Artificial

Intelligence

Submitted to:
Sir Ameen A.K Wazir

Submitted by:

Sheikh Adnan Ahmed Usmani

Roll # 36
B.S (4th Year)

Sheikh Zayed Islamic Center

University of Karachi
QUESTION NO.1
Create and justify your own definition of Artificial Intelligence?

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

“Man used his intelligence and tries to transfer his knowledge to the computer
for this purpose he used different ways by using his intelligence and made
machine able to response as human intelligence “
OR

“The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave

like human. The term was coined in 1956 by John MC Carthy at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.”

It includes:

Game Playing: Programming computer to play games as a chess and

checkers

Expert System: Programming computers to make decisions in real life

situations (For e.g. some expert system help (Doctors
diagnose disease based on symptoms)

Natural Language: Programming computer to understand Natural Human

Language.

Neutral Network: Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to

reproduce the type of physical connection that occur in
animal brain.

Robotics: Programming computers to see and hear and react to

sensory stimuli.
 QUESTIONS NO.2

Let me say "A time will come when A.I Researchers will be able to
provide so much intelligence to machine that it will behave exactly
same as human being and will be consider his true copy." Perform
some reasoning based on you know about "A.I" and also provide some
reasoning in the light of Quran and Sunnah. To verify and to falsify
statement.

AI is making computer smarter and more powerful, the dream of building the
machine that can fully duplicate the human brain will probably not be realized
in our life time. Despite major advances in all areas of computer science many
questions whether we will ever be able to create a computer that will
accurately immolate the function of a human mind. Dreyfus and Dreyfus in
1988 facts that the public is being misled about AI. Its use fullness is over
blown and is goals are impossible. They say we will be never be able to
establish rules for all the ways we think the human mind is just to complex to
duplicate. After all, a computer is one processing unit CPU while the human
being has over
100 billion processing elements.

WITH RESPECT TO THE QURAN AND SUNNAH:

The human brain with its mind and capability of reasoning places man will
above the rest of his creatures Surah Al Baqarah clearly describes the
conversation b/w ALLAH and his angels, at the time of man's creation.

"And remember when your Lord said to the angels: Verily I am going to
place mankind generation after generation on earth".

They said:
“Will you place there in those who will make mischief there in and
shed blood, while we glorify you with praises and thanks and sanctify you”

He said:
“He knows that you do not know and He taught Adam all the
names of everything, then he showed them to the angles and said: “Tell me
the names of these if you are truthful.”

They said:
“Glory is to you we have no knowledge except what you have
taught us verily it is you the All Knower the All Wise.”
He said:
“O Adam! Inform them of their names. He said: Did I not tell you
that I know the ghaib in the heavens and the earth and I know what you reveal
and what you have been concealing” (2:30-33)

Adam’s ability to learn and understand and remember positions him as a

superior being although animals can also learn think and feel but humans can
understand and learn from the past and reason himself.
The brains ability to process information is unsurpassed by any other
machines, not even by the latest technology computers etc until now or later
even the computer may work fastly but the brain is much more insight and
prudent. The brain unsurprisingly can perform multiple complex tasks at a time
like thinking memorizing, counting, listening, speaking, planning, taking
decisions and last but not the least dealing with emotions an feeling.
Therefore it is almost impossible to build such a machine that works
exactly same as human brains in the later centuries, since the dynamic feature
of human brain is mind or aql.
 QUESTION NO.3

Explain how an expertly system can assists religion scholars? Mention

some of the difficulties than system may face while performing its
task to solve such type of problems that consists uncertainties and
vagueness and explain how it can overcome the difficulties using the
“Dempster Shafer Theory of Evidence” and fuzzy logic?

Undoubtly an expert system is the best field of A.I that is used to assists
religious scholars. A.I knowledge engineers can make that type of Expert
System which solves all the problems related to Islamic Fiqh. It treats like a
Faqih, knowledge Engineer cans all those information regarding the Quran
Sunnah and fish and also they develop a logical reasoning to give the solution
of the problem. They knowledge engineer must make sure that the computer
has all the knowledge needed to solve a problem related to particular domain
problem.

