Harvard Referencing

System
(for the referencing of published material, including electronic
information)

“When a thing has been said and said well, have no

scruple. Take it and copy it.”
Thibault, J.A.F. (1844 - 1924) Quoted in: Credo Reference (2008) Bloomsbury
thematic dictionary of quotations. [Internet]. Available from:
<http://www.credoreference.com/entry.jsp?xrefid=208686&secid=.3.-
&hh=1#s.3.>

[Accessed 17th January 2008].

The advice in this booklet conforms to British Standards Institution (1990)

Recommendations for citing and referencing published material, BS5605:1990.

Emma Butler
May 2009
Contents

Glossary 3

Why reference? 3

Plagiarism 4

Using lecture notes 4

Citations in the text 5

Direct quotations (books and journals) 5
Paraphrasing 6
Multiple sources and multiple authors 6
Secondary sources 7
Newspapers and magazines 7
Graphics 7
British Standard 8
Government publications 8
Reports 8
Leaflets 8
Websites 8
Television and radio broadcasts 9
Personal communications 9

Reference list 10
Books 10
Collection of chapters by different authors within a book 11
Secondary references (book cited within another book) 11
Journal articles 12
Newspaper and magazine articles 12
Diagrams, charts, graphics 12
British Standard 12
Government publications 13
Reports 13
Leaflets 13
Theses or dissertations 13
Conference paper 14
Maps 14
Electronic sources 14
Websites 14
Web pages 15
E-journal 15
E-book 15
Audio-visual material (films, videos, television) 16
Radio broadcasts 16

Bibliographies 17
The Harvard style of citing and referencing (name and date method)

Glossary (back to contents)

Bibliography (or Further Reading) - list of all the sources you have read but not referenced
in your essay/assignment

Citing - when you formally acknowledge, within your text, the sources from where you have
obtained information

Citation - acknowledgement of your source, in brackets, within your text

Common knowledge – facts, dates events, information and concepts that are generally
known by a lot of people and can be found in numerous places

Direct quotation – where you copy text word-for-word using quotation marks

Paraphrase – where you