Stress

In words of more than one syllable, there will be one syllable which is more heavily
stressed than the others. We say that this syllable carries the primary stress (eg.
apartment). In some longer words, other syllables may carry secondary stress. The
most important thing is to recognize where the primary stress is - and remember
that it can change between words derived from the same base (eg. photograph,
photographer, photographic). If you stress a word incorrectly, it can be very difficult
to understand, so it is important to learn how a word is stressed at the same time as
you learn how to pronounce it. If your native language does not have a word stress
pattern like that of English, you will need to be especially conscientious in learning
the English forms!
Make sure you write down the word stress when you record new vocabulary - you
could even mark the stressed syllable with a colored highlighter!
When you pronounce new words, exaggerate the stressed syllables until it becomes
natural for you to put the stress in the right place.
stress, in phonetics, intensity given to a syllable of speech by special effort in
utterance, resulting in relative loudness. This emphasis in pronunciation may be merely
phonetic (i.e., noticeable to the listener, but not meaningful), as it is in French, where it
occurs regularly at the end of a word or phrase; or it may serve to distinguish meanings,
as in English, in which, for example, stress differentiates the noun from the verb in the
word “permit.”
Intonation
Intonation is the name given to sentence stress, or what is sometimes called the
"music of the language". Just as words have stressed syllables, sentences contain
regular patterns of stressed words. In addition, the voice tends to rise, fall or remain
flat in various different types of phrases and sentences. You will need to pay
attention to intonation if your native language has different intonation patterns from
English, and especially if you normally use a flat intonation - in English, this tends to
signify boredom or sarcasm!
Listen as carefully as possible to the intonation patterns of native speakers, and try
to copy them.
If you find it hard to hear the intonation patterns, ask your teacher to give you some
examples.
Ask your teacher whether there are particular areas where you have difficulty with
intonation, and focus on those areas.
Write down some everyday sentences, and try to indicate the intonation patterns
with stress symbols and arrows - check them with your teacher if you are unsure.
intonation, in phonetics, the melodic pattern of an utterance. Intonation is primarily
a matter of variation in the pitch level of the voice (see also tone), but in such
languages as English, stress and rhythm are also involved. Intonation conveys
differences of expressive meaning (e.g., surprise, anger, wariness).
In many languages, including English, intonation serves a grammatical function,
distinguishing one type of phrase or sentence from another. Thus, “Your name is
John,” beginning with a medium pitch and ending with a lower one (falling
intonation), is a simple assertion; “Your name is John?”, with a rising intonation
According to Jesus Valenzuela in the History of Journalism in the Philippine Islands
(1933) and John Lent in the Philippine Mass Communication (1964), the history of
campus journalism in the Philippines started when the University of Santo Tomas
published El Liliputiense in 1890.
However, Oscar Manalo, Narciso Matienzo, and Virgilio Monteloyola in Ang
Pamahayagan (1985) argued that the history of campus journalism in the country
started when the University of the Philippines published The College Folio, now The
Philippine Collegian, in 1910. They also added that The Torch of the Philippine
Normal University, The Guidon of the Ateneo de Manila University, and The
Varsitarian of the University of Santo Tomas were also published two years later.
Whatever came first, Carlos Romulo y Peña edited The Coconut, the official student
publication of the Manila High School, now the Araullo High School. It was published
in 1912 and it is now considered the first and oldest high school newspaper in the
country.
In 1923, La Union High School in the Ilocos Region published The La Union Tab, the
first printed and regularly issued high school newspaper in the country. Since then,
high school newspapers came out one after the other.
Among these high school newspapers were The Pampangan, Pampanga High
School, 1925; The Leytean, Leyte High School, 1925; The Rizalian, Rizal High
School, 1926; The Coconut, Tayabas High School, 1927; The Volcano, Batangas High
School, 1927; The Toil, La Union Trade School, 1928; The Samarinian, Samar High
School, 1928; The Melting Pot, Tarlac High School, 1929; The Granary, Nueva Ecija
High School, 1929; The Torres Torch, Torres High School, 1930; and The Cagayan
Student Chronicle, Cagayan High School, 1931.

Twenty-four important notes necessary in understanding a history of journalism in