In most of the real world problems it is observed that the available

knowledge is either incomplete or inexact or vague. Even under these
conditions on expert has to come out with some acceptable solutions of his
problems and how he can avoid it in future the Aalim then asks hum about the
conditions of the problems. The Aalim then asks him about the conditions of
the problems. The Aalim then asks him about the conditions of the problems.
The Aalim however may not get the solution under every condition. The
Dempster Shafer theory is able to overcome the problems associated with
uncertainty.

Let U be the Universal set and A its subset. Let us now define a function m: P
(U) [0, 1] which satisfies the following conditions

Here,
m=basic probability assignment ranges with 0-1.

An evidence represented but E C U may be considered to the certain if m (E)

=1 we know define a function called belief function, belief p (U) [0, 1] as
Since the sum of all values m (B) is 1, therefore the belief function lies b/w (0,
1).
Fuzzy logic was developed to deal with such situation where information
may be somewhat vague. For example in the statement “Ali is muttaqi where
the word muttaqi is fuzzy end is truth value exactly 0 or 1. Here the truth value
can assume any values in the interval [0, 1]. In can expert system facts
relation judgment opinions contained within the expert knowledge usually
manifest various degrees of impression and uncertainty.
 QUESTION NO.4
Criticize for computer software being intelligence

TURING TEST
The turing test is a test of machines ability to demonstrate intelligence. It
proceeds as follows a human judge engages in the natural language
conversation with one human and one machine each of which tries to appear
human. All are placed in isolated locations. If the judge can’t reliably tell the
computer machine from the machine, the machine, the machine is said to
have passed the test. It should be limited to a text only channel to test the
machines intelligence.

WEAKNESS OF THE TEST

The Turing test is based on the assumptions that human beings can
judge a machines intelligence y comparing only behavior and the value of
comparing against the human b/c of these and others. Some A.I researchers
questioned about the usefulness of the test. The Turing test does not directly
test whether the computer behaves intelligently it tests only whether the
computer behaves like a human being since human behavior and intelligence
behavior exactly the same thing, the test to accurately measure intelligent
behavior in two ways.

SOME HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS UNINTELLIGENT

The test requires that the machine be able to execute all human
behavior whether they are intelligent or not. It even tests for behavior that we
may not consider intelligent at all. If a machine cannot imitate behavior in
detail it fails the test.

SOME INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOR IS IN HUMAN

The Turing test does not test for highly intelligent behavior. If it were to
solve a computational problem that is impossible for any human to solve then
the interrogator would know the problem is not human and the machine would
fail the test.
 QUESTION NO.5

What is mean by domain knowledge?

DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE:

It means the content of a particular field of knowledge. It is defined as

“The knowledge about solving specific problems is called the domain

knowledge.”

EXAMPLE

A medical expert system designed to diagnose infection disease will have a

great deal of knowledge about certain symptoms caused by infection diseases.
In this case the knowledge domain is medicine and consists of knowledge
about disease symptoms and treatment.
 QUESTION NO.6

What are the common schemes used to represent knowledge?

Describe each, choose and apply one if the scheme check the validity
of an argument present in the following paragraph?

KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTS SCHEMES:

Knowledge is a collection of related facts procedures, models, and

hevrssties that are used in problem solving or inference system. Once
knowledge it needs to be organized. It can be organized in one or more
schemes or configuration. A variety of knowledge representation scheme has
been developed over the years. These include the production rules inclusion
hierarchies, mathematical logic, frames, scripts table, line, trees, semantic
network, constraints etc.

REPRESENTATION IN LOGIC

The general form of any logic process is

Input output
Premises logical process
inference
Or or
Facts
conclusion

• First information is given statement are made or observations are noted.

These form the input to the logical process. These are known as
processes.
• Second the premises are used by the logical process to create the
outputs which contains the conclusion called Inference.

With this process fails that are known to be true are used to drive new facts
which also must be true. The two basic forms of computational logic are
predicate logic and propositional logic.
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC

A proposition is a statement that is true or false. In propositional logic we

use symbols like letters of alphabets to represent various propositions can be
combined using logical connections by using symbols for various propositions
and relating them with connectives a complete set of premises with resulting
conclusions can be expressed.

PREDICATE LOGIC

Propositional logic is not very useful in A.I. A.I uses predicate logic. It is
more sophisticated form of logic that uses all same concepts and rules but in
amore finer detail. It is the basis for the AI language called PROLOG. In
predicate calculus a proposition is divided into two parts, the argument and
the predicate. The arguments are the object about which the assertion is made
and predicate is the assertion made about them.

SEMANTIC NETWORK

It is a knowledge representation method is based on a network structure

composed of notes and links that show hierarchies’ relationship b/w objects i.e.
quiet, efficient in the sense that each object can be represented once and
pointers can be used for cross references rather than naming an object.
Explicitly time and again involves in a relation. It is not only efficient in terms
of saving space but also searching time is very fast.
 QUESTION NO.7

Describe and discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of

some of the various search techniques. Give an example of a problem
for which you find?
• B.F Search works better thean DF search.
• DF search works better than BF search.

There are several techniques for searching for a possible situation. The most
important and common ones are as follows

a. Depth First Search

b. Breadth First Search
c. Hill Climbing
d. Least Cost Search

1. DEPTH FIRST SEARCH

In depth first search whenever a choice is given to search from several

nodes, it always prefers to choose the deepest one and the deepest node is
one which is farthest from the start node

EXAMPLE: To understand exactly the search worked. Consider the tree in

which F is the goal.

Depth first search will traverse this graph in the order to AB, DB, EB, and ACF.
In this you go left until you reach either a terminal mode or the goal. If you
reach a terminal node then you backup one level go right and then go left until
you encounter either the goal or a terminal node. This process continues until
you find a goal.
 A depth first search is certain to find the goal b/c as a worst case it
generates into an exhausted search.

EVALUATION

The depth first search found a fairly good solution on its first try without
any back tracking which is good. However to arrive at the optimal solution it
would have to traverse nearly all the nodes which is not good. It can be quiet,
poor in cases in which you have to explore a particularly long branch only to
find that is no solution at its end. This situation cause a time waste and leads
to breadth first searching

2. BREATH FIRST SEARCH

Breath first search generate all nodes at particular level I before it

explores the nodes of next level (i+1)th level.

Here C is the goal, it visits the node ABC, this search also generates finding a
solution if exists b/c it will eventually degenerates into an exhausted search.

EVALUATION

It is easy to find solution at the shortest level. It performs well by finding

a solution without back tracking but the disadvantage of the breath first search
is seen when you try to find a goal that is located several layers deep. Here it
expands substantial effort to find it.

3. HILL CLIMBING SEARCH

A search algorithm that attempts to find as a first solution one that

minimize the number of connection will use the heuristics that state the longer
distance covered. The greater the like hood that you will be places closer to
the destination thereby reducing the number of connection in AI. This type of
search method is called hill climbing.

EVALUATION
 This is fairly good b/c it tends to reduce the number of nodes that needs
to be visited before it reaches the solution however it can suffer three possible
maladies.
FALSE HILL: here the search back tracks extensively to find the solution.
PLATEUS: in which the next step look equally good or bad. In this case the hill
climbing is no better than depth first search.

RIDGES: hill climbing is not effective in this case b/c the ridges are to be
crossed several times during back tracking.

4. THE LEAST COST SEARCH

The opposite of the hill climbing is the least cost search. Apply the least cost
search to the flight scheduling problem implies that the program will take the
shortest connectivity flight in all cases so that the route found will have a good
chance of having the shortest distance unlike the hill climbing search which
minimized the no of connection least count search minimized no of miles
traveled.

EVALUATION

The least cost search has the same advantages and disadvantages as
the hill climbing search except in the reverse order. There can be false valley
lowlands or gorges but overall the least cost search tends to work fairly well.
We can only say that on the average it will out perform a blind search

EXAMPLE:

When we find breadth first better then depth first or vice versa:

In the same example given above to reach from New York to LOS ANGLES. We
will find a different result from different search techniques when we check the
result a/c to shortest distance BREDTH FIRST is best it covers the shortest
distance of 2600 miles while in order to touch minimize number of node DP|
EPTH FIRST is the best b/c it touches only three nodes.

QUESTION NO.8

What is knowledge engineering? Discuss knowledge acquisition with

suitable example?

KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING:

The process of building an expert system is often called knowledge

engineering. It is highly complexes process. Knowledge engineer acquires
knowledge from the human expert and builds this knowledge into the expert
system it may consist of procedures, strategies and rules to thumb that a
human expert normally follows

KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION

The knowledge acquired may consist of facts, rules, concept, procedures,

formulas or any other important and useful information’s. This knowledge may
be obtained from several sources
E.g. report, textbook, case studies, the human expert database etc. however
the knowledge gathered directly from the human expert may be more close to
reality. This is b/c a human expert not only possesses technical knowledge in a
particular problem but also has knowledge about how to effectively and
efficiently use this technical knowledge for problem solving.
 QUESTION NO.9
One of the difficulties of vision is that a three dimensional array when
digitized as an image what are some ways in which the depth
information in the scene can be inferred? Discuss in detail the
common recognition patterns in vision and pattern recognition?

DETECTING SURFACE DIRECTION:

If a satellite takes a picture of a mountain, how computer would

determine whether it is a mountain or a valley? To interpret an image of the
mountain the computer must know the direction of a surface by studying the
way that it reflects light. A program that analyses the image can be used the
relative brightness of the surface to determine whether computer is viewing a
mountain or a valley. However this is a complex task and becomes over
whitening with complex ones.

DETRMINING SURFACE TEXTURE:

A human being can easily distinguish b/w different things such as glass,
ball, iron etc due to surface texture. This again due to the way light reflects on
the thing smooth surface scatters light hence, the relative brightness of a
rough surface is less then smooth surface. Due to brightness of each object
computer can easily determine whether this surface is smooth or rough.

In a real world situation it requires more than simply comparing the

relative brightness of object, this because that can object is also affected by its
colors and the reflective qualities of the object. Therefore determine texture
requires two or more image from different viewpoints in relative to the light
source of the objects. Therefore, the computer can distinguish b/w the textures
by composing the change of the brightness.
COMMON RECOGNITION PROBLEM

Assuming that you can solve all problems correctly interpreting an image by
using either a two dimensional or three dimensional systems, you still have the
problem of correctly indentifying objects or features that make up the image.
The problem o\is probably the harder one to solve as the next discussions will
show

1- Over Lapping Object

One of the toughest problems that you will encounter when trying to
create a vision system is the recognition of overlapping objects.
The trouble is not that the computer cannot tell that one object is in front
of another generally shadows and differences in shading supply sufficient
clues. The real difficulty is programming the computer to recognize
partial objects for what they are. For example, if you instruct the
computer that a triangle has three sides and three vertices and if the
computer sees a triangle. That has a vertex what is obscured by another
object (or perhaps that is out of the cameras field of view) how does the
computer know that it is still seeing a triangle when though the third
vertex is missing.

There are many approaches to this problem but perhaps the most
interesting solution band the one closed to the way that the human eye
does it is called controlled hallucination. In this method the computer
guided by the initial information postulates that is seeing a triangle and
tries to verify this by some means such as b y computing that the two
lines will intersect. Somewhere in the region that is obscured. As you can
guess, this is a tracking process in all but highly controlled environments.

2- Recognition Of Object By Classification

Another difficult problem is programming the computer to recognize

classes of objects that a tree is a tree or that a house is a house. It is far
easier to make the computer recognize a specific objects than it is to
make recognize objects in a certain classification. The reason for this is
that you can give specific objects a strict asset of limityations to which
they must confirm but you must keep a class definition quite general and
loose to cover all slight variances.As of this writing it is not clear how this
 problem will be solved for general cases. Letr as the chapter develops
some program that perform pattern recognition you will see that the
computer can determine simple geometric shapes based upon a class
definition but that the techniques that can be applied to these types of
objects donot translates the highly complex objects.

3- Optical illusions:

The overview of image processing is complex without a brief creatrion of

optical illusions an dtheir effect on computerized trhe system currently
many optical illusions that fool human has effect a computer analysis of
same image. For example A and B in given figure are exactly the same
length but A appears to be longer. However a computer would not make
the mistake.
 QUESTION NO.10
What is natural language processing? Use restricted grammar to
explain natural language processing?

NATURAL-LANGUAGE PROCESSING:-

Natural Language processing, usually abbreviated NLP tries to make the

computer capable of understanding commands written in standard human
language.
A Natural Language processor does not care how a sentence is input into the
computer. Its job is to extract information from that sentence.

RESTRICTING LANGUAGE:-

One of the most difficult aspects of constructing an NLP driven system is

the complexity and flexibility of human language when you implement a
natural language processor, it is tempting to try to restrict the type of sentence
that the processor will understand to subset of the natural language. In any
case it is necessary to restrict the grammar that the processor in this chapter
can accept. If this were not done the code to each example would be far too
long. Therefore, for most of the examples in this chapter assume that all
sentences are declarative and not interrogative and that they generally follow
the standard from.

Subject, verb, and object:-

• It should also assume that all adjectives precede the noun that they
modify.
• While all adverb follow the verb that they modify.
• Finally it should assume that all sentences must end with a period.

Therefore, the following sentence is valid.

• The child runs to the house.

• The larger child runs quickly to the window .However the processor in
this chapter will decide that sentence such as.
• The child quickly runs to the house are invalid because the adverb
quickly precedes the verb runs.
FOR EXAMPLE:-

Word Type
Door Noun
Window Noun
Has Verb
Runs Verb
Large adjective
The determiner
To Preposition

THE STATE-MACHINE NLP PARSER:-

The state machine parser uses the current state of the sentence to
predict what type of word may legally follow. A state machine is a directed
graph that has shows. The valid transitions from the one state to another.

FOR EXAMPLE:-

A simple example by using the serntence. The child runs quickly to the large
house.This diagram of the sentence verify that it follows the GI grammar.

The child runs quickly to the large house.

DET Noun Verb adverb prep det Adj. Noun
 The state machine to become noun. The state machine has now been
started. The next word the verb runs. Above figure show you the there are two
possible transitions from a noun to a verb or to place a new verb into state
thus the state machine is now at the mod verb.

THE CONTEXT-FREE RECURSIVE-DESCENTS NLP PARSER:-

To understand context free recursive NLP parser one must look at the
construction of sentence in a completely different way from the way that. One
looks at they state machine model the rules that govern how each of the pacts
may be constructed are called the production rules of the grammar. A context
free parser uses there productions rules of the grammar. The right as produces
NP stands for noun phrase and VP stands for verb phrase.

Sentence  NP+VP
NP determiner + noun
NP det + adj + noun
NP prep + NP
VP Verb + NP
VP Verb + Adverb + NP
VP Verb + Adverb
VP Verb

To see how can apply these rules to a sentence, consider this diagram.

A Parser that generates this type of tree is called context free because
the tree is not based upon the context of each element.

THE NOISE-DISPOSAL PARSER:-

 These types of application only interested in the information that the
sentence contain. This idea leads to the variation on the context free parser
called the noise disposal parser. This type of a parser is actually quite common
in database type application such as command processor.

FOR EXAMPLE:-
Consider a database that consists of company names and their
respective stock prices. Assume database will accept queries like

Here the commands must always be present but the other four elements are
optional

QUESTION NO.11
What is Robotics? Explain Robotics that covers:
• Robot arms
• Industrial Robots
• Autonomous Robot

ROBOTICS:-

The field of knowledge and technique that can be used to create. When
most people hear the word robot, the mental response is usually an image of
the hardware that makes up the physical being of the robot. Any robot.
Industrial as such you must be able to understand a few of them complex.
Problem that you will encounter when you attempt to control a robot arm.

For example: When you reach for a glass of water seems to be effortless and
without though. However it is s complicated takes that requires the co
ordination of several muscles. Remember that a baby needs several months to
do they same thing. They common robot arm is modeled on the human arms
most robot arm are six axis arm between they allow they greeted freedom of
movement.

Shows a sketch of a six axis arm. Each axis whish commonly called a joint’s
operated by its own separated motor on as is they case of large arms hydraulic
of cylinder.
Above figure shows a six axis robot arm actually contains tow co ordinate
frame of reference. They base and they two piece of they arm from an x y z co
ordinates system and thy grip allow. Fine movement with in what system.
Therefore reaching any specific point in space regular.

THE INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

 In they field of robotics most effort has been applied to creating and
improving industrial assembly robots. Because these robots are used in a
controlled environment they can be considerable less smart then autonomous
robots. For now and for they forcible future industrial robot can perform only
those takes that they have been explicitly programmed to do. Robots can be
taught new skills fist they can’t be taught by using a teach pedant or second
they can programmed by using a robotic control Lang.

THE TEACH PENDANT:

The most common method of programming a robot to perform a new

takes is through the use of each pendent .the teach pendent is a rand held
control box that allows an operator to move the various joints of the robots.
Although reach manufacture of robots has a slightly different style of teach
pendent, all teach pendent are similar to the sketch show below.

The teach pedant is not linked directly to the but rate is linked through the
robots main control computer.

ROBOTICS CONTROL LANGUAGE:

 The teach pending is an excellent method for teaching the robots ingle
takes such as welding and palletizing .however as the job come more
computer and extend even syechroziton become more important or if the
robots needs to recognize and response differently to many possible
occurrence the teach preening system quickly become over burdened . It is for
this reason the robotic control language were developed.
An orbit control language is a computer language that is designed to control a
robot. A robotic control language contains a build in data base that holds serial
information about each move that the robot will make.

AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS:

An automat robot is much more complex than the industional robot of

automats robots is to operate is the uncontrolled environment of the real world
then it will need various skills that the industrial robot does not required. The
major roadblock that is preventing the creation of an autonomous robots is a
face that program have not yet developed the accessory software techniques
also a robot of this type will probably required some parsed processing which
is still in its infamy.

QUESTION NO.12
Explain the component of expert system which are the relative
advantages and disadvantages of an expert system and human
expert?

Expert system are composed of two major parts

• Development environment
• Consolation environment

DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT:
They development environment is used by they expect system builder to
build they couponed and to introduce knowledge into knowledge base.

CONSULTATION ENVIRONMENT:
Issued by an expert to obtain expert knowledge and advice. They
following may exists in an expert system

COMPONENT OF EXPERT SYSTEM.

1. Knowledge base:
2. Acquistion module
3. Inference engine
4. Explantory interface
5. User

KNOWLEDGE BASE:
They knowledge base contains knowledge necessary for understand
formulating and suffering problem. It includes tow Basie element.

ACQUISITION MODULE:
Knowledge acquisition module is they accumulation transfer and
transformation of problem solving expertise from some knowledge source to a
computer program for contracting or expending thief knowledge faze. Potential
source of knowledge include human expert of textbook, database, special
research reports.

INFERENCE ENGINE:
They brain of expert system is they influence engine also known as the
control structure or the rule interpreter.
USER:
Expert system contain a language processer for friendly problem
oriented communication between they user and they computer. This
communication ban best be carried out in a naturally language and in same
causes it is supplanted by menus and graphics.

EXPLANATORY INTERFACE:

They ability to take responsibility for conclusion to there sources is

cruise both in they transfer of expertise and in problem solving they
explanatory interface can takes such responsilbity and explain they expert
system behavior.

Advantageous of of expert system over human expert:

1. Expert system available 24 hours a day. Every day of a year while a

human expert wants work continuously.
2. Many or number of expert system can create while that are limited
number of human experts.
3. Computrized expert can be disrupted can never die while human expert
dies and takes all of its knowledge with itself.
4. Knowledge of an expert system can be copied and stored easily while
that of human expert it is not possible.
5. Computerize expert system can never tried and always perform at its
peak but human experts get tired.
6. A new expert system can easily be created though copy past but it takes
a long time to become a human expert.

Disadvantages of expert system over human expert:

1. An expert system can’t give nay new suggestion that some with them
passage of time but they human expert through continuous study and
remains up to date.
2. A single virus can damage the whole expert system but there is no
problem of virus with a human expert
3. An expert system cannot be available every where at any time but a
human expert ban walk form one place to another to solve they problem
4. An expert system need some accessories with it to keep it charged or
situation one while a human expert need. Nothing with him

QUESTION NO.13
In your opinion which topic of is the most suitable fro and most
applicable in they field of Islamic studies? Explain A.I has many areas
of interest of these. There is most common and most important area.

• Robotic
• NLP
• Searching for solution
• Pattern recognition
• Expert system.

We can see some of they application of A.I in the field of Islamic studies.

ROBOTICS: May be helpful by showing the performance of Namaz,

Constructing Mosques or Physical help they can provide.

NLP: Can be helpful in the translation of Quran in much language.

SEARCHING: Explanation of Quran, different Hadith from different book of

hadith…. Etc

PATTERN RECOGNITION: May be helpful to recognize different animal and

birds whether they are harm or hold.

EXPERT SYSTEM: In Islamic studies expert system has provided its services
in many fields

1. Mufti
2. Hafiz e Quran
3. Qaree
4. Muhaddich
5. Aalim

Now, the major work of Islamic studies has been down using expert system
of A.I field. As proof their success you; need only observe the mainly
application of expert system. Today in Islamic studies.
From all Islamic studies field of Aalim Human expert are engineered as
A.I expert system, then it will be the most applicable and beneficial for
Muslims. This artificial Aalim will not be the natural Aalim but the
intelligence will depend upon its knowledge base. More knowledge is added
to the intelligence assistant it acts more like expert. Field of Aalim is
selected as the most suitable and the most applicable because Aalim guides
the Muslim about the manner principles of Islamic correct way of walking in
the path of Islam and all the guidance about the successful life when a
person is successful in here after this is the final destination of all creation.
Therefore, we select expert system from A.I field of A.I is also useful in
Islamic studies but in very limited areas unlike Aalim, the vast field of
Islamic studies.

QUESTION NO.14
Describe the sources of Acquisition of general knowledge, Islamic
knowledge and Quran Knowledge.?

SOURCES OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE:

 Books, internet, news paper, magazine, electronic Media, communication
with different people.

SOURCES OF ISLAMIC KNOWLEDGE:

History of Islam, Quran knowledge, Hadith, Fish, Tafseer

QURAN KNOWLEDGE:
Quran reviled by Prophet, Tafseer

QUESTION NO.15

Differentiate b/w knowledge acquisition and knowledge?

Knowledge Acquisition:-
1. To obtain knowledge and to
structure knowledge is
called knowledge
acquisition.
2. Obtain knowledge from all
sources of knowledge. The
purpose of knowledge
acquisition is to develop
effective knowledge bases
system. It is concerned with
the transfer of knowledge
from existing sources such
as expert and book rather
than learning the knowledge
from experience. Knowledge
acquisition is recognized as
the bottleneck in the
development of knowledge
Based system
Convention System
1. a conventional program has
a sequence of predefine
instruction for responding to
an event
2. Conventional program uses
mathematical and statically
method to obtain a prices
solution.
3. Conventional system date +
algorithm.
4. Effective manipulate of large
data base.
5. execution is done on a step
by
Database
Knowledge Elicitation:
1. To obtain knowledge only
from one source (Called
expert) is known as
knowledge Election.
2. Knowledge elicitation is the
transfer and transformation
of problem solving
expertise, and domain
knowledge from a source
into a program. It mean
extraction of knowledge
from human expert it is
called the track back of
expert system. Knowledge
extracted by an interfiling
b/w participant (knowledge
engineer and experts) the
goal is to fin out the reason
behind and why it is recalled
from memory.
Expert System
1. An expert system program on
the other hand attempt to
reason a response to an event
using its knowing based and
logistic rules for problem
solving it uses investigative
(heuristic) method to obtain
solutions.
2. Expert system = knowledge
base+ rezoning engine
effective manipulation of large
knowledge base.
3. execution is done by using
flouriest and logic
Knowledge Base
 1. it is a software program that 1. a knowledge base is a
is used to create tables collection of any information
quires and views machine readable
2. A collection of date knowledge base store
organized in such a way that knowledge in a computer
computer program can readable from usually for
quickly selected desire piece the purpose of having
of data is called date bases. automated deduction
3. S.Q.L server, Access reasoning applied to them
2. Pro Log.

Traditional System Expert System

1. Software that uses general 1. Software that uses specific
knowledge to solve the knowledge to attain the high
problems concerned with level performance is a
general routes or program. narrow problem area.
2. this system does not explain 2. This system explains the
the reasons of conclusion reasons of conclusion in
3. it only has general knowledge detail.
3. it works a domain
knowlwdge