with one-handed or similar partial
restraints, these tasks must be very simple, and particular attention
must be given to avoiding work levels beyond those which can be sus-
tained.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED -89
NASA-S-66-9030 OCT 8
Day Day
night G.e.t. night G.e.t.
t _46:00 r_47:10
-119,
Crew napping
--46:40 --47:50
Pictures of Orion
Pictures of Shaula
Pictures of Orion
Pictures of Houston
--47:00 --48:10
Completed photography
Seated in cabin
Hatch closed
Cabin repressurization
Started (48:16:04 g,e.t.)
--47:10 --48:20 Sunrise
(b) Standup.
UNCLASSIFIED
-9o UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-bb-9031 OCT 8
G.e.t.
--24:30
(a) Umbilical.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-91
NASA-S-66-9090 OCT 20
e-
The parachute system provided a safe landing for the spacecraft and
flight crew. All sequential events occurred when initiated by the crew
and took place within established tolerances. Figure 5.1.11-1 illustrates
the sequence of the major Landing System events with respect to ground
elapsed time and pressure altitude.
Recontact between the R and R section and the spacecraft did not
occur throughout the Landing System qualification program and ten Gemini
spacecraft reentries. On several of these tests and flights, the recovery
system operated under no-wind conditions which result in the highest
probability of R and R section recontact. An extensive evaluation of the
drop-test results indicated that the neglected factors substantially
reduce the recontact probability and were probably more predominant than
those which were considered. On several occasions, the R and R section
approached the main canopy and then appeared to separate as a result of
oscillation or flow field interaction between the two bodies. In several
other tests, sufficient separation between the two bodies to preclude
recontact was achieved with only a few degrees of relative glide. There-
Jr
fore, it was concluded that, although a relatively large probability of
recontact could be calculated, the actual probability established through
test results and experience was negligible.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _-93
The main parachute was recovered_ but the R and R section with
attached drogue and pilot parachutes sank and could not be recovered.
Preliminary examination of the main parachute indicated that it was in
excellent condition.
a,
UNCLASSIFIED
5-94 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-b6-9021 OCT 7
55 x 103
/---Drogue parachute
50 _ deploy 71:iI:_ GI
45 _ /_Drogue parachute
disreef 71:11:46 59
40 -1_ 'Dr parachute
release and pilot
parachute deploy
71:13:04.04
35
,._
and R section
separation and _
30 main parachute _ I I
deploy 71:13:06.64_ \ )
/-Main parachute _
25 /li.e st,etch _ _.
/71;13;o7.84 %#
/ /---Main parachute
20
// disreef71:13..18.44_
/ / fMain parachute _r
15
10 Repositioning
71:13:28.1 _
__ Land:_ing ? I
0
71:11 71:12 71:13 71:14 71:15 71:16 71:17 71:18
Groundelapsed time, hr:min
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED -95
5.1.12 Postlanding
UNCLASSIFIED
5-96
The Gemini Launch Vehicle (GLV) was launched within one-half second
of the planned launch time after a countdown that involved no unplanned
holds. All systems performed satisfactorily and the spacecraft was
4
inserted into a nominal orbit.
A review of the mission data identified only one item which required
further investigation: the Stage I oxidizer outage was 1319 pounds, which
was less than for GLV-1O but higher than that experienced on earlier Gem-
ini flights.
5.2.1 Airframe
Estimated loads on the launch vehicle during the launch phase are
shown in the following table. These data indicate that the highest
m
t
UNCLASSIFIED -gT
percentage of design loading occurred, characteristically, at vehicle
station 320 just prior to first stage engine cutoff (BECO).
Maximum q_ Pre-BECO
O
Percent of Percent of
!Compression Compression
design design
Station load, load,
ib ib
Limit Ult imat e Limit Ultimate
o
3.01 3.39
4.11 1.95
7.07 0.02
UNCLASSIFIED
-98 UNCLASSIFIED
5.2.2 Propulsion
5.2.2.1 Engines.-
4_
5.2.2.1.1 Stage I: The Stage I engine performance throughout the
flight was nominal (table 5.2-1). The engine mixture ratio at Stage I
engine ignition signal (87FSI) plus 55 seconds, corrected to standard
inlet conditions, was minus 1.21 percent from the acceptance test value,
and was less than the 3-sigma run-to-run repeatability of ±1.38 percent
attained during engine static-firing tests conducted at the engine manu-
facturer's facility. This lower-than-predicted mixture ratio resulted
in a fuel depletion shutdown. The cause of the mixture ratio shift has
not been determined at present, but further investigations are being
conducted by the contractors.
The steady state thrust and specific impulse were close to the
predicted values. The shutdown-transient data were normal for a fuel
exhaustion shutdown.
UNCLASSIFIED
5-99
e 5.2.2.2 Propellants.-
5.2.2.2.1 Loading: GLV-II was loaded for two launch attempts and
for the actual launch. All of these loadings were within the required
o ±0.35 percent of the requested amounts. The propellant loading summary
for the launch on September 12, 1966, is shown in the following table.
A The actual flight loads were calculated from the GLV-II engine perform-
ance and propellant level sensor data.
Q Predicted Predicted
Actual,
Stage Type mean, max imum,
ib
D ib ib
The Three Axis Reference System (TARS) roll and pitch programs were
performed as planned. The planned and actual rates and times are listed
in table 5.2-VI. The discretes initiated by the TARS were executed
within the specified time limits. m
Measurement Unit, errors in the open-loop roll and pitch programs, and
reference-axis cross coupling within each system.
Hydraulic pressure,
psia
Event
Stage I system
Stage II system
Primary Secondary
SEC0 2807
UNCLASSIFIED
5-102
The yaw position error (smallest of any GLV launch to date) and
velocity error at SECO + 20 seconds required the spacecraft to make only
B a 3.0 ft/sec out-of-plane maneuver in the first revolution. Vehicle
attitude rates at SECO plus 20 seconds were 0.55 deg/sec pitch up,
0.52 deg/sec yaw right, and 0.42 deg/sec roll clockwise.
5.2.6 Electrical
-_k Ji-_r_E_J"rl A a .
UNCLASSIFIED
5.2.7 Instrumentation
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Actuation time
Pressure,
Switch Condition from lift-off,
psia
sec
4,
Stage I
Stage II
UNCLASSIFIED
5- _o6 UNCLASSIFIED
Time from
lift-off, Facility
sec
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
of the tank by injecting sodium silicate (water glass) into the hole
and applying a I/2-inch-square aluminum patch, using an epoxy cement
as the bonding agent.
6
5.2.10.2 Recycle.- The 48-hour recycle operation was started imme-
diately. Because the power-on time of the launch vehicle, projected to
launch, would exceed the specification limit, power was removed from the
GLV at 9:55 a.m.e.s.t., September I0, 1966, and the propellants were
again unloaded from the vehicle.
Pad damage was minimal. The launch vehicle for Gemini XII was
erected at Launch Complex 19 on September 16, 1966.
UNCLASSIFIED
5-i08
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UNC LASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
INTERFACE PERFORMANCE
UNCLASSIFIED
5-118 UNC LASSlFIED
in
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UN C LASSlFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
At 4:37:32 GATV elapsed time (3:00:07 g.e.t.), the GATV main vehicle
clock skipped 16 384 seconds. During this same period, telemetry syn-
chronization was lost twice over a period of approximately five seconds,
and an apparent MAP was generated without a valid command having been
sent; however, no change was noted in the vehicle status. The S026 Ion-
Wake experiment was being conducted during the period in which the clock
jumped. No further clock malfunctions occurred prior to landing of the
Gemini spacecraft.
The GATV primary propulsion system (PPS) was fired to achieve inser-
tion, and was also fired three times while docked with the spacecraft.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
The final vehicle orbit was 189.6 by 179.2 nautical miles, refer-
enced to the Fischer ellipsoid earth model of 1960. The electrical power
was depleted after approximately 180 hours of operation.
5.4.1 Airframe
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
5.4.1.2 Separation.- The GATV separated from the TLV with an aver-
age relative velocity of 41.9 in./sec, calculated using data from the
separation monitor. This value compares closely with the data obtained
from earlier flights and with the calculated nominal value.
e
Three additional dockings were performed to allow both the pilot
and the command pilot each to perform two dockings during the mission.
The additional dockings occurred at about 3 hours 20 minutes, 4 hours,
and 6 hours 45 minutes g.e.t. The data for all four dockings show
@ essentially normal performance.
5.4.1.5 Orbital phase.- The spacecraft was docked to the GATV for
a total of about 46 hours 39 minutes. During the three docked PPS maneu-
vers, and during the miscellaneous attitude maneuvers, the vibration and
noise transmitted to the crew compartment were not considered problems
by the crew. During the PPS firing for the high-apogee orbit, acceler-
ations of l.lg were measured by the spacecraft accelerometers.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
5.4.2 Propulsion
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-123
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
The GATV PCM tape recorder operated normally for the entire orbital
phase of the GATV flight. Data obtained from the tape playback were of
excellent quality and were to be used for investigating the clock skip
problem.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
5.4.5.2.2 PPS firings: There were four PPS firings, including the
ascent firing, during this flight. The three firings in orbit were in
the docked configuration. Performance of the Guidance and Control System
during these firings is presented in table 5.4-VII.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Yaw heading errors were greater than expected during all PPS maneu-
vers, including ascent. These known heading errors in yaw, although ex-
ceeding preflight predictions, were within the uncertainty error limits,
but were approaching the worst-case condition. The pitch heading errors
were well within the uncertainty error limits. Maximum gyro excursions
for the docked PPS maneuvers were plus 5.8 degrees in yaw and minus
2.8 degrees in pitch. The magnitude of th@ excursions in yaw indicate
that the combination of GATV center-of-gravity position uncertainty, 4
engine alignment uncertainty, actuator null uncertainty, and center-of-
thrust displacement together with spacecraft center-of-gravity uncer-
i
tainties resulted in the equivalent yaw center-of-gravity displacement
approaching the worst-case error uncertainties.
5.4.5.2.3 SPS Unit II firings: Three SPS Unit II firings were per-
formed during the flight and all were accomplished in the undocked con-
figuration. The attitude control system provided adequate control during
all SPS firings. Larger-than-expected roll attitude excursions were evi-
dent in all three SPS Unit II maneuvers and appear to have been the
result of center-of-gravity and thrust-misalignment uncertainties. These
unexpected excursions also resulted in control gas usage that was slight-
ly higher than predicted. The excess gas usage is entirely attributable
to roll attitude control during maneuvers. Control gas usage during the
SPS Unit II maneuvers was as follows:
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
90-degree heading change and 3.5 pounds for a docked 90-degree change.
This usage may be compared with the predicted i.i pounds for the undocked
heading change and 4.8 pounds for the docked heading change.
Undocked:
9O
180
Docked:
9O 1.0
180 2.0
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
5.4.6.2 Pyro bus voltage.- The pyro bus dc voltage, with diode
isolation from the main bus, displayed normal operating characteristics.
The initial high potential was 27.83 volts and the prolonged-level poten-
tial was 25.50 volts. The nominal 0.75-volt differential above the main
bus was maintained.
5.4.6.5 Main bus current.- The main bus current was moderately
below the nominal allocation of 14.5 amperes. This is attributable to
less severe loading than anticipated during the mission and to less
sustained loading of the vehicle during post-mission exercises. The
lowest indicated value was 9.4 amperes and the highest value was
35.4 amperes. The reflected load responses were basically as expected,
and were well within the capability of the system.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
The predicted total system capacity was 2360 ampere-hours; the last
telemetry acquisition, in revolution 108, indicated that 2180 ampere-
hours had been used. The predicted vehicle life was 6.8 days and the
actual vehicle life was 7.2 days. All vehicle system electrical capac-
ity requirements were met.
The PPS fuel pump inlet pressure indicated a linear shift at the
conclusion of the second PPS maneuver. This shift was even larger at
the conclusion of the third PPS maneuver. Data prior to the third PPS
maneuver indicated an increase in residual pressure from 0.4 psi to
3.7 psi. Data from the third PPS maneuver indicated an additional shift
from 3.7 psi to the remaining residual pressure of 6.5 psi. A similar
linear shift in this same parameter was experienced during the Gemini X
mission. An orifice in the pressure transducer line was considered as
a remedy for this problem; however, as a result of an evaluation of the
system configuration, it was decided that a linear shift could be toler-
ated in this parameter.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
The SPS Unit II plus Y skin temperature did not indicate the peak
temperature during the SPS Unit II maneuvers. The lower temperatures
measured, when compared with ground test data and with a similar tempera-
ture monitor on the SPS minus Y monitor, indicate that an improper
reattachment of the sensor had been made to the SPS thruster. This sensor
had been inadvertently broken off and subsequently rewelded to the orig-
inal point on the thruster. The GATV has a history of similar anomalies.
Recommendations are being made to investigate the techniques of welding
and rewelding of temperature sensors (thermocouples).
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
o
0 04 O.J
o 0"1 ('_
io
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CO ,--I 0 CO O,l u% _1 0 ,--I 0"1 _ _ _- U_ kid _ _ L,'X O_ O0
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• ...° _°.°°0--.°°-°- N % m
41
_000000000_ O0
_ _ _ o 0 _ O
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..._ ..... . ._ ._ ._ ._ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
TABLE 5.4-11.- PPS NORMAL TRANSIENT EVENTS
iApproximate time
Item from fire signal, Astronaut indication
sec
6
PPS ready signal 8o. o Noise due to propellant
flow into engine area
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED .5-133
• _ _ 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ 6
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dl •_ ° ° ° °
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u_ _ . . . o_ .... 0
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0
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# +_ _ _ . . .¢_•
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ID ,H ,_I ID ID
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
O O _ O _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ °
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_ _ ° • _ ....
°.
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4 _ _ _ _
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n_ +_ -I* + I
• • _ . • _ ._
_+,_ _o+ _+ o_
_+ _ _o o
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
695.9 697.0
ACS gain low
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
I
UNCLASSIFIED _-137
CO f¢3 _-
,--t -u_ CO OJ
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UNCLASSIFIED
:i
5-138 UNCLASSIFIED
iI
5.5.1 Airframe
Axial accelerations, g
Reference
Predicted Actual
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5- _39
Thrust_ ib
Engine Condition
Lift-off BECO SECO VECO
NA - Not applicable
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-141
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
During the boost phase, 86.6 pounds of the 154.4 pounds of helium
aboard the vehicle were used for pressurization of the propellant tanks.
UNCLASSIFIED
5-144 UNCLASSIFIED
The TLV was guided by the MOD III Radio Guidance System which oper-
ated satisfactorily throughout the countdown and flight. The five planned
discrete commands and the required steering commands were received and
correctly decoded by the TLV airborne equipment.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 5-145
Filtered inflight
VECO conditions
Desired Actual
4
Vertical velocity, ft/sec 2 850.3 2 849.7
t
5.5.6 Electrical System
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
During the period that the TLV was on internal electrical power
(from LO minus 100 seconds to loss of telemetered data at LO plus 571 sec-
onds), three intervals of inverter output voltage and frequency insta-
bility occurred. No dc power fluctuations of the inverter input supply
were noted at anytime during the countdown or flight. The inverter fluc-
tuations occurred between lift-off and L0 + lll.0 seconds, between
LO + 210.0 and LO + 305.0 seconds, and betw@en LO + 515.0 and loss of
telemetered data at LO + 571 seconds. Maximum ll5 Vac oscillations were
0.7 of a volt peak-to-peak at a frequency of 0.7 cps. The maximum cyclic
variation in the 400-cycle ac was 0.3 cps. Similar cyclic variations of t
the inverter outputs had occurred during the preflight checkouts of this
TLV and had been noted also for the TLV used for the Gemini X mission.
This condition is attributed to cycling of the flight control gyro heaters,
when small electrical loads are present. In all cases where the electri-
cal dc input or ac output fluctuations were noted, the magnitude and fre-
quency of the variations were well within specification and no effects
were noted on the systems using this power source.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
_-__48 UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
The GATV status display panel and the acquisition and approach lights
functioned normally throughout the flight. Aerodynamic shroud jettison
at 383 seconds after lift-off was normal. The TDA skin temperatures are
discussed in section 5.4.1.
During the first rendezvous, the GATV was initially acquired in sun-
light at a range of 75 miles. The crew reported that the running lights
were used and that they were very valuable for target attitude determina-
tion during rendezvous and for alignment during docking.
The exact cause of the mooring drive system anomaly has not been
determined. An investigation of the data and an analysis of the system
revealed that the most likely cause was an intermittent failure of the
latch-actuation limit switch to transfer to the reset position.
UNCLASSIFIED
5-150
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6-1
4_
The Gemini XI mission was con_rolled from the Mission Control Center
(MCC-H) at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas. This section
of the report is based on real-time observations and may not agree with
the detailed postflight analysis and evaluation in other sections of the
b report.
i
6.1.1 Premission Operations
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
At the start of the PPS insertion maneuver, there was a small nega-
tive pitch (4.7 degrees) and a positive yaw C6.6 degrees). After
13 seconds, this peak transient settled out and both of the gyro systems
returned to zero. The center-of-gravity offset was determined to be
about twice that of the GATV for the Gemini X mission but still not large
enough to cause any offset in AV for the in-plane PPS firings.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6-3
g.e.t., min:sec
The tracking data from the Carnarvon station gave a target orbit
of 156.4 by 165.6 nautical miles and the following mission planning
quantities:
t
XRA = 15.91 n. mi. T' AP = 52 minutes 6 seconds g.e.t.
UNCLASSIFIED
6-4 UNCLASSIFIED
At T minus three minutes, the final oxygen heater cycle was initiated to
enable the spacecraft to reach the Carnarvon tracking station before it
became necessary for the crew to activate the heater again. Also, at
T minus three minutes, the proper updates were sent by GE/Burroughs to
MCC-H and to the spacecraft.
6.1.2.4 Gemini Space Vehicle powered flight.- The launch phase was
essentially as planned. The recommended lift-off time was 14:42:26 G.m.t.
The actual lift-off occurred at 14:42:26.546 G.m.t., and was reported
r
to the crew as 0.5 of a second late. GE/Burroughs computed a steering
command at 2 minutes 52 seconds g.e.t, instead of at 2 minutes 48 sec-
onds g.e.t., as predicted. The Impact Predictor (IP) was very noisy at
lift-off and GE/Burroughs was selected as the prime source at lift-off
plus eight seconds. The Stage I trajectory was very close to nominal,
with the maximum flight-path angle being 0.95 of a degree low and con-
verging to the nominal at a velocity ratio(V/VR) of 0.13. The trajec-
tory then began lofting very slightly, and, at staging, the flight-path
angle was about 0.07 of a degree high. Approximately 30 seconds after
lift-off, the fuel-cell section i oxygen-to-water delta pressure light
came on, went off at staging, back on at second stage ignition, and off
UNCLASSIFIED
6-5
at second stage engine cutoff (SECO). This same indication was observed
during the Gemini X mission.
The Stage II powered flight plot was nominal with very little noise.
The third scale of the V/V R vs y plot (MCC-H gamma plotboard) had essen-
tially no noise with the cutoff occurring well within the M=I rendezvous
limits. The cutoff conditions computed by the Real Time Computer Complex
(RTCC) prior to the Insertion Velocity Adjust Routine (IVAR) maneuver
were as shown in the following table:
The GE/Burroughs data source was selected during the IVAR thrusting
in order to allow both of the spacecraft high-speed data sources to up-
date simultaneously. Both spacecraft source solutions degraded consid-
erably at approximately 0:07:30 g.e.t.
the insertion was so near nominal, it was decided that the crew should
use the precomputed IA time, if required.
The GE/Burroughs launch vector was transferred into the orbit phase
because of the poor quality of the high-speed radar data from spacecraft
4_
tracking. This meant that the transferred vector did not reflect any of
the thrusting at insertion. It was decided that no calculations would
be made until the low-speed solution from the Antigua station was avail-
able. This tracking showed the insertion orbit to be 87 by 151 nautical
miles. The low-speed solution from Antigua data was accepted, and a f
Docking Initiate Logic (DKI) plan was computed to establish the out-of-
plane maneuver. The solution predicted a i00 ft/sec out-of-plane maneu-
ver with a node 12 seconds prior to terminal phase initiate (TPI). These
data were obviously incorrect so no plane change was passed to the crew
over the Ascension station as had been planned. When the Ascension
station low-speed data were interrupted after nine data points and a DKI
was generated to check the out-of-plane maneuver, the solution predicted
a 4.4 ft/sec maneuver out-of-plane at 0:12:06 g.e.t. This essentially
confirmed the crew calculations of approximately 3 ft/sec and the crew
elected to use the onboard solution. The remaining data from Ascension
were included in the solution and a TPI backup maneuver was calculated.
The Two Impulse Processor was used to compute the terminal phase maneu-
ver in both the ACR and the RTCC. The TPI backup solution was based on
the vector from the Eglin Air Force Base station for GATV revolution i
and the vector from the Ascension Island station for the first spacecraft
revolution and passed to the crew over the Tananarive station. The
ground backup, onboard closed-loop, and onboard backup TPI solutions were
as follows:
Onboard Onboard
Ground (passed to crew) closed-loop backup
R = 22.7 n. mi.
The TPI firing occurred just before the spacecraft reached the
Carnarvon station in the first revolution. The Orbital Attitude and
Maneuver System (0AMS) propellant quantity, as read onboard, was 70 per-
cent after TPI and 56 percent just prior to docking. The reading from
Ib
the Carnarvon station was about two percent higher than the ground com-
puted value.
Ii
When the crew reported they were station keeping, they were requested
to turn off the GATV C-band transponder until after they had passed over
the United States on revolution 1. After this, the GATV C-band and
S-band transponders were turned on and the spacecraft reentry C-band
transponder was turned off, and they were left in that configuration for
the remainder of the mission.
During the first revolution, the decay rate of oxygen pressure was
approximately 500 psi/hr at a power level of 50 to 60 amperes. The ren-
dezvous orbit was 156.3 by 165.7 nautical miles based on data through
the Antigua station in spacecraft revolution 2.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
B
AV, ft/sec ................. ii0
The maneuver occurred on time and the crew readout of residuals and
the ground report of computer readouts showed the maneuver to be very
close to nominal. The readouts were as follows:
At 7 hours 45 minutes g.e.t, the spacecraft was powered down for the
first sleep period. At 8 hours g.e.t., the Reentry Control System (RCS)
heater light came on. The crew turned the heaters on and left them on @
for the rest of the flight.
At 16 hours g.e.t., the crew ended their sleep period and powered
up the spacecraft. At the Texas station in revolution 12, the crew
reported that the no. 8 thruster (yaw left) was showing degradation.
When trying to yaw left, the spacecraft also rolled right, thus indi-
cating a degraded no. 8 thruster. A detailed procedure for checking out
this thruster was transmitted to the crew from the California station in
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6-9
revolution 17, and the check was performed over the Texas station in
revolution 17. The results indicated that the thruster was actually
degraded.
Over the Texas station in revolution 16, the hatch was again opened
to discard equipment used during the EVA. The list of articles Jetti-
soned was used to determine the new center of gravity. The spacecraft
aerodynamics were then computed by the RTCC and the ACR. These quantities
were loaded into the RTCC and remained unchanged for the remainder of
the mission.
Over the United States in revolution 17, the crew reported that
they had intermittent indications on the temperature side of the 0AMS
pressuretemperature gage. (Editor's note: Postflight crew debriefings
revealed that the intermittent indications had occurred only during
switching between parameters.)
Over the Coastal Sentry Quebec in revolution 18, the crew reported
they could hear a tone of approximately 1000 cps when the cryogenic
(CRY0) quantity switch was placed in the 02 or H 2 position. This was
theorizedto be the 400 cps inverter output to the quantity sensor being
rectified in some manner to give an 800 cps ripple which was being
e
coupled into the audio circuit. At 31 hours 30 minutes g.e.t, over the
Coastal Sentry Quebec in revolution 20, the hydrogen pressure was raised
to 290 psi to obtain pressure decay rates as compared to quantity for an
evaluation of the heat leak on the hydrogen bottle. At this point, the
crew entered their second sleep period.
UNCLASSIFIED
6- o UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6-11
Desired Actual
The crew called up onboard computer data which indicated 918 ft/sec
aft, confirming a nominal firing.
Over the United States in revolution 28, both suit integrity checks
were performed with decay rates of 0.2 psi in 30 seconds for the command
pilot and 0.i psi in 30 seconds for the pilot. At 46:05:50 g.e.t, over
the Tananarive station in revolution 29, the cabin was depressurized for
the standup EVA and the hatch was opened at 46 hours 7 minutes g.e.t.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6- _3
Stand-off
Separ at i on
• +5.1 -5.0
ii, AVx, ft/sec ........
• -7. i -7.4
AVy, ft/sec ........
0.0 0.0
AVz, ft/sec .........
Over the United States in revolution 40, the crew was awakened.
Over the Canary Islands revolution 41, the rendezvous intercept update
UNCLASSIFIED
6-14 UNCLASSIFIED
The final TPI provided to the flight crew at the Canary Islands in revo-
lution 41 was based on an interrupt of the vector from Antigua in space-
craft revolution 41 and was computed as follows:
+12.1
AVy, ft/sec ...............
+i. 4
AVz, ft/sec ...............
Tracking after the maneuver, along with elevation angle readouts from
the flight crew, indicated that the transfer trajectory was close to
nominal. Since the flight crew was unaided by onboard radar, a decision
was made to provide them with a ground-computed estimate of a midcourse
correction to be applied at _t = 34 degrees. The following estimate was
given in directional AV components along the line-of-sight to the target:
I
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
6-15
of the midcourse correction, which was completed using the onboard backup
solution. At final separation, the crew performed a 3 ft/sec retrograde
separation maneuver.
D Over Carnarvon in revolution 44, the crew reported that they were
loading Module IV in preparation for reentry. The 45-1 preretrofire load
was transmitted to the spacecraft when it was over the United States in
revolution 43. The retrofire data that were input into the RTCC were:
"% Landing
Revolution no .............. 45
Area .................... i
UNCLASSIFIED
6- _6 UNCLASSIFIED
6.1.4 Reentry
The entire reentry was flown in the automatic closed-loop mode with
the Inertial Guidance System (IGS) landing point at 50K feet reading
70 degrees 0.6 minutes west and 24 degrees 19.7 minutes north.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6-17
At 4:37:31, GATV ground elapsed time, the vehicle time word (vehi-
cle clock) skipped ahead by 16 384 seconds, indicative of a spurious "i"
appearing in the 214-second-clock-register position. Telemetry playback
of this event indicated possible correlation with anomalous switching
in the L-band beacon dipole/spiral automatic search circuitry. No
further clock anomalies occurred prior to spacecraft reentry.
Three PPS and three SPS maneuvers were accomplished during the
mission. PPS maneuver no. i was a docked calibration maneuver and
occurred over Hawaii during revolution 4. This out-of-plane maneuver had
a AV of ii0 ft/sec and resulted in an orbit of 157.6 by 166.5 nautical
miles.
The second docked PPS maneuver took place at the Canary Islands in
revolution 27. This maneuver had a AV of 919.7 ft/sec and resulted in
an orbit of 156.3 by 741.5 nautical miles. Due to the fuel flow rate
UNCLASSIFIED
6- _8 UNCLASSIFIED
Over Hawaii in GATV revolution 32, the crew undocked and began the
tether evaluation. The rotational tether evaluation was accomplished by
turning off the ACS and rotating the two-vehicle system on a 100-foot
tether. The rates were determined by the GATV gyros to have reached a
maximum of i deg/sec, creating approximately 0.001g.
The first SPS Unit II firing took place over Hawaii in revolution 48.
The AV was 47.3 ft/sec and resulted in an orbit of 153.7 by 190.3 nauti-
cal miles.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6- _9
The second SPS Unit II firing occurred over the Rose Knot Victor in
revolution 49. The AV was 62.9 ft/sec and resulted in an orbit of 187.7
by$9!.7 nautical miles. Between the first and second SPS firings, the
problem in the pitch channel of the horizon sensor had become much worse.
After the second SPS firing, the horizon sensors were turned off and the
GATV was allowed to coast inertially while the horizon sensor outputs
were observed.
P
The GATV was then stabilized in flight control mode i and guidance
tests, consisting of gyrocompassed and commanded yaws, were performed
w
to determine the capability to maneuver and maintain a specific heading.
During this time the horizon sensor problem randomly reoccurred, making
iv
precise vehicle attitude determination uncertain. This necessitated a
decision to delete the PPS propellant-depletion firing because vehicle
attitude might have caused reentry. The SPS over-specification firing
was substituted because it would not cause the GATV to reenter immedi-
ately.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
The network was placed on mission status for Gemini XI on August 29,
1966, and supported the mission satisfactorily. The GAATV lift-off
occurred at 13:05:02 G.m.t. on September 12, 1966. The Gemini Space
Vehicle lift-off occurred at 14:42:27 G.m.t. on September 12, 1966, and
the spacecraft landing occurred at 13:59:34 G.m.t. on September 15, 1966.
O
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
6.2.2.2 Computers.-
(a) During the Gemini Space Vehicle launch phase, a go/no-go was
not obtained from either the Bermuda station or the Impact Predictor
high-speed radar sources. A postflight investigation has determined
that the Bermuda radar was off track, and that a radar bias existed
between the Impact Predictor radars at Grand Turk Island and Antigua
Island such that the Impact Predictor radar data could not be used to
compute reasonable solutions.
(b) Radar data from the Wheeling tracking ship was not usable dur-
ing the mission, probably due to station-location coordinates which were
not consistent with the radar data received. Also, because of a pro-
IIN gram error, the station coordinates of the Wheeling could not be corrected
in the program. A new program tape was made during the mission and was
available had it become necessary to use the Wheeling data. This prob-
lem has been corrected for the Gemini XII mission.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6- 3
message was requested. It was determined that the computer would fault
regardless of which format was in PCM ground station no. 2. A contin-
gency procedure was developed so that both spacecraft and GATV summaries
could be generated by switching the PCM format in ground station no. i
during the spacecraft pass. No data were lost. When the Carnarvon sta-
tion came back up to support the mission on F + i day, the problem had
disappeared and did not reoccur during the remainder of the mission.
6.2.2.3 Communications.-
*%
UNCLASSIFIED
6- 4 UNC LASSIFIED
• Systems
•. . _ _ _ o b
o o _ b _ _ _
),
o, o +_ i .
! _ _ ._ O
o _o_ _ _'_ _ '_ q)
X X X
MCC-H X ® X X X X
4
MCC-K X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 X X
A/C X X
X X X X X X X 0
ANT X X X
ASC X X X X
X X X X X X X X 0 X X
BDA X X X
CAL X X X X X X X
CNV bx X X X X X X
CRO X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X [] X X X X X X X
CSQ X X
CTN X X X X X
CYI X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
EGL X X X X
GBI X X X X X X X X X X X X 0
X X X X X X X 0
GTI X X X
GYM X X X X X
HAW X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
KNO X X X X X
MLA X
PAT X
PRE X
X X X [] X X X X X X X
RKV X
WHE X X X X X X
TAN X X X X X
TEX X X X X X X X X (_) X X
LIMA
WHS X X X X
WLP e X X X
WOM X X X X
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6- 5
(a) The launch site landing area was that area in which a space-
craft landing would have occurred following an abort prior to launch or
during the early part of powered flight. It included the area in the
vicinity of Launch Complex 19 and extended seaward along the ground
track for a distance of 41 nautical miles. Recovery force deployment
in this area is presented in figure 6.B-1.
(b) The launch abort landing area was the area in which a space-
craft landing would have occurred following an abort after approximately
i00 seconds of flight but before insertion into orbit. This area orig-
inated at the seaward extremity of the launch site area and was bounded
by the most northern and southern planned launch azimuths. A map of the
area and an indication of the recovery support provided is presented in
figure 6.3-2.
b
(c) Secondary landing areas were located within or near three re-
t covery zones spaced such that a rapid recovery capability existed at
frequent intervals throughout the flight. These zones were located in
the East Atlantic, West Pacific, and Mid-Pacific.
(d) Primary landing areas included the region within or near the
West Atlantic zone, and were supported by the primary recovery ship.
The planned end-of-mission landing area for the beginning of revolu-
tion 45 was located near this zone, centered at 25 degrees 0 minutes
UNCLASSIFIED
6- 6 UNCLASSIFIED
Tachikawa, Japan
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6-27
8
Greenwich mean Ground elapsed
time, time, Event
hr:min hr:min
UNCLASSIFIED
6- 8 UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6- 9
6.3.3.1 UHF recovery beacon (243.0 mc).- Signals from the space-
craft recovery beacon were received by the following aircraft:
aln all cases, the reception ranges are distances between aircraft
on-station positions and the spacecraft landing point and are not maxi-
mum obtainable ranges.
6.3.3.4 UHF survival radio (243.0 mc).- The UHF survival radio was
Sot activated.
6.3.3.6 Fluorescein sea dye marker.- The sea dye marker diffusion
was normal, and was still satisfactory when the spacecraft was retrieved
approximately an hour after landing.
UNCLASSIFIED
6-30 UNCLASSIFIED
The spacecraft landed very close to the recovery ship and was
IP
observed during descent on the parachute. After spacecraft landing, the
recovery swimmers deployed immediately, established communications, and
began installation of the flotation collar.
After collar inflation, the crew egressed the spacecraft and were
transported to the U.S.S. Guam by helicopter. Spacecraft retrieval was
normal, with no difficulties encountered, and observations were as
follows:
4
(a) The HF antenna was not extended.
(e) Both windows were about 75 percent fogged over, and a sooty
deposit was on the outside of each.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6-3
(f) The heating effects appeared normal and were similar to pre-
vious spacecraft.
(g) The left pitch-down B-ring thruster leaked very slightly and
the leak stopped about 30 minutes after retrieval.
(i) The pyrotechnic for the fresh air door had detonated.
0 (j) A gouge was in the lower right area of the heat shield. Also,
a depression and two black marks were noted in the upper left area. The
swimmers reported that these were there when they arrived on the scene.
(k) The interior of the spacecraft looked good and no moisture was
found. All gear was properly stowed. The Environmental Control System
hoses were not interconnected.
(i) Both ejection seat D-rings were pinned. The drogue mortars
were not pinned.
Approximately two hours after landing, the news-pool film was picked
up by STARS (Sea To Air Recovery System). Approximately 20 hours after
landing, the flight carrying the data and film departed for Patrick Air
Force Base. All urgent-return items were delivered to Patrick Air Force
Base and to the Manned Spacecraft Center at Houston. The flight crew
departed the U.S.S. Guam for Cape Kennedy at approximately 8:00 a.m.
e.s.t., September 16, 1966. The spacecraft was off-loaded at Mayport,
Florida, at approximately 12:30 a.m.e.s.t., September 16, 1966, and
deactivation procedures were started.
UNCLASSIFIED
6-3 UNCLASSIFIED
Personnel on the recovery ship had reported that the No. 2 thruster
of the B-ring had been venting oxidizer. No visible toxic vapors were
observed during the deactivation; however, bubbles were observed coming
up through the flush fluid in this particular thruster.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6-33
Water 0:15
(if flight crew are
in spacecraft)
B 4:00 5:00
C 4:00 12:00
D 4:00 36:00
UNCLASSIFIED
6-3 UNCLASSIFIED
Primary:
Secondary :
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED -35
NASA-S-66-8995 OCT 4
ql=
50-foot Missile Retrieval Vessel (MRV) 7
ql=,
TEL
Launch Complex 19
/
v
Banana
River
Gemini Space Vehicle
Central launch azimuth 100.1 °
GE
'
Transmitter Ik Helicopter (CH-3C)
buildin • Amphibious vehicle (LARC)
• Amphibious vehicle (LVTR)
Antenna
0 Tracked land vehicle (Ml13)
field
0 Skiffs (LCU and MRV)
UNCLASSIFIED
6-36 UNCLASSIFIED
%
o>,
.r..:
t_
"E=
,,,5
&
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 6-37
NASA-S-b6-8999 OCT 5
35 ° 35 ° _:.'."
_.'.;:.;:
_:_.':-'.'._:
;.'_.
:" ::.;:
:.';::.'::._
:.;.'.;:.;
::_;"_._I e
I_ 0
_,:':"":::":"::::"::"":
"':::;::":':"'::"
¢) DD- Destroyer
a AO - Oiler
LPH- Landing platform helicopter
o
30 °
30 °
Maximum ship access time o.. 4 hours
Maximum ship access time o.o 6 hours
Maximum ship access time . o. 6 hours Maximum ship access time o.. 6 hours
_25 °
t _ _0
25 °
20 °
-';':';.'i:.,
• ,'
20 °
_o
o d
P 0 t
b
"%
o
15 °
70 ° 65 ° 60 ° 35 = 30 ° 25 ° 20 ° 130 ° 135 ° 140 ° 145 ° 160 ° 155 ° 150 ° 145 °
UNCLASSIFIED
638 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9013 OCT 5
135 120 105 90 75 60 45 30 15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150 135
-= 45 45
O chikawa I I I
z
Patrick 2 HC-130H Mid Pacificzone 4
4 CH-3C
v._:=
(-
East Atlantic zone 2 West Pacific zone 3
30
30
ILPH
I IDD
'4
San
Bermuda 0 IAO
Diego 2 HC-130H 1DD Okinawa t
1 HC-130 4V 2 HU-16J
I HC-97 1AO
Hickam AFB-
West Atlantic zone I 15
15
(D 2 HC-97
Dakar
3 HC-130H
0 (Reduced to 2 HC-130H 0
after launch)
O
,m
Pago Pago
O
_J
Mauritius o/ 2 HC-97
15
Lima 2 HC-130H
2 HC-130H
• (LPH) Landing Perth
30 platform hel icopter 2 HC-97 30
0 Aircraft
Contingency
Contingency Maximum access time for
• (DD) Destroyer line D
line C Contingency _
c-
aircraft to a contingency Contingency
I AO (Oiler) landing site is 18 hours.
o ] 'ineA I line B _i_
45 45
135 120 105 90 75 60 45 30 15 0 15 30 45 60 75 9O 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150 135
West East West
Longitude, deg
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _-39
l
I I/ ,o
QJ
E
'/
¢.)
v
r_
\ /I
E , I
= ,._
•_ o. _
,,/
9F*
- n_ '7-._ i
_,,_
i
/ e-
0_
e-
_i / ,o
t,i'
-- I , E
e-_ --I
= : : : e-
_ , r-------
'X,l\ E
,, /_ O
CI.
-" / I ¢ '_f"
\ r_
e- O
o
e-
I e-
I
/
I
/
/ / 0
0
n_
i i
/, I
O
T_I r
/ _4
!
,-'
d.eo]
IP' _1_' / _
,-4 o_
r-I 0_
I m LU
I--
C.)
O ,,:1I:.13. / ,
C3
_/') I:
0
O_
/ ,
I
_0
_D
I _ILL:I:: i'
I/ .
U3
I O<lQ L
I
u_
UNCLASSIFIED
6- 40 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9020 OCT 6
g
0
E E "-
¢3 (3 _.
B
0", CO or-_
m.. m.. o, 00
0--
- __ _?
o "o-o
e-
_ _ ..--- _ o
\ m
g
o
0
r,,.
o
...."
ih I--
E
"
•
I--
._ •
E
• I.--
o--•
E
•
m
i\ ,,.a r-I
•,0 I._ U_ --
.E
e-
•- i--i o_
e-
- ,z
!
O ,.,. t_ !
l,,,
I- o,_; ,,,; d
.__
o
b.
'R 0
O
C_
I I I I I I I I I I I I o
-ql
O_
I o r_?..
,,O Q
0 0 o o
,,O
!
fM
!
apnl!lel q_0u0!lapoa_
Z
UNCLASSIFIED
6-42 UNCLASSIFIED
8
e"
.__ X
o
® O .E .-_
m
X
.o
e.- _1
e-
"r-
E
e-
o
.._
¢'>,_
/
.E
_o
._g o
e_
d
_.__ o I
4
I--
O
Q.J
O
O
O',
-O
I ,'r _"
-O
I
I o"g
U
O
I--"
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
The flight crew performed all planned activities and enhanced the
accomplishment of all mission objectives except for the umbilical
extravehicular activity (EVA) which had to be terminated because of
pilot fatigue after spacecraft/GATV tether hookup and retrieval of the
S009 Nuclear Emulsion experiment package. Figure 7.1.1-1 is a timeline
of the mission activities.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
all loose objects, including the pilot, to be pushed through the hatch
opening. The crew believed that this effect lasted approximately 5 sec-
onds; however, the pilot noted a less pronounced tendency to move away
from the spacecraft throughout the umbilical EVA period. The pilot was
restrained in the hatch area by the command pilot holding a strap on the
right leg of the pilot's suit.
After the pilot had egressed the spacecraft, the forward adapter
handrail was deployed. The wrist tether was attached to the Experiment
S009 Nuclear Emulsion package and, after two attempts to pull it free,
it was retrieved and handed to the command pilot for stowing. Difficulty
was encountered in mating the EVA camera bracket to the adapter mount.
The pilot had to position himself above the camera and apply an impulsive
force to engage the bracket. The pilot rested briefly before pushing off
from the hatch area. He then grasped the Reentry Control System (RCS)
thrusters and pushed himself toward the Target Docking Adapter (TDA). He
missed the TDA on the first attempt and the command pilot pulled him back
to the hatch area by a slight tug on the umbilical. The next attempt was
successful and the pilot positioned himself on the Rendezvous and Recov-
ery (R and R) section of the spacecraft for attaching the spacecraft/GATV
tether. This positioning task was not as easy as had been demonstrated
in the zero-g simulations in an airplane. Considerable difficulty was
encountered in maintaining the desired straddled position that would have
allowed freedom of both hands. The pilot could maintain the desired
position only by holding to the handhold on the TDA with his left hand.
This position required the pilot to attach the tether to the spacecraft
while using only his right hand and this complicated the installation.
Another problem in attaching the tether was that the clamp spun on the
docking bar when an attempt was made to tighten it. Once the clamp was
tightened sufficiently to provide some friction, the tether connection
was completed. During this period, the pilot was working extremely hard
and was becoming fatigued in addition to perspiring freely.
The pilot returned to the hatch area and changed the film in the
EVA camera in preparation for the D016 Power Tool Evaluation experiment.
In trying to rotate the camera bracket to the experiment position, it
was found that the bracket would not rotate and had to be removed from
the mount and replaced in the proper position. At this time, the crew
reevaluated the remaining EVA workload, and, based on the work remaining
and the difficulty of the work already accomplished, they decided to
terminate further umbilical EVA. Ingress was normal and hatch closing
presented no problem.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-3
The tendency for loose articles to float out the hatch was not
noticed when the hatch was opened. Also, the pilot had no trouble main-
taining his position of standing on the seat. The S013 Ultraviolet
Astronomical Camera and its bracket were installed as planned, and the
first nightside sequence of this experiment was successfully completed.
During the dayside pass, the lens for the S013 camera was changed,
general photography was accomplished, and the crew rested. The crew
reported that the circuit breaker for the suit fan no. i was inadvert-
ently opened during this pass. The open circuit breaker was closed
without causing any problem.
UNCLASSIFIED
7-4 UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Evaluation, was not attempted. The crew completed the remaining ten
experiments as planned, and all experiment goals were met.
At 272K feet altitude, the automatic reentry mode was selected and
a nominal reentry resulted. At 90K feet, the crew activated the second
ring of the RCS in automatic reentry mo_e. The crew switched to the
m rate command mode at 70K feet, and no large excursions were noted. The
drogue was deployed at 50K feet altitude, at which time the crew noted
small excursions in pitch and yaw. The main parachute was deployed at
10.6K feet altitude and provided a normal descent.
UNCLASSIFIED
7-6 UNCLASSIFIED
completed the postflight checks and egressed to the liferaft from the
left-side hatch. Helicopter pickup of the crew was normal, and the
crew was flown immediately to the prime recovery ship.
large amount of time was spent preparing for possible failures such as
in the radar. This preparation proved to be a significant factor in
achieving the M=I rendezvous because they did have a radar problem but
were able to complete the rendezvous. The Translation and Docking
Simulator and the Gemini Mission Simulator were used to practice docking
and station-keeping maneuvers. These tasks proved to be no problem
during the mission. The Gemini Mission Simulator, with the crew in a
hard suit configuration, was also used to practice the entire mission,
including loose equipment usage and stowage. This training proved
invaluable as a significant factor in allowing the crew to stay on the
flight plan. The zero-g aircraft, the Gemini Mockup, and the air-
bearing table were used to practice and develop EVA procedures. These
training devices did not simulate the zero-g environment closely enough
to predict the problems that were encountered during flight. The zero-g
aircraft proved to be a good trainer for spacecraft ingress and egress
but left a definite need in other aspects of zero-g training.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNC LASSIFIED 77
I.--I
•,-I _ Lf'x O O O O O O O O O O O
_ b-- b- L_ O Lr_ O U'X O O O U_ LrX ._ O '_
•H I--I
o_ _ _ o d _ _ _
,--I ;--I C_ ,--I r-I
.H r-I O 0q O O 0"1 O O _ o o co o O O o
_1 O O Lr_ L_X eq U_ Lr_ b-- O O LrX L_ Lf_ Lf_ t.r'x
-p
_0
O OJ _c) oJ _ oJ ckl od _ _ t_ _
O
cO ._I
.H
O
,H
H I.-I
_x_ Lr_ O OO O On O O L_ O O CO O O O O
H OJ Lr_ O _ CO O O 04 O O Lr_ Lr_ Lr_ O Lr_
,H • ° H
r_
_d
C)
0 r_
I O O O O O O
•,--I Lrx Lr'X LnX O O O Lr_ Lr_ O '_ O O '_ _r_ ,_ m %
I O .-I I-I --
-d Lf_---- ,-I ,--I --
,-I d • . _
m
•,-t _
0
b> h- b- O _ rq ,-_ _-t "
C.b
H
.,-I
•r_ o cO _- O o o o o
O 0_ _C) o O _:_ o _ < _: o _: _ o ,_
•r-i _ _
•r-I ._1
0 _ bD bO
_-_ N _ _ N hO °_
_ 0 0
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4-_
•H 0 O -,_ ¢d -_ m m b0 0 n:J ,1_
c)
_ _ .H _ 0 -_ -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ .H C_ '
_ 0 0
o . .
UNCLASSIFIED
%8 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-(_-g032 OCT 10
Night _
_0 _3 Experiment .._g ht
CNM Lift-off
GYM S026 T
Platform
checklist
Push START COMP; ACME to RATE CMD; CSQ GATM tape playback
radar to STBY
GATV recorder ON; 16-ram camera ON;
Apollo sump-tank-test camera ON
Terminal phase initiate maneuver
PPS calibration maneuver
CRO Radar ON; ACME to PULSE HAW (111 ft/sec)
Go for 16-1
Apollo sump tank test camera OFF;
ACME to RATE CMO
GATV recorder OFF
11 First midcourse correction GYM Gyrocompass to TDA aft
TEX GATV to flight control mode 2 T
Platform caged BEF Align
platform
HAW
Termin'd phase finalize I PULSE;
ACS OFF
OAMS control power ON;
T
0 Experiment
Rendezvous T SOL3
Extend docking bar at 50 feet Station
l
TAN
2 (25-second I
forward translation)
S026,
'li
Mode B
7 TAN
Sequences 1,2 Crew status report T
GATV recorder OFF
Eat
CSQ. GATV tape playback
CRO L period
GATV recorder OFF Spacecraft tape playback
HAW
RKV
Sleep
-- 9 CSQ
period
I
_3
HAW GATV
GATV
tape
recorder
playback
ON
F -
I10
HAW
RKM
ASC
Spacecraft tape playback
I
(a) Oto 10 hours g.e.t.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-9
NASA-S-66-g033 OCT 10
m
KNO
m
I
Sleep
period
CSQ
u12 _15
T
m pe!
mode 2; computer to
ASC
NAV
KNO
Align
platform
8
_12 _17
CRO
Platform
GATV to flight
to ORB
control
RATE
mode 1
£
T
B Crew status report
CSQ ACME to PULSE; OAMS ON;
ACS OFF
Experiment
m Sleep S011
period (docked}
ANT
BDA Spacecraft tape playback
1
_23 m18 CYI Return to TDA forward; ACS ON; .-r-
Spacecraft tape playback
RKV OAMS OFF; ACME to RATE CMD
/
Gyrocompass to TDA North
_ ASC B KNO
_ KNO
power ON; ACS OFF Z
/ Apollo
Mode A,
sump
CRO
high and tank
D' low energy
9 CSQ slosh test photography
_14
gyrocompass to TDA J.
forward; OAMS
ACS ON;
ON; ACSOAMSOFFOFF; B,"-__side tank 1
t Mode
slosh test
_ TEX
Spacecraft tape T
CNV playback
ANT ACS ON; ACME to RATE CMD;
BDA computer OFF
CYI
KNO
10
I u15
CYI
KNO
Spacecraft tape playback
_20
(b) IOto 20 hours .e.t.
UNCLASSIFIED
7-10 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9034 OCT I0
-- GYM
-- ANT Spacecraft tape playback
TEX
(,,
T
-- 21 CNV Spacecraft tape playback 26 RKV Gyrocompass to TDA aft
BOA GATV to flight control mode 1
ANT ASC
CYI
t
KNO
-- TAN
Eat
TAN 1? period
CRO Power down
14 --
-- 22
CRO
EVA
preparations
27 HAW
-- CNV
GYM J, ANT
TEX
Purge fuel ceils; spacecraft
CNV
tape playback RKV
BDA
ANT ASC
CYI
ASC
TAN
KNO
23 Platform to ORB RATE; gyrocompass -- 28
to TDA South
TAN
-- HAW GYM
24 GYM -- 29 4
Hatch open
1 -
TEX
Retrieve Experiment S009 Report dosimeter readings
CNV
BDA Mount 16-ram camera facing forward RKV ACME to PULSE; OAMS control power ON;
ANT Install GATV tether
Umbilical
EVA
ASC ACS OFF T
16 m
Rest
Hatch
period
locked;
repressurization
begin cabin ! [qb - TAN Experiment
SOIl,
Sequences
I
01, 03
w
TAN /
CSQ Return toTDAaft; ACSON;OAMS i
i 25 -- 30 OFF;ACME to RATE CMD; purge
fuel cells
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-56-O035 OCT 10
Eat
period RKV Spacecraft tape playback
1
u ASC
Flight plan update
RKV
m KNO
_ 36
TAN
csQ
20
Sle_
HAW period
Spacecraft tape playback
n 32 _ 37
RKV
KNO
ASC
CSQ
21 Sle(
m 33 _ 38
period
csQ
m
m CTN
ANT
m
Spacecraft tape playback
CYI Power up; purge fuel cells;
RKV
34 Spacecraft tape playback w 39 computer OFF; platform
KNO caged BEF; gyrocompass to
ASC
TDA fon_ard
KNO
t
m csq J
period
22 _ 35
CTN
40
GATV to flight
computer
control
to NAV
mode 2;
I
(d) 30to 40 hours .e.t.
Figure 7.1.1-1. Continued.
UNCLASSIFIED
7-12 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9036
OCT10
Revolution count Revolution count
t
KNO (919.5 ft/sec) Platform to ORB RATE;
Yaw to TDA South;pitchto TDA up CYI
OAMS ON; ACME to PLAT; g_
GATV to flight control mode 11 OAMS ACS OFF
KNO
m control power ON; ACME to
PULSE; ACS OFF
26
41
GATV recorder OFF
Open hatch
T
T Experiments
CRO ACME to DIRECT
GATV tape
playback
Experiment S026
(real-time data)
SOD5, S006
_ CRO
t
Experiment
m
S011 (docked) Return to TDA forward
/ GYM Roll 80 degrees left and
-- 42 TEX 47 TEX hold attitude
CNV Spacecraft tape playback / CNV
ANT BDA
-- BDA Return to TDA up
_t. -- ANT
Spacecraft tape playback
Standul
...f. EVA
KNO
TAN
recorder ON
Experiments
/ m Roll heads up
27
GATV recorder OFF T )61
m
CRO
?
Experiment S013,
m 43 CRO GATV tape E;eP:r,'.?iene
t dSOa
2 m48
Mode B
playback; OAMS OFF /
Gyrocompass to TDA aft |
GATV recorder ON
_L -- HAW
Close hatch; 1
repressurize cabin
Return to TDA forward, ACS ON;
OAMS OFF; ACME to RATE CMD
GATV recorder OFF GYM
TEX
CNV
BDA Spacecraft tape playback
GYM GATV recorder ON; 16-rnrn camera ON ANT
TEX Post-
GATV to flight control mode 7
-- CNV ingress
PPS retrograde maneuver (919.5 ft/sec)
BDA ASC
44 ANT GATV recorder OFF; GATV to flight _49
control mode 1; gyrocompass
CYI
to TDA forward; cage plat-
KNO form BEF; GATV to flight pr°ce i
TAN
control mode 2; purge fuel
cells B
Figure/.1.1-1. - Continued.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-13
NASA-S-66-903/OCT 10
Revolution count
Revolution count
Ground elapsed time Day
,_ Ground elapsed time Day $ Night
Night -- 55
50
GYM
T
rEX Initiate rotation rate
CNV (38 deg/mln) RKV
ANT
Experiment
RKV DO15
4b
ASC
-- 56 CSQ
l
32 _51
"Tether
-- CSQ evaluation
GYM
TEX
Increase
55
rotation
deg/min
rate to
T peri(
Eat
ASC /
57
--52 Experiment
RKV KNO 00.15
I
Purge fuel cells i
ww _ 59
54 TAN
CSQ
_ 60
-- 55 Spacecraft tape playback
UNCLASSIFIED
7-14 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9038 OCT 10
_
60 RKV
ASC
Spacecraft tape playback I Eat
I
per_
Experiment SO30, Sequence 01
KNO
m
m maneuver
CRO
Experiment SO04 OFF
t
m61 m 66 Experiment
SO30,
Sequences 2-10
m
m
(except 8)
e
L
m
TEX
CNV
ANT
t
First midcourse correction
CYI
Separation maneuver (3ff/sec)
KNO
62 67
42
m CRO
Slee
3,9 period
m Experiment
SO30
_ GYM
TEX
63
-68 Experiment
Spacecraft
SO04
tape
deactivation
playback
ANT
KNO
CYI
m -- TAN
CRO
40 --
"4i
64 69
$
m
GYM
m TEX
_ ANT
m Purge fuel cells
Power up; align platform
ANT Flight plan update
-- BDA KNO Begin preretroflre checklist
Eat
41
period 44
65 70
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-15
NASA-S-66"9039 OCT 10
1, _7D
Ground elapsed time Day
Night
Ground elapsed time Day
Night
TAN
CRO
44 m
Retrofire
HAW
_72
&/
UNCLASSIFIED
_-__6 UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
references which were selected in the COMP - ATT positions. The pilot
computed the firing required to correct the downrange position error.
A 15-second firing of the top thruster was applied, and the resultant
gain in forward velocity was removed. During this time, the pilot
recorded the remaining information from the computer in order to compute
the out-of-plane correction to be applied at 29 minutes 40 seconds g.e.t.
After these computations were made, the insertion checklist was completed.
FDI roll and yaw indicators were centered, and the command pilot visually
aligned the nose of the spacecraft with the horizon for pitch reference. @
The scanner light was checked to see that the scanners were locked on
the horizon, and, at this time, the platform mode of the control system
was selected for the automatic alignment, which continued until 22 min-
utes 30 seconds g.e.t. At that time, the command pilot selected the
pulse mode and continued aligning the platform manually until 25 min-
utes g.e.t. The platform was then switched to orbit rate, and orbit
rate compensation was initialized in the computer.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-19
timer start and was completed at 25 minutes 36 seconds. Radar lock was
never broken during the period that the spacecraft was pitched down
below the horizon.
UNCLASSIFIED
7- o UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
sent. At 50 seconds the AVXs/c was read out of the Manual Data Insertion
Unit (MDIU) to check that the secondary propulsion system (SPS) of the
GATV was providing the proper ullage orientation. At i minute 25 sec-
onds, the PPS ignited. The pilot monitored the status display panel and
his Flight Director Attitude Indicator (FDAI) for attitude excursions.
The command pilot also monitored the status display panel, the event
timer, and the rate indicators for rate excursions on his FDAI. The At
of firing information was available, and one second on the event timer
after termination of the firing, the command pilot gave a mark to the
pilot to shut down the PPS. In all three PPS firings, velocity meter
shutdown occurred prior to manual shutdown. In both the posigrade and
the retrograde maneuvers, attitude excursions in yaw were noticed. In
the posigrade maneuver, the attitude excursion was eight degrees in yaw,
and during the retrograde maneuver the attitude excursion in yaw was
seven degrees. At a time determined to be five degrees of central-angle
travel after perigee on the posigrade maneuver, the platform was to be
switched to FREE. The GATV was powered down and control was assumed by
the spacecraft control system. Throughout the first high-apogee orbit
and half of the second one, the spacecraft was maneuvered to obtain
high-altitude photographs for the S005 and S006 experiments. The
S026 experiment equipment was operated and spacecraft/GATV orientation
was maintained to provide sensor orientation in the orbital plane in
order to record data. After completing 1 1/2 revolutions in the ellip-
tical orbit and at the time of second apogee, the spacecraft was aligned
on the inertial ball in the proper attitude for the local horizontal.
The GATV was powered up in flight control mode 2 with gyrocompassing ON
in order to align for the retrograde firing. Several minutes prior to
ID
the retrograde firing and after having determined that the GATV was in
the proper alignment, the platform in the spacecraft was caged SEF.
Thirty seconds prior to the firing, the platform was uncaged to orbit
rate in order to monitor the retrograde PPS maneuver. The same count-
down procedure of using the event timer to count up from 57 minutes to
60 minutes (zero time), starting three minutes prior to the time of the
retrograde maneuver, was used successfully.
UNCLASSIFIED
7-22 UNCLASSIFIED
7.1.2.12 Extravehicular activities.-
UNC D
UNCLASSIFIED 7- 3
(e) Proceed to the front end of the spacecraft and attach the
100-foot spacecraft/GATV tether
(g) Remove the EVA sequence camera and hand to the command pilot
for film change
(h) Install the EVA camera in the proper position for recording
Ik
the D016 Power Tool Evaluation experiment
(i) Remove the EVA camera, ingress the spacecraft, and close the
hatch.
When the hatch was opened, both pilots noted that a tremendous
amount of initial out-gassing was indicated by the amount of debris that
flowed directly out the open hatch. The pilot also had a tendency to
float out of the spacecraft and the command pilot took hold of his foot
to hold him in position. The command pilot opened the flap on the right
leg of the pilot's suit where a strap had been previously attached so
that the command pilot could hold the pilot in position while he was
standing on the seat. The pilot was able to stand in the seat, face
aft, and inspect the spacecraft adapter assembly. The aft handrail had
beendeployed, the umbilical guide in the adapter assembly was deployed •
and in position, and the adapter edge (spacecraft/launch vehicle separa-
tion plane) appeared to have been cut cleanly. The doors on the S009
and D016 experiments were properly deployed. The pilot manually deployed
the forward handrail. The S009 experiment package was retrieved by first
attaching a tether to the handle on the package. The pilot experienced
some difficulty in retrieving the package, but this difficulty was
attributed to the handle on the S009 package not being fully actuated.
Once the handle was fully actuated, the package was easily extracted and
handed to the command pilot. The command pilot tethered the package
k_.,' inside the spacecraft before he released the pilot's tether. The pilot
then reinstalled the tether on the ELSS and proceeded to install the
EVA sequence camera. The camera bracket was difficult to mount because
it would not fully seat in the receptacle. The pilot had to partially
egress and exert an impulsive force on the top of the camera to lock it
in place.
The pilot then turned and faced forward, and, by leaning over the
hatch closing device and grasping the RCS thrusters with his right hand,
he proceeded toward the Rendezvous and Recovery (R and R) section of the
spacecraft. In this manner he pulled himself forward and, by applying
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
7- 6 UNCLASSIFIED
This equipment was tethered to the guard on the overhead circuit breaker
panel. The command pilot handed the assembled camera and bracket to the
pilot who had no difficulty in mounting the equipment. A manual shutter-
release cable was used for all the S013 exposures. During this portion
of the flight, the command pilot had some difficulty in seeing through
his window, and orientation of the spacecraft was done with the assist-
ance of the pilot. During the first nightside pass, three selected con-
stellations were photographed. Once the command pilot had the spacecraft
properly oriented, the pilot could easily lean over and turn on the GATV
attitude control system (ACS). The GATV was controlling the docked com-
bination inertially in flight control mode 2, thereby requiring no con- r-
trol tasks by the command pilot. At the end of the nightside pass, the
8
pilot devoted the portion of the dayside pass over the continental
United States to photographing the Gulf Coast for the S005 experiment.
During the dayside pass across the Atlantic, the pilot inadvert-
ently turned off the suit-fan circuit breaker. This action was very
evident to the crew because the cabin became extremely quiet, allowing
them to recognize that the fan had been turned off. Once this was dis-
covered, the command pilot easily reset the circuit breaker. The
S013 experiment was concluded on the following nightside pass with the
required exposures being taken once again of the three selected constel-
lations. The experiment was completed well before the second dayside
pass commenced.
After the standup EVA, ingress was accomplished with relative ease.
The pilot sat down in the seat with his knees Just under the instrument
panel and pulled the hatch down onto his helmet. The command pilot used
the hatch closing device to close the hatch to the last position and the
pilot had no problem in locking the hatch. Cabin repressurization fol-
lowed in the normal manner.
The workload encountered during the standup EVA, although very pne-
cise, was extremely easy when compared with the umbilical EVA. This is
attributed to the pilot being very lightly tethered, with his feet rest-
ing on the floor of the spacecraft cabin. This gave him complete freedom
to use both hands, and he remained virtually unconcerned about maintain-
ing his body position.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
on the Velcro that was used to hold the GATV end of the tether firmly
in place on the TDA. The command pilot had to maneuver the spacecraft
well above the GATV to peel the tether off the Velcro. This consumed
more time than had been anticipated and the period of 7 1/2 minutes
allowed to fully extend the tether was exceeded. This meant that the
GATV had gone through the local vertical; consequently, the gravity
gradient portion of this evaluation had tobe abandoned.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
stabilized for the remainder of the dayside pass and the following
nightside pass. During this period, the rotation rate of the system
was estimated to be approximately 55 deg/min. The crew became so con-
fident that this system was in a stable mode that during the next night-
side pass they took time to eat a meal and paid very little attention to
the rotating system. During the period of the 55 deg/min rotation, the
crew investigated the gravity field by holding a camera against the
instrument panel and carefully releasing it. The evidence of a gravity
field was plainly visible in that the camera moved aft in the cockpit
on a line parallel to the tether. The crew was not aware of any physio-
logical cue of a gravity-field at any time during the period of rotational
tethered flight.
J
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
7-3o UNCLASSIFIED
the terminal phase of the rendezvous. Although the sextant was used to
determine range and range-rate to aid in the braking maneuver, this
type of device normally should not be used to measure these parameters.
Instead, a ranging telescope or a telescope with a calibrated reticle
would have been easier to use and better suited for this type of meas-
urement.
was initiated approximately seven minutes prior to retrofire and was also
completed well ahead of schedule. All Digital Command System quantities
were loaded into the computer and were verified by using the MDIU. Check-
off lists presented no problem and each item was physically checked off
at its completion. The T minus 1-minute checklist was started at
r
two minutes, which allowed time for emergency procedures in case the
adapter had failed to separate. At T r minus 30 seconds, the squibs were
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-31
bank angle for full lift, and the roll-command indicator was on full
right indicating a right roll to recover from the backup bank angle.
The command pilot selected the reentry rate-command mode and rolled
the spacecraft to full lift, matching the indicators. At this time,
fairly large spacecraft oscillations began to occur, and the command
pilot damped the rates. Both pilots agreed that the computer was oper-
ating properly and a decision was made to switch to the reentry control
mode. The spacecraft was then controlled by the automatic system. The
computer called for full lift which indicated a fairly nominal reentry.
A As the spacecraft approached one-g, the downrange indicator indicated
zero error and the automatic system commanded a left roll. As the space-
m
craft was rolling to the left, some crossrange error did develop and the
computer commanded the specified bank angle at approximately the
130-degree point in the roll. The "short-way-home" logic caused the
spacecraft to hesitate at the 180-degree position, or lift-vector full
down. However, it recovered very shortly and commanded full lift. The
logic oscillated at full lift for a few seconds, began to pull out down-
range error, and began commanding a roll to the right. Once again, the
same procedure was encountered. The crossrange indicator was indicating
an error of less than two nautical miles during the entire reentry. A
roll reversal was again commanded at the 130-degree point; and once
again, the "short-way-home" logic caused the spacecraft to hesitate for
a few seconds with lift-vector full down. The spacecraft then rolled
to full-lift to cancel the downrange error. As the spacecraft came out
of maximum-g, the computer commanded one more roll, a complete 360 de-
grees, and then went to full lift as the altimeter started to indicate
below 100K feet.
UNCLASSIFIED
7-32 UNCLASSIFIED
After ensuring that the main parachute was good, the crew actuated
single-point release between 7500 and 7000 feet. The 2000-foot checklist
was completed, consisting of water seal closed and repressurization valve
open, to assure positive pressure within the cabin. The repressurization
valve was closed at approximately 500 feet altitude so that spacecraft
overpressurization would not occur. During descent on the main para-
chute, the crew observed the R and R section going by the right window,
less than 40 feet away.
7.1.2.16 Landing.- The landing was nominal and very mild. The
spacecraft momentarily submerged and rolled to the left because the main
parachute was still attached and was pulling the spacecraft in that
direction. The parachute was released, and the spacecraft rolled upright o
and exhibited no internal leaks. The spacecraft interior was warm and
fumes were noted, but the environment was completely tolerable. The
postlanding checklist was completed; however, the crew experienced some
difficulty in accomplishing this because of the great amount of inter-
ference on the radio. The recovery helicopter was broadcasting the
entire recovery sequence on 296.8 mc, and the crew had to turn off the
UHF radio to complete the postlanding checklist. The recovery helicop-
ter, in broadcasting the recovery sequence, should use a different fre-
quency and avoid interfering with the ability of the crew to expeditiously
power down the spacecraft and complete the postlanding checklist. The
crew elected to egress the spacecraft and to be picked up by helicopter,
although the ship was only about 2 1/2 miles away.
Egress was slightly delayed because the left side of the flotation
collar did not fully inflate, but was completely normal otherwise. Both
crewmen boarded a liferaft attached to the side of the spacecraft. Heli-
copter pickup and return to the ship were normal.
25 seconds, AVXs/c read -0029, AVYs/c read 00001, and AVZs/c read 00005.
4
The propellant quantity remaining at the end of the experiment was
53 percent. The calibration firing was conducted at 54:37:28 g.e.t.
At the start of the firing, AVXs/c was 8.9 and at the end of ii seconds
was -0.9. Attitude control during this experiment was in rate command
and aft-firing thrusters were used. No problems were encountered in
conducting this experiment.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-33
0 North Africa, Saudia Arabia, the Indian Ocean, India, the Bay of Bengal,
Southeast Asia, and Australia. In addition, during the 161-nautical-
mile circular orbit, several photographs were obtained of Baja California
in Mexico, the U.S. Gulf Coast, and the Andes Mountains on the coast of
Chile. During the flight, no problems were observed with any of the
camera equipment associated with these two experiments.
UNCLASSIFIED
7-3 UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-3
UNCLASSIFIED
7-36
UNCLASSIFIED
7.1.2.18 Anomalies.-
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED -3T
circuit breaker, and (2) while the command pilot was turning around in
his suit to gain access to the aft food box, he inadvertently opened the
electronic timer circuit breaker.
Fuel cell stack 2C failed during flight. This was not noticed by
the crew, but the low voltage was recorded on the ground. The crew was
immediately notified and turned off the stack for the remainder of the
flight.
UNCLASSIFIED
7-38 UNCLASSIFIED
6ap 'alBUeuo!_,eAal3
ulb
§
I
i
gk-
u.I
,....i
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-39
6op'gl6Ueuo!_e^al3
v\
_o
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
7.2 AEROMEDICAL
7.2.1 Preflight
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-41
UNCLASSIFIED
7-42
UNCLASSIFIED
The third sample, which presumably came from the spacecraft water storage
tank, contained no viable organisms.
Postflight samples from the drinking-gun hose and storage tank con-
tained viable microorganisms to the magnitude of 2.5 x 105 organisms per
milliliter. Samples of the condensate water were examined on Septem-
ber 21, 1966, and were found to be contaminated by the same microbiolog-
ical organisms which had been present in the spacecraft drinking water.
All data collected to date indicate that the suit condensate was the
source of the microbial contamination of drinking water. Although the
condensate valve is not opened during flight, it is quite feasible that
microbial contamination might easily find its way around such a valving
arrangement.
7.2.2 Inflight
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-43
was much higher than had been expected and during the standup EVA was
as low as had been observed on previous flights.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-45
these apparent deviations from normal were the result of spurious resets
in the telemetry system. )
During the first planned sleep period, the command pilot was quite
restless and got very little sleep other than a few periods of dozing
and perhaps one to two hours of moderate sleep. During the same period,
the pilot appeared to have managed two to three hours of light sleep,
but was otherwise restless. It appears that during the second planned
sleep period the command pilot had a much more satisfactory sleep, prob-
ably four to five hours of moderate sleep. The pilot, on the other hand,
slept somewhat restlessly during this same four to five hours. In the
third and last programmed sleep period, both crewmen appeared to have had
three to four hours of light to moderate sleep. Generally, this crew did
not do as well in sleeping as have some other crews, and it appears that
the deprivation of sleep endured by the pilot the first night may have
contributed to some degree to his difficulties during EVA the next day.
Neither crewman found it necessary to use the defecation device during
the flight, and they reported no particular difficulties with the urine
collection and disposal system.
UNCLASSIFIED
-h6 UNCLASSIFIED
7.2.2.2.8 Vision: During this flight, the crew had the opportu-
nity to observe ground targets from a higher altitude than had been
attained by any previous crew. Two revolutions were flown with the
spacecraft orbital apogee at 741.5 nautical miles. The crew reported
that the curvature of the earth was far more pronounced than expected, q
and that detailed ground features became increasingly difficult to find
as altitude was gained. The only visual difficulty reported was the one
noted by the pilot as being caused by perspiration during the umbilical
EVA.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-47
before flight and inflight. The following radiation doses were recorded
by the thermoluminescent dosimetry system (passive).
Radiation dose,
millirads
Locationof measurement
Command pilot Pilot
Helmet 39 +1 B4 22
Thigh 28 23 25 21
Left chest 27 +i 23 +i
Right chest 26 23 25 +1
7.2.3 Postflight
UNCLASSIFIED
7- 8 UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 7-49
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UNCLASSIFIED
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7-54
UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-8989 SEP
..... Heart rate
Blood pressure
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5 0 5 0 5 10 0 5 0 5 0 5 i0 15 0 5 0 ._ 0 5 I0 15 0 5
UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-8990 SEP
UNCLASSIFIED 7-55
1
..... Heart rate
Blood pressure
_iiiii!i!!!i:_i:.:_Pulse pressure
August 30, 1966 September 9, 1966 Landing + 45 min Landing + 10 hr 30 min Landing + 24 hr
160 !- Pre- Tilt to 70 ° Post- Pre- Tilt to 70 ° '; Post- Pre- Tilt to 70 ° Post- Post- Pre-
Pre- Tilt to 70 ° I Tilt to 70 ° Post-
] tilt tilt tilt tilt
e-
E
150
140
_ tllt tilt tilt tilt
e,.,. '°°f
150
140
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
...................... ::::::::::::::::::::::
::. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: , ° °°,°,°,°° ,,, °°°°
120 _ i. .................. %%%-°-.,°,
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::::::::::::::::::::::
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0 5 0 5 10 15 5 o slo 0 5 0 5 0 5 I0 150 5 0 5 0 5 i0 i.= 0 50 50 5 i0 I._ 0 5
i;
Elapsed time, min
I- Preflight
-I Postflight
-I
(b) Pilot.
# UNCLASSIFIED
®
NASA-S-_-9051
OCT 11
Preflight
•
I 2
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260
240
220
200
._=
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time, rain
Pilot
7-56 UNCLASSIFIED ®
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i i
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Pilot
UNCLASSIFIED
@ UNCLASSIFIED 7-57
NASA-S-66-9049 OCT 11
190
[]
I80
/b .o
170 / /
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160
[]/
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90
80
1000 2000 3000 4OOO
UNCLASSIFIED
:_ : i¸
7-58 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9073 OCT 13
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
ii0
100
9O
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UNCLASSIFIED
[
UNCLASSIFIED T-_9
NASA-S-66-9074 OCT 13
190 I
I Ii
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180 I I
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170 I Retrofire. -_1 1
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(b)Pilot
UNCLASSIFIED
7,6o UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-b6-9078 OCT 13
170
Cabin Jumper cable
oisconnect
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Over United States Looking for Ingress
stars
160 f
Taking
Camera I -Taking star
installed of Houston pictures
150 Cabin
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45:30 46:00 46:30 47:00 47:30 48:00 48:30 49:00
UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9066 OCT 21
280
260
240
220
200
= 180
.; 160
=: 140
120
60 -- i00
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
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8.1.1 Objective
8.1.2 Equipment
8.1.3 Procedures
UNCLASSIFIED
8-8 UNCLASSIFIED
FC (At)
MA - AV MG
c C
where
The greatest error in the evaluation would normally arise from vari-
able or unknown thruster output; therefore, inflight crew evaluation of
the spacecraft 0AMS thrust was required prior to docking. This value
for F was used in the GATV mass computations.
c
Two methods for calculating the mass of the GATV were to be employed.
The Astronaut Method was to be accomplished by the flight crew in real
time using data collected onboard. The Telemetry Method was to be accom-
plished after the flight, using telemetry data. The results of both
methods of calculation were to be compared with the iterated mass of the i
GATV determined from the known insertion weight and the consumption of
expendables. Due to time constraints on the flight crew during the
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-9
8.1.4 Results
UNCLASSIFIED
8- _o UNCLASSIFIED
9.71 ft/sec. The thrust calculated from the telemetry values was
200.4 pounds. These values compare favorably with the nominal value of
189 pounds thrust cited in reference 20.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-_-gO04OCT 5
I0
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• i<- Stoptiming
# I (.54:37:39.226)
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UNCLASSIFIED
8-12
UNCLASSIFIED
8.
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11,
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8- _3
8.2.1 Objective
8.2.2 Equipment
The Low Light Level Television System consisted of five basic units
(figs. 8.2-1 and 8.2-2). Physical characteristics and operating proce-
dures are described in references 21 and 22.
The camera optical system would view an earth scene, then focus the
image on a sensor that converted it to electronic signals for optical
conversion in the viewing and recording monitors. The camera was
installed so that the line-of-sight was parallel to the centerline of
the spacecraft. The TV camera scene was displayed to the pilot on the
viewing monitor tube. The command pilot viewed the same earth scene
directly through the left window of the spacecraft.
8.2.3 Procedures
The flight plan scheduled this experiment for the nightside portions
of revolutions 35 and 36. Both pilots were to record their observations
on the onboard voice tape recorder. The experiment flight plan used for
this period is shown in table 8.2-1•
8.2.4 Results
UNCLASSIFIED
8- _4 UNCLASSIFIED
the areas listed in the flight plan within the spacecraft ground track
were observed, but the crew made no attempt to perform the tracking tasks
for those areas which were off the ground track. Most observations and
recordings were made in the scanning mode and only those features which
appeared prominent were tracked. Tracking was generally accomplished
using spacecraft pitch control. Night viewing was without moon illumi-
nation and with medium to heavy cloud cover over most areas.
During the night periods, the pilot was able to observe, on the TV
monitor, earth scenes such as coastlines and peninsulas, and the same
scenes were not visible to the command pilot; however, the command pilot's
window was dirty and the comparison was not completely valid. Coastlines
and peninsulas were recorded on the photographic film. The pilot stated
that the quality of the monitor presentation was superior to that shown
on the photographic film. This degradation had been observed also during
laboratory tests and was expected.
(b) The field of view of the television camera did not appear to
be properly aligned with the optical sight on the command pilot's window.
After installation, the television camera was optically aligned at the
spacecraft contractor's facility to an accuracy of 1/2 of a degree of
the spacecraft centerline. The television camera was removed from the
spacecraft for shipment to the Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Tolerances
on the camera mounting base and the spacecraft mounting fixture were
sufficient to retain the desired alignment accuracy during camera removal
and replacement. A comparison of test results from the contractor and
from KSC indicate that the camera was reinstalled properly at KSC. No
explanation for the misalignment is apparent at this time; however, the
effect may be related to the tilted field of view previously discussed.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
(c) A bright area near the center of the television display per-
sisted throughout the experiment. Adjustment of the TV beam control
reduced the spot but could not entirely eliminate this condition. Fig-
ure 8.2-3 shows two selected frames from the 3-frame-per-second,
1/30-second exposure, 16-mm film illustrating this condition. The lower
frame in the figure shows a prominent bright spot, and the upper frame
is one in which the spot is of minimum brightness. The bright area was
probably caused by an ion spot beginning to develop in either the image
intensifier or image orthicon tube sections of the television camera.
(e) Stowage and handling of the viewing monitor within the cabin
were performed without difficulty. Stowage of the viewing monitor in
the footwell, however, was a cause of crew discomfort during the mission.
8.2.5 Conclusions
UNCLASSIFIED
8-16 UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8- .7
Film recording
Task Area to be observed a Mode of operation time,
sec
Revolution 35
Africa 120
5 India Scan 6O
6 Calcutta Track d 3O
Revolution 36
Total 7hO
CThe scan mode required the spacecraft longitudinal axis to be aligned normal
to the surface of the earth as the spacecraft passed over the ground track area to
be observed. Photographic features of interest were recorded as long as they
remained in view.
UNCLASSIFIED
8-_8 UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED 8- 19
NASA-S-66-9024 OCT 8
T V camera
c
- Camera control
-
T V viewing monitor
UNC LASSIFIED
8-20 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9025 OCT 8
8.3.1 Objective
8.3.2 Equipment
UNCLASSIFIED
8-22 UNCLASSIFIED
I . *
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-23
NASA-S-66-9041 OCT 11
8.4.1 Objectives
The objective of the S004 Radiation and Zero-G Effects on Blood and
Neurospora experiment was to determine whether a biological synergism
exists between radiation and some space flight phenomena, such as weight-
lessness. The human-blood portion of this experiment had been conducted
successfully during the Gemini III mission. A significant increase in
one of the radiation effects studies--chromosome deletion production-- f
q
was found when the radiation was studied after the orbital phase of that
flight. This portion of the experiment was repeated on the Gemini XI
mission in an attempt to confirm the previous results. The Neurospora
portion of the S004 experiment was included in this mission to extend
the investigation to a well-studied biological material and to determine
survival and gene mutation data as biological endpoints. Preflight and
postflight $1ood samples were obtained from the flight crew to provide
baseline information.
8.4.2 Equipment
The same basic equipment configuration as was used during the Gem-
ini III mission was used for the blood and the Neurospora portions of
the SO04 experiment on the Gemini XI mission. The equipment consisted
of two hermetically sealed aluminum boxes, each containing a series of
sterile samples of biological material and a series of phosphorous-32
beta-particle sources. The specimens were moved in and out of the
radiation fields for control of radiation exposure. Dosimetric, temper-
ature, and other recording instrumentation was included within the units
for postflight analysis.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8- 5
8.4.3 Procedures
The Neurospora and the blood packages were assembled, tested, and
installed in the spacecraft just prior to launch. Duplicate ground-
control packages were also fabricated and retained at the launch site
for activities during and after the flight.
8.4.4 Results
UNCLASSIFIED
8- 6 UNCLASSIFIED
Cytogenetic analysis has been completed for a few blood samples and
these results are summarized in table 8.4-I. This table shows a small
increase in aberration frequency in the postflight samples from both
crewmembers. The significance of this is not clear. At this time, the
results from the Gemini XI experiment samples are too incomplete to per-
mit drawing any conclusions for confirming the effect observed for the
Gemini III mission. The blood and the Neurospora phases of the experi-
ment appear to have been completely successful.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
8-28 UNCLASSlFlED
w
m
m
2
0
m
Q t
2
3
.-m
LL
I-
o
0
W
0
0
a
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aJ
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0
z
UN CLASS1FIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-_9
NASA-S-66-9019 OCT 6
Blood container
Neurospora container
Experiment containers
• i_
_o°,_O,sa_o,e
_.\___ _;_____#t_ se_,
_s_e_,,
B=oodorNeuro-/"_/___//
holder'/ _ _/_'/_" #_ !l_l_'_ /Hand,e
UNCLASSIFIED
8-3o UNCLASSIFIED
8.5.1 Objective
8.5.2 Equipment
8.5.3 Procedures
8.5.4 Results
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-3 .
The majority of the terrain photographs were taken during the two
high-apogee revolutions. During this period, most land areas, except
Indonesia and Ceylon, were clear of cloud cover. Picture quality is
good to excellent for most of the photographs. Reds and blues are
somewhat exaggerated in several photographs taken with the 70-mm EVA
still camera. The pictures taken through the command pilot's window
were seriously degraded by deposits on the window.
UNCLASSIFIED
8-32 UNC LASS1FI ED
NASA-S-66-9005 OCT 5
(a) Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Turkey, and
Israel. The water areas include The Red Sea, Dead Sea, Sea of
Galilee, Mediterranean Sea, Suez Canal and Euphrates River.
Taken at an altitude of 220 nautical miles, looking north,
(7:25 G.m.t., September 14, 1966)
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-33
NASA-S-66-9002 OCT 5
(c) Libya, Chad, Sudan, Egypt, and Niger. The Tibesti Mountains, A I
Harj AI Swad, Mediterranean Sea, and Great Libyan Land Sea are
shown i n background, Taken at an altitude of 240 nautical miles,
looking northeast. (8:55 G.m.t., September 14, 1 9 6 6 ) .
NASA-S-66-9006 OCT 5
(d? Egypt, Libya, and Sudan, ked Sea, Tibesti Mountains, Gulf E!
Kebir, and Great Land Sea are also shown, Taken at an altitude
of 260 nautical miles, looking east northeast (8:56 G.m.t.,
September 14, 1966).
8.6.1 Objectives
8.6.2 Equipment
8.6.3 Procedures
Prior to the flight, the crew was briefed on the various types of
weather sysLems of i_t_±_t fo_ _ ..................
_ ±_. _- _ _---_^_^__
flight and again on launch day, the crew were shown areas of meteoro-
logical interest. Specific emphasis was placed on revolutions 26 and
27 when the spacecraft was scheduled for a high-apogee orbit of about
750 nautical miles.
8.6.4 Results
b
Approximately 180 photographs taken during the mission show clouds
of various structures. Most of these were taken on September 14, 1966,
over Africa, Arabia, the Indian Ocean, and Australia during revolu-
tions 26 and 27. During these passes, photographs were taken with both
of the 70-mm cameras. There was especially good photographic coverage
of India and the adjacent ocean areas. The ESSA I meteorological satel-
lite passed over the India area about midway in time between spacecraft
revolutions 26 and 27. The pictures taken from the spacecraft of this
area permit (i) a comparison of the aerial coverage and detail obtainable
UNCLASSIFIED
8-38 UNCLASSIFIED
with the two onboard cameras, (2) a comparison of actual color photo-
graphs with concurrent operational weather satellite pictures, and
(3) a study of the cloud movement and changes which occurred between
the times of the two passes.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-39
NASA-S-66-9011 OCT 5
d (a> View of India and the surrounding area through wide-angle lens,
looking north northeast (7:35 G.rn.t., September 14, 1966).
UNCLASSIFIED
8-40 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-9009 OCT 5
lASA-S-~,-9012 OCT 5
(c) View of the lndian Ocean, India, and Ceylon taken during revolution
27, looking northeast (9:11 G.m.t., September 14, 1966). Of
particular interest is the extensive cumui onimbus cloud development
over Ceylon.
8.7.1 Objective
8.7.2 Equipment
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
8.7.3 Procedures
8.7.4 Results
8.7.5 Conclusions
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-45
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UNCLASSIFIED
8-46 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-Oh-9046 OCT 11
1.6
4
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11
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-47
NASA-S-66-9045 OCT 11
80
70
60
I,
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e_L
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b-
_'- -- Lower specification limit
30
20 I I I I I
o Telemetry data
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Ground elapsed time, hr
UNCLASSIFIED
8- 8 UNCLASSIFIED
8.8.1 Objective
8.8.2 Equipment
8.8.3 Procedure
The camera was mounted to the pilot's window on a bracket which was
O
adjustable in pitch. The line of sight of the camera was perpendicular
to the window. During a nightside pass, the pilot used the bracket and
illuminated sight to point the camera at the airglow layer.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8- 9
8.8.4 Results
UNCLASSIFIED
8- o UNCLASSIFIED
8.9.1 Objective
8.9.2 Equipment
8.9.3 Procedures
Prior to the standup EVA, the pilot unstowed the camera and the
prism or grating, then locked them to the bayonet joint of the lens.
The camera was then attached to the bracket located near the pilot's
seat.
After hatch opening, the spacecraft was pointed toward the first
star target, using a reticle located on the command pilot's window.
Because the camera axis was parallel to the roll axis of the spacecraft,
the roll rate was the least critical of the three spacecraft motions.
Roll rates to 0.5 deg/sec could have been tolerated with little loss of
image definition. Both pitch and yaw rates were to be decreased to
0.i deg/sec or less. Pitch motion was the most critical because the
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8- 1
pitch axis was parallel to the direction of dispersion and motion would
degrade the wavelength resolution of the spectra.
Three 5-second time exposures were made on each star field and the
film advanced between each exposure. Two exposures of one minute each
were made during periods when the stabilizing thrusters were operated to
hold the spacecraft attitude constant. Finally, a sixth exposure was
made with a yaw rate appreciably greater than the pitch rate.
The experiment was performed while the spacecraft was docked with
the Gemini Agena Target Vehicle (GATV) in order to use the GATV control
system for stabilization. During each set of exposures, the GATV was
41b
stabilized using flight control mode 2, with the geo-rate and horizon
stabilization switched OFF. Six star fields were photographedMthree
using the grating and three with the prism. The grating fields were
centered on Shaula, Canopus, and Alnilam. The prism fields were centered
on Antares, Shaula, and lota Orionis. The sequences of six exposures on
each field were made according to the flight plan. The activation time
and period of each exposure for the prism fields were obtained from tran-
scripts of onboard voice tapes; however, these data for the grating fields
were not critical to the experiment analysis and were not recorded.
8.9.4 Results
UNCLASSIFIED
8-5 UNCLASSIFIED
images, stars with strong ultraviolet spectra should have produced sharp
points of light with a diffuse halo of blue-violet light, whereas cool
stars with little ultraviolet energy should show only the diffuse image
of the blue-violet light. Therefore, the spectral class of the star must
be considered when judging image quality. Further complications were
encountered by the variations of chromatic effects with field position.
Evaluation of the flight lens will be required before a complete under-
standing of the image quality problem is known.
8.9.5 Conclusions
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8- 3
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Grating condition
Vehicle
Frame Field Remarks
attitude control
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Grating condition
Vehicle
Frame Field Remarks
attitude control
UNCLASSIFIED
8-56 UNCLASSIFIED
Grating condition
Field Vehicle
Frame Remarks
attitude control
UNCLASSIFIED
UN C LASS IFIED 8- 57
NASA-S-66-9047 OCT 11
Obtained during the standup EVA September 14, 1966. The docked GATV
and the R and R section of the spacecraft are superposed on the starfield. The
spectrum i s produced by a diffraction grating which gives both a direct image
(above) and a spectrum (below) of each star. The details in the upper end of
the spectrum (lines of magnesium and iron) are not transmitted by the earth's
atmosphere and are recorded here for the first time in the spectrum of a star.
The streak of light to the right i s the airglow layer above the earth's horizon.
.-.-
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-59
NASA-S-66-9042 OCT 11
Obtained during the standup EVA on September 14, 1966. The docked
GATV and the R and R section of the spacecraft are superposed on the star-
field. The spectra are produced by a diffraction grating which gives both a
direct image (above) and spectrum (below) of each star.
UNCLASSIFIED
8-60 UNC LASS1FIED
NASA-S-66-9044 OCT 11
* _
.A
'(h
Obtained during the standup EVA on September 14, 1966. The docked
GATV and the R and R section of the spacecraft are superposed on the star-
field. The elongation of the star images i s caused by the dispersion in wave-
'h
length caused by a thin prism of quartz in front of the lens.
-
Figure 8.9-4. Ultraviolet prism spectra of
hot stars in the constellation Orion.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-6
8.10.1 Objective
UNCLASSIFIED
8-6 UNCLASSIFIED
it would be expected that these would rapidly fill the shadow region.
The electrostatic forces between these charged particles prevent sub-
stantial imbalances in the local space charge from occurring.
8.10.3 Equipment
For the Gemini Xl mission, the electron detector was located on the
GATV Target Docking Adapter (TDA) and operated continuously during the
experiment. Operation of the inboard ion detectors depended upon the
angular relationship of the GATV with respect to the orbital velocity
vector. The inboard ion detector provided useful data whenever the GATV
moved TDA-forward with its axis parallel to the orbital path; the out-
board detector was operative whenever the GATV yawed at right angles to
the orbital path. The location of the equipment on the TDA was shown
in figure 8.14-1 of the Gemini X Mission Report.
The sensor output current was designed to swing from zero to the
dc value of the input plasma current and back within one microsecond,
with a 50-percent duty cycle at a frequency of 3840 cps. This square-
wave current was amplified by an ac electrometer located behind the
sensor. Electrometer signals were synchronously demodulated and aver-
aged by an analog signal processor carried aboard the GATV. A resulting
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-63
8.10.4 Procedures
The flight plan contained five distinct modes for the ion-wake
experiment. These included two out-of-plane maneuvers, one at night
and one in the daylight, one nighttime in-plane mapping, and one linear
departure. These four phases were planned and executed between 2 hours
i0 minutes and 3 hours 50 minutes g.e.t. Real-time telemetry and delayed-
time telemetry received over the high-speed data lines indicated that all
sensors performed satisfactorily. The fifth phase of the experiment con-
sisted of a 360-degree roll at the apogee of the first revolution of the
highly elliptical 740 by 160-nautical-mile orbit.
8.10.5 Results
(b) The bow shock for the enhanced ion-count phenomenon, previously
reported during the Gemini X mission, was repeated during the terminal
rendezvous-and-docking phases in the TDA-north configuration.
UNCLASSIFIED
8-6 UNCLASSIFIED
8.10.6 Conclusions
_W
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-65
8.11.1 Objective
The astronomical phenomena of interest were the Milky Way, the air-
glow layer viewed in profile, the zodiacal light, the gegenschein, and
the stable Lagrangian libration points. The noise threshold sensitivity
of the D015 experiment was estimated at 10 -7 foot-lamberts of object
brightness. The brightness of the astronomical objects of interest are:
It is evident that the airglow layer should have been easily ob-
served by the DOI5 equipment, while the Lagrangian libration points, if
they actuall_ exist, approach the noise level of the system. The gegen-
schein is considered of paramount importance, but, because of its low
brightness, evaluation techniques other than visual observance of photo-
graphs is required. Photographic negatives will have to be examined with
a microdensitometer to extract the maximum of astronomical information
and to derive absolute values of the surface brightness of the objects
in question.
8.11.2 Equipment
The equipment required was that used for the DOI5 experiment
described in section 8.2.
UNCLASSIFIED
8-66 UNCLASSIFIED
8.11.3 Procedures
The procedures for the S030 experiment were similar to those of the
D015 experiment, except for the observed and recorded objects of interest.
The flight plan scheduled 12 operational sequences for this experiment.
They were performed during the night phase of revolution 41 at 65 hours
35 minutes g.e.t. The sequence of events requiring crew participation
was as follows:
Sequence 8 - Acquire and occult moon with the spacecraft nose for
15 seconds. Observe and record observations
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 8-67
8.11.4 Results
8.11.5 Conclusions
UNCLASSIFIED
8-68 UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
a NASA-S-66-9043 OCT 11
UNCLASSIFIED 0-69
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
9.0 CONCLUSIONS
The two launch vehicles, the Gemini Agena Target Vehicle, the space-
craft, the flight crew, and mission support were excellent for all phases
of the Gemini XI mission. The flight contributed significantly to the
knowledge of manned space flight, particularly in the areas of rendezvous,
extravehicular activity, tethered vehicle operations, and controlled
reentry.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
because of pilot fatigue. The pilot found that the planned tasks required
a great deal of time and effort because maintaining the desired body posi-
tion was very difficult. He had performed the same tasks with comparative
ease during training, and the desired body position had been easily main-
tained. During the 2 hours and 8 minutes of standup EVA, all of the
planned tasks were completed. The pilot was tethered to the interior of
the spacecraft throughout this EVA, and body positioning was much easier
than it had been when outside the spacecraft.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 9-3
ii. The inaccurate angle data from the rendezvous radar system dur-
ing the final phase of the first rendezvous were caused by faulty trans-
mitter operation in the Target Docking Adapter transponder. The failure
most likely occurred in either the modulator, the high-voltage power cir-
cuit, or the transmitter tube. The transponder continued to receive but
would not transmit; therefore, accurate angle data were not available to
the spacecraft onboard computer for the second midcourse correction and
final closure on the target.
12. ±_ne inertial Guidance System and the associated spacecraft con-
trol_ystem performed satisfactorily during the reentry and automatically
controlled the spacecraft to a landing within three nautical miles of the
planned landing point.
14. Late in the mission, a tube cutter was actuated to allow complete
evacuation of the annulus between the inner and outer shells of the hydro-
gen container to investigate the feasibility of this technique. The test
showed a 9.5-percent improvement in thermal performance with the hard
vacuum in the annulus.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
i0.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
(a) Plan the EVA timeline with liberal margins so that the
crew have adequate time for completing assigned tasks.
(b) Provide the flight crew with a method for estimating and
controlling their approximate work level during EVA. This method must
be usable with or without ground contact.
3. For the Gemini XII mission, the time for donning the ELSS should
be specifically defined in the flight plan. If the crew are ahead in the
schedule for EVA preparations, they should stop and wait until the desig-
nated time for donning the ELSS to avoid a heat buildup and excessive
spacecraft oxygen consumption.
UNCLASSIFIED
10-2 UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED ll-1
ii.0 REFERENCES
Feb. 1966.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
13. TRW Systems: Orbital and Rendezvous Report for Gemini XI.
TRW Note 66-FMT-429, Aug. 1966.
14. Aerospace Corp. : Systems Test Objective for Gemini Launch Vehicle
NASA Mission Gemini XI. TOR-669 (6126-80)-13, Sept. 1966.
21. U.S. Naval Air Development Center: Definitive Experiment Plan for
Gemini In-Flight Experiment D-15 Night Image Intensification.
Jan. 1966.
22. General Electric Co.: Handbook for Gemini Low Light Level Television
System. Jan. 1966. (Revised)
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
12.0 APPENDIX
UNCLASSIFIED
12-2 UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _._-3
-j,
UNCLASSIFIED
_._-4 UNCLASSIFIED
..q_,
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _2-_
U r_ I
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UNCLASSIFIED
_-6 UNCLASSIFIED
_en
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.,g°° _ gs .- -=
_oo _ _ _ o _ _., u _ _ -- _ _ _ e
_ _ _= _ _ a_ .__ a_ m ___ -_
,.. = ®co= "=_ - _,,, _'__-_®l ®
_ _ e ooo o o_ - _--oo-._-o-=--
_ _ _ I --_--_--
l _ ___ _
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............................................................................................................................................................
_®_,=_-_=_ = ,.
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 12-7
0
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'9,
UNCLASSIFIED
_._-s UNCLASSIFIED
,=.,
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _-9
UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 12-11
I-,-
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UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _._-_-3
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UNCLASSIFIED
12-14 UNCLASSIFIED
Temperature, OF .................... 82
The prime recovery ship for the Gemini XI mission, U.S.S. Guam, was
stationed at 24 degrees 17.4 minutes north, 70 degrees 1.4 minutes west
on September 15, 1966. Weather conditions observed in the area at
14:00 G.m.t. were as follows:
Temperature, OF ................... 86
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Sea temperature, °F 82
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Pressure, Density,
Altitude, Temperature,
ft oF ib/ft 2 slugs/ft 3
(a) (a) (a) (a)
Pressure Density
Altitude, Temperature rms error,
ft error, °F rms error,
percent percent
0 to 60 x 103 i i o.5
60 to ii0 x 103 i i .8
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Pressure, Density,
Altitude, Temperature,
ft oF lb/ft2 slugs/ft 3
(a) (a) (a) (a)
0 x 103 79.0 2120.3 2268.6 × 10 -6
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Pressure, Density,
Altitude, Temperature,
ft oF ib/ft 2 slugz/ft 3
(a) (a) (a) (a)
195 20.0 .6 .7
Pressure Density
Altitude, Temperature
ft error, °r rms error, rms error,
percent percent
0 to 60 x 103 1 0.5
60 to 120 x 103 1 .8
1.5 1.5
165 to 195 x 103
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Pressure, Density,
Altitude, Temperature,
ft oF Ib/ft 2 slugs/ft 3
(a) (a) (a) (a)
80 --58 - 0
gl 6 89.5
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Pressure, Density,
Altitude, Temperature,
ft oF ib/ft 2 slugs/ft 3
(a) (a) (a) (a)
Pressure Density
Altitude, Temperature
rms error, rms error,
ft error, OF
percent percent
0 to 60 x i0 B i o.5
60 to 120 x i03 i .8
120 to 165 x 103 1.5 1.0
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _-_-_-.
NASA-S-66-8998
OCT 4
JLM
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
(
<
90
m
80 >
>
?0
>
60
) \
40 f
3O
20
f
10 J
J
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60 120 180 240 300 360 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
UNCLASSIFIED
12-22 UNCLASSIFIED
NASA-S-66-8996OCT4
180x xu
/ !
170
150
_40 _/ ""M,,----
130
J )
120
110
lO0
f
.__=
80
?0
60
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)
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¢.
30 l_
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10
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f
0
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0 60 120 180 240 300 360 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 12.2-2. - Variation of wind directionand velocitywith altitude for the Gemini SpaceVehicle at
I4:42 G.m.t., September12, 1966.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 12-23
NASA-S-66-8997OCT4
180x ,u
/
/-
170 ./,
t"
160
r f
1.50
140
130
C
<
120
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110
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8O
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20
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0 60 120 180 24O 30O 36O 0 20 40 60 80 100120
0 6O 120
Wind direction, degfrom north Wind velocity, knots
Figure 12.2-3. - Variation of winddirectionand velocitywith altitudefor the GeminiX-I reentry areaat
13:59G.m.t., September15, 1966.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
,Q
12.3.1 Spacecraft Readiness Review
(c) The Gemini Program Office was to investigate the use of thin-
base photographic film.
(d) The contractor was to paint the leading edge of the TDA with
a flat black paint.
(e) The contractor was to make a final leakage check of the water
management system after servicing.
(g) The flight crew was to evaluate the modified lap belt buckle,
and, if it was of the desired configuration, the contractor was to
incorporate the change in the spacecraft.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 12-25
UNCLASSIFIED
___-_6 UNCLASSIFIED
to the AFSSD Flight Safety Review Board that the TLV be committed to
flight. The recommendation was accepted, and the mission was rescheduled
to start September 12, 1966.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
KO kO
KO ,O KO k.O k.O KO KO
O'x KO O"x kO kO LO kid
O o
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oq oh oq o"1 oJ
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O o O o o o o
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Tables 12.5-1 through 12.5-IV list the Gemini XI mission data avail-
able at the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. The trajectory and telemetry
data will be on file in the Central Metric Data File of the Computation
and Analysis Division. The photographic data will be on file at the
Photographic Technology Laboratory.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Data description
Final reduced
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Data description
Special computations
Ascent phase
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Motion picture
Number of still
Category film,
photographs feet
Launch
Recovery
Mayport, Florida
Inspection of spacecraft 20
Postflight inspection 44
Inflight photography
Miscellaneous 4 55
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _-_-_3
Motion picture
Number of still
Cat egory film,
photographs
feet
UNCLASSIFIED
_._-34 UNCLASSIFIED
,o
X
.o
E-q 4o
4_
r.l..1 n:J
,r=..1
r_
l:l:l
T
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81
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
4_
_o_ _ _ _ _ _
QJ
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•,. ¢4, & & " . .
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
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Samples of water were taken from the condensate lines and returned
to MSC for bacteria identification and count (STR ll011A). The carbon
dioxide sensor and panel indicator were removed for test and analysis
(STR 11502). An equipment-bay cold plate was removed to evaluate
cleaning procedures (STR 11508).
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
The attitude hand controller was tested in the spacecraft and then
removed for further testing and analysis (STR II009A). The command
pilot's translation hand controller was removed for testing (STR 11022).
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
to the level of 20 volts with the batteries still delivering the current
specified in reference 24.
Discharge, Discharge,
Main battery A-h Squib battery A-h
I 41.25 1 8.20
2 47.50 2 9.OO
3 30.40 3 4.80
4 41.25
The main and squib batteries were recharged and placed in bonded
storage for use in ground tests.
Wire bundle no. 308 was removed for evaluation of the waterproofing
material (STR 11500).
The fuse blocks were checked for open fuses or fusistors in accord-
ance with reference 24, and the following fusistors were open:
d XF-AG 5-122
XF-G 4-23
XF -M 4-53
XF-W 4-46
XF-AS 14-47
XF -AR 14-32
UNCLASSIFIED
12-46 UNCLASSIFIED
All the open fusistors were all in pyrotechnic circuits. These fusistors
are placed there to free the squib batteries of a heavy drain if a pyro-
technic short circuits after firing.
Oxidizer 94
Fuel 81
Q
The RCS thruster 2B solenoid valves and the motor-operated shutoff
valves were leak checked (STR ll013).
The RCS section was dried in the 30-foot altitude chamber in accord-
ance with reference 24.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
dye marker container was removed from the spacecraft on the recovery ship
and returned to St. Louis as a loose piece.
The following is a list of STR's that were approved for the post-
flight evaluation of reported spacecraft anomalies.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
13.0 DISTRIBUTION
Legal Office, AL i
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
J. R. Brin_anan, BL i
R. W. Underwood, BL i
Astronaut Office, CB 15
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED .3-3
J. F. Lill, EF2 i
J. Lintott, EF4 i
C. L. Kotila, EF4 i
C. E. Manry, EG26 1
9 b
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Program Control, GP 8
Spacecraft, GS 8
Test 0perations, GT 8
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED _3-5
UNCLASSIFIED
_3-6 UNCLASSIFIED
Director, DIR 1
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 13-7
Library, GA72 5
UNCLASSIFIED
_3-8 UNCLASSIFIED
Addressee
Number of copies
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 13-9
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
U. S. AIR FORCE
Commander, ETG 2
Air Force Eastern Test Range
USAF Systems Command
Patrick AFB, Florida 32922
AFSC (MSFN) i
Andrews AFB
Washington, D.C. 20331
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
B
Commander, SSG
Headquarters, Space Systems Division
USAF Systems Command
Los Angeles Air Force Station
Air Force Unit Post Office
Los Angeles, California 90045
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
U. S. ARMY
U. S. NAVY
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
U. S. WEATHER BUREAU
AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION
Mr. L. D. Wilson 1
Gemini Program Manager
411 Liquid Rocket Operations
Aerojet-General Corporation
P. 0. Box 15847
Sacramento, California 95813
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
AEROSPACE CORPORATION
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED 13-15
Mr. E. R. Peterson 1
Vice President, Research and Engineering
General Dynamics Corporation
P. 0. Box 1128
@
San Diego, California 92112
Mr. R. W. Keehn 6
Manager, Gemini Target Vehicle Project Office
Convair Division
General Dynamics Corporation
P. O. Box 1128
San Diego, California 92112
Mr. K. L. Newton 2
Manager, Base Operations
Convair Operations
General Dynamics Corporation
P. O. Box 999
Cocoa Beach, Florida 32931
Mr. J. M. Fitzpatrick 1
Manager, Houston Office
General Dynamics Corporation
1730 NASA Road 1
Suite 204
Houston, Texas 77058
Mr. R. R. Kearton 1
Vice President and General Manager
Space Systems Division
Lockheed Missiles and Space Company
P. O. Box 504
Sunnyvale, California 94088
Mr. G. H. Putt
Vice President and Assistant General Manager
Space Systems Division
Lockheed Missiles and Space Company
P. O. Box 504
Sunnyvale, California 94088
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Mr. R. C. Kent i
Assistant General Manager, NASA Agena and
Military Programs
Organization 6601, Building 152
Lockheed Missiles and Space Company
Sunnyvale, California 94086
Mr. L. A. Smith 8
Manager, Gemini Program
Space Systems Division
Lockheed Missiles and Space Company
P. O. Box 504
Sunnyvale, California 94088
Mr. B. E. Steadman i
Manager, Houston Area Office
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
16811 E1 Camino Real
Houston, Texas 77058
MARTIN COMPANY
Mr. W. D. Smith 8
Director, Gemini Program
Mail No. 3134
Martin-Marietta Corporation
Baltimore, Maryland 21203
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Mr. J. M. Verlander 4
Gemini Program Director
Mail No. B-1605
Canaveral Division
Martin-Marietta Corporation
6 Cocoa Beach, Florida 32931
Martin Company 1
P. O. Box 179
Attention: Research Library
Denver, Colorado 80201
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Gemini VIII Manned Mar. 16, 1966! Demonstrated rendezvous and docking
Three days with GATV.
Rendezvous Demonstrated controlled landing and
and dock emergency recovery.
EVA Demonstrated multiple restart of GATV
in orbit.
Spacecraft mission terminated early
because of an electrical short in
the control system.
U
Gemini XI Manned Sept. 12, Demonstrated first-orbit rendezvous
Three days 1966 and docking.
Rendezvous Evaluated EVA.
and dock Demonstrated feasibility of tethered
Tether evalu- station keeping.
ation Demonstrated automatic reentry capa-
EVA bility.
UNCLASSIFIED