the Philippines.
Marcelo Del Pilar is also the author of La Soberania Monacal, 1888; and Frailocracia
Fililipa, 1889. Hilario was not actually his middle name, but Gatmaytan.
The Iglesia Filipina Independiente was founded by Isabelo delos Reyes and Pascual
Poblete, 1902; and was headed by Gregorio Aglipay as its first Pontifex Maximus or
Obispo Maximo or Supreme Bishop.
Vigan, before Ciudad Fernandina and later Heritage City of Vigan, is the capital of
Ilocos Sur and the seat of the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia. It is the third city in
the Philippines founded by Juan de Salcedo, grandson of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi.
Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo Realonda wrote Noli Me Tangere, 1887; and El
Filibusterismo, 1891. He was executed in Bagumbayan, now Rizal Park, on
December 30, 1896.
Ferdinand Blumentritt, the “true brother” and “loyal friend” of Jose Rizal, made
several studies about the country. He was born in Praque, Bohemia, now
Czechoslovakia.
Andres Bonifacio is the father of Philippine Revolution and Philippine Democracy
and the founder of the Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak
ng Bayan in Tondo, Manila on July 7, 1892.
Emilio Aguinaldo was the President of the First Philippine Republic. He was also
elected as President of the Revolutionary Government and President of the Biak-na-
Bato Republic. He proclaimed Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12,
1898.
Rafael Palma was elected Senator of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, 1916;
appointed Secretary of the Interior, 1919; and appointed member of the
Independence Missions, 1919 and 1922. He was also the fourth president of the
University of the Philippines, 1925-1933; a delegate to the Constitutional
Convention, 1934-1935; and the Chairman of the National Council of Education;
1936-1939.
Gen Douglas McArthur was the youngest Chief of Staff of the US Army. He served as
the Military Adviser of the Philippine Commonwealth, 1936-1941; Commanding
General of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), 1941; Supreme
Allied Commander of the Southwest Pacific, 1942-1945; and Supreme Commander
of the Allied Powers for Occupied Japan, 1945-1951.
Sergio Osmeña Sr. was the first Filipino national leader under the American regime
as Speaker of the Philippine Assembly and the Second President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines, 1944-1946. He was the Vice President of Manuel
Quezon when World War II broke out, and assumed the presidency upon the death
of the latter in 1944. His secret agreement with US President Harry Truman on May
14, 1945 became the basis of the 1947 RP-US Military Bases Agreement.
US Olympia is the flagship of Admiral George Dewey, the Commanding Officer of
the US Asiatic Squadron during the Spanish-American War. For his victory, Dewey
rapidly rose from the rank of Commodore to Rear Admiral and Admiral in the US
Navy.
Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina was the President of the Philippine Senate, 1916-1936,
and the First President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, 1935-1944.
Francis Burton Harrison was the American Governor General of the Philippines,
1913-1919, remembered for his Filipinization policy, i. e., replacement of Americans
in the Philippine Civil Service with qualified Filipinos. His dying wish that he be
buried in the Philippines was granted and that he was buried in Manila North
Cemetery.
Carlos Romulo y Peña was the first Filipino president of the United Nations General
Assembly, 1949; and a member of the United Nations Security Council, 1958.
The Battle of Bataan started on January 9, 1942 and continued until April 9, 1942.
The University of the Philippines was established in 1908 by virtue of Act No. 1870
written by W Shuster Morgan, Secretary of Public Instruction and member of the
Philippine Commission. Formerly located in Padre Faura in Manila, it transferred to
Diliman in Quezon City in 1949 although the College of Medicine and Allied Medical
Professions remained in Manila.
President Ferdinand Edralin Marcos ruled the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. First
elected in 1965, he was easily re-elected in 1969. Facing increasing civil unrest
from the Communist Party of the Philippines headed by Jose Maria Sison and the
Moro National Liberation Front headed by Hashim Salamat, Marcos suspended the
constitution, declared martial law, and seized dictatorial powers in 1972. Accused of
massive fraud in the 1986 Snap Elections against Corazon Aquino, Marcos and his
family fled to Hawaii. He spent the last three years of his life fighting the lawsuits
that tried to reclaim the large fortune he had accumulated improperly while in
power.
Malacañang Palace is the official residence of the Spanish and the American
governors-general from 1863 to 1935 and of Philippine presidents from 1935 to the
present. The name is said to have come from the words “May lakan diyan,”
literarily, “there are noblemen residing there.” A violent rally in front of the palace
on January 30, 1970 was described as the “Siege of Malacañang.”
Plaza Miranda is the public square in front of the Quaipo Church in Manila. It was
named after Jose Sandino y Miranda, Secretary of the Treasury of the Philippines
from 1853 to 1854.
The writ of habeas corpus is a written order, issued by a court, directed to the
person detaining another, and commanding him to produce the body of a prisoner
with the date and the cause of his capture and detention.
Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. was the youngest foreign correspondent during the
Korean War, the youngest adviser of President Ramon Magsaysay, and the
youngest member of the Philippine Senate. His assassination at the Manila
International Airport, now Ninoy Aquino International Airport, on August 21, 1983
galvanized popular opposition to the Marcos administration and brought his widow,
Corazon Cojuangco, to the forefront, during the 1986 Snap Election.
Martial law is the temporary imposition of a military government over a civil
government. It is invoked when civil authority is inadequate to enforce law and to
preserve order against rebellion and insurrection. It was also proclaimed in Taiwan,
1949; Thailand, 1958; and South Korea, 1972.
EDSA is an acronym for Epifanio delos Santos Avenue, named after a Filipino
historian and provinci