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CHAPTER 1
1. The energy contained in a volume dV is
U
(
,
T)
d
V=ν νθ
U
(
,
T)
r2
d
rθ
s
i
nϕ
dd
when the geometry is that shown in the figure. The energy from this source that emerges
through a hole of area dA is
sθ
d
Eν
(,
T)=
Uν
(,
T)d
d
Ac
o
π
V 2
4
r
c∆t π/2 2π dA
E(ν,T)=∫ d
d r∫ dθ∫ dϕU(ν,T)sinθc
osθ
0 0 0 4π
dA π/2
= 2πc∆tU(ν,T)∫ dθsinθc sθ
o
. 4π 0
1
= c∆td
AU (ν,T)
4
∆
By definition of the emissivity, this is equal to Et
d
A . Hence
c
E
(ν)=U
,T ν
(,T
)
4
2. We have
λ ννλλ π cc 8h
c1
w
(
,T
)=
U(
,T
)|
d
λλ
/
d =
|U()=
2 λ
5h
c
/
ek
T
−1
Aλ A
/
d1 1 1 1e 1
λ
λ
e
d5Aλ
/
−
=
1
−
(5−
6 5
eAλ
/
−
−
(2
1 e
)Aλ
/
λ
−λ
=
1
0
λ
=
Where Ah
c/
k
T =
. The above implies that with xAλ
/ , we must have
−
− =x
5x5e
λ × 4
2
8.
9
8 1
0m
K −
= = × =
s
u
n 7
4.
8
3 1
0m4
8
3n
m
m
a
x
6×1
0K 3
3. The relationship is
ν
h=
K+
W
where K is the electron kinetic energy and W is the work function. Here
ν
−
× ×
3
4 8
h
c(
6.
6
2
6 1
0J.
s)
(
31
0m/
s)
λ
−
= = = × =
1
9
h 5
.6
81
0J 3
.
5e
V
3
5
0×1
0−
9
m
4. We use
h
c h
c
− =K1−K
λ
1 λ
2
2
1 λλ
h= 1 2 (K1−K2)=
cλ2−λ1
(2
00× 0−9m
1 )
(28×
5 10−9m)
= ×(2
.3−0
.9)e
V×(1
.6
0×0−19)J/e
1 V
(3×1
0m8
/s)
(58×1−9
0 m )
=6
.6
4×0−34J.s
1
5. The maximum energy loss for the photon occurs in a head-on collision, with the
photon scattered backwards. Let the incident photon energy be hν, and the backward-
scattered photon energy be hν'. Let the energy of the recoiling proton be E. Then its
recoil momentum is obtained from E = + . The energy conservation
2 2 2 4
p c m c
equation reads
+
hν ν
m
c=
2
h+
'E
ν h
h ν'
=− +p
c c
that is
ν
h=
−ν
h+
' p
c
+
We get E−
p
cm
c=
2
2h ν
from which it follows that
2
c+
22
p =
4
m
c(
2−
h+
p
c2
m
c2
) ν
so that
4
hν+
22
4
hνc2
m
c=
p
4
hν+2
mc2
The energy loss for the photon is the kinetic energy of the proton
K = E − m
c 2
. Now hν = 100 MeV and m c 2= 938 MeV, so that
p
c=
1
82M
e
V
and
−= =
2
E
m
c K1
7
.
6M
e
V
6. Let hν be the incident photon energy, hν' the final photon energy and p the outgoing
electron momentum. Energy conservation reads
+
hν ν
m
c=
2
h+
' 2
p
c+
2 2
4
m
c
We write the equation for momentum conservation, assuming that the initial photon
moves in the x –direction and the final photon in the y-direction. When multiplied by c it
read
i
(
h)=
j
(
hνν
'
)+(
i
p
x+
cj
p
yc
)
Hence p c
x=h
;p
c
y=ν
−
h' ν
. We use this to rewrite the energy conservation equation as
follows:
νν
(
h+
m
c−
22
h'
)=+
2
4
m
c2
c+
2
(
p
x
2
p
y=
)
m2
c+
(
h+
4 2 2
)(
h
') νν
From this we get
c2
ν
h'=ν
h m
hν+m
c2
Also
=
p
c
i(
1
0k
e
V+
)−
j
(
8
3.
6k
e
V)
3× 0− ×
3
4 8
h
c ( 6.6 1 J.s)
(3 1
0 m /s
)
ν
h= = =63×
.6 0−
1 1
7
J
λ 3×
10×6
1 −
9
0m
6 3×
.6 0−
1 1
7
J
= − = 4 4×
.1 0−
1 4
M
eV
0× 1
9
1
.6 1
0 J/e V
The momentum conservation for collinear motion (the collision is head on for maximum
energy loss), when squared, reads
h
+
ν
2
+
p2
2
h
p =
h 2
'
+
'+
p2
h
'
p'f
νην
2
νη
c
c i
c
c
Here η i = ±1, with the upper sign corresponding to the photon and the electron moving in
the same/opposite direction, and similarly for η f . When this is multiplied by c2 we get
(
h
)+ν ν
(
p
c
)+
2 2
η
2
(
hν ν
)
p
c=
i(η
h
'
)+
2 2
(
p
'
c+
)2
(
h'
)
p'
cf
+
22
(
h
)(
p
cν
+
)
m2
4
c+
2
E
h=
(
h
'
)+
22
(p
'
c
)++
2
4
m
c2
E'
h' ν
ν ν
After we cancel the mass terms and subtracting, we get
h
(
E−ν
p
c
iηνη
=
)h'
(E−
' p
f'c
)
From this can calculate hν' and rewrite the energy conservation law in the form
E −η c
ip
E−'=
E ν
hE −
1
'−
p'cηf
λλ
−
× 3
4
h h 6.
