The stomach

The stomach is an J-shaped organ of the digestive tract. It is located between the
oesophagus and the duodenum. Posteriorly, the stomach is related with the
vertibral column. It is also anteromedial to the spleen and anterosuperior to the
transverse colon. It has anterior and superior surfaces separated by the medial
lesser and lateral greater curvature. The stomach is composed of 3 parts: a fundus,
a body and a pyloric portion. The fundus is above the level of the cardiac orifice
which opens to the oesophagus. The body extends from the the fundus to the notch
which is located on the lesser curvature and the pyloric portion extends from the
notch to the pylorus. The pyloric portion consists of the proximal pyloric antrum and
the distal pyloric canal. Histologically the stomach is lined with an epithelium tissue
secreting hyrochloric acid and enzymes. It is also elastic to store and mix food. In
conclusion, the stomach has an important role in the digestive system.

The heart
The heart is a pyramidal organ. It is a muscular pump, which is located in the
mediastinum, between the lungs, but sightly to the left side. It is located anterior to
the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum. Inferiorly it is in contact with the
diagphram. The heart is covered by the pericardium composed of two parts : the
outer fibrous pericardium made of connective tissue and the inner serous
pericardium. The fibrous pericardium is attached to the inferior vena cava, the
diaphragm and other parts of the body. The serous pericardium is a double-layered
membrane consisting 2 layers: an visceral layer and a parietal layer and a potential
cavity between them. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers which are,
from outer to inner, the epicardium, the muscular myocardium and the
endocardium, respectively. The human heart is divided into four chambers: an
upper atria and a lower ventricle on each side. The left and right sides are
separated by a thick wall of muscle, known asl the septum. On each side, blood
travels from the atria through the valves to the ventrical before entering the
pulmonary and systemic circulation. These valves allow the blood to flow only in
one direction. The human heart is elastic and musclar, which pumps around five
liters of blood per minute. The heart is one of the most essential organs in our body.

The lungs
The lungs are conical organs of the respiratory tract in our body. They are located
on either side of the thoracic vertebral column. Inferiorly, they are supported by the
diagphram. They are also surrounded by ribs. Human lungs are covered by serous
membranes (the pleuras) which form the pleural cavities . Each pleura has a
visceral layer lining a parietal layer, with a potential cavity containing fluid. On the
medial side adjacent to the heart, lies the roots of the lungs, from which the trachea
ends and divides into 2 bronchi. The bronchi continue to divide into many
bronchioles in order to conduct air. According to the structure, the lung is very soft,
spongy and elastic so that it can receive much more air in every breath. The lung
have a main role to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, which is absolutely
essential to our life.