6
3 1
0J
.
s −
− = − == = × 0 1
2
' (
1c
o
s6
0) 1
.
231
0m
mc 2
mc×
2(
0
.
e×
91
0 k
g
)
(×
31
0m
/
s) e
−
3
0 8
ν
−
× ×
3
4 8
h
c(6
.6
31
0 J
.
s)
(
3 1
0m/
s)
=
λ
= − = ×5
h 5.
4 1
0
eV
(
2.
3×1
01
2
m)
(1
.×
61
0−
1
9
J/
e
V )
9. With the nucleus initially at rest, the recoil momentum of the nucleus must be equal
and opposite to that of the emitted photon. We therefore have its magnitude given by
p =hν /c , where h ν = 6.2M e
V. The recoil energy is
p2
= =
E νh
h
ν= 6.
2Me
V
= × −
3
2 (
6.
2Me
V ) 1
.
5 1
0 M
e
V
2
M2 Mc 2×1
4×(9
4
0M
eV)
3
3.5
e
V −
= = × 3
K 4
.
5 1
0 e
V
7
.
42×3
1
0
2 2
p h
11. We use K= = 2 with λ = 15 x 10-9 m to get
2
m2 mλ
−
×3
4 2
(
6
.6
31
0 J
.
s) −
= = ×3
K 6.
7
8 1
0e
V
2(
0
.×
9−
3
0
1
0k
g)
(
1
5×−
92
1
0m)
(1
.
6×−
1
9
1
0J
/e
V
)
For λ = 0.5 nm, the wavelength is 30 times smaller, so that the energy is 900 times
larger. Thus K =6.10 eV.
12. For a circular orbit of radius r, the circumference is 2πr. If n wavelengths λ are to fit
into the orbit, we must have 2πr = nλ = nh/p. We therefore get the condition
=
p
rn
h/
2 =
h
n π
which is just the condition that the angular momentum in a circular orbit is an integer in
units of h.
13. We have a = n λθ
-10
/
2 s
i
n . For n = 1, λ = 0.5 x 10-10 m and θ = 5o . we get
a = 2.87 x 10 m. For n = 2, we require sinθ 2 = 2 sinθ 1. Since the angles are very
small, θ 2 = 2θ 1. So that the angle is 10o.
14. The relation F = ma leads to mv 2/r = mω r that is, v = ω r. The angular momentum
quantization condition is mvr = n h, which leads to mω r2 = n. The total energy is
therefore
=
E
1212
v+
m m
2 2
2
r=2
m2
r=h
n ωω ω
The analog of the Rydberg formula is
hω ω
ν
(
n→n
'
)
−
E
h
E
= =
(
n
h
−n
'
)
=(
n−n
'
)
2π
n n
'
The frequency of radiation in the classical limit is just the frequency of rotation
ν l=
c ω / π
2 which agrees with the quantum frequency when n – n’ = 1. When the
selection rule ∆ n = 1 is satisfied, then the classical and quantum frequencies are the
same
for all n.
15. With V(r) = V0 (r/a)k , the equation describing circular motion is
k
V 1
2
v d r
m= | |=k
V
r dr r
0
a
so that
k/2
Vr
k
v= 0
mk
We may use the result of this and the previous equation to calculate
k
1 h2
k k
12 1 +
2 k2
r r n
=
Ev+
m V =(k+
1
)V = (k+
1
)
V 2
2
0
a 2 0 2 0
a m
ak
V
0
1 h2
k+
2 2 k
h2 2
→ +
) →
+
2k
)2
a
k2 2
E (k
V 0(
n 2n
2
m 2
m
a
Note that V0 drops out of the result. This makes sense if one looks at a
picture of the potential in the limit of large k. For r< a the potential is
effectively zero. For r > a it is effectively infinite, simulating a box with
infinite walls. The presence of V0 is there to provide something with the
dimensions of an energy. In the limit of the infinite box with the quantum
condition there is no physical meaning to V0 and the energy scale is
provided by h2/ 2ma 2
.
n2h2
E=
2I
In a transition from n1 to n2 the Bohr rule implies that the frequency of the
radiation is given
ν − 2 h h 2 2
2
EE
= =( − =( −
π
1 2 2
1
2 n1n)
2 nn)
h 2 I
h 4I1 2
hn
ν
1
1
2→ ∆
2
πI 2
2
n
1L
= ∆
πI
n
c 1 h
h
ν
h= = h 2
λ2πMR
h h (
1λ λ
.
0
5 ×
1
0−
3
4
J.
s)
(
1
0−3
m)
= = =
R
2M
c m
c (
1
.π π π
6
7×−
1
02
7
kg)
(
3×1
08
m /
s)
=
2
6n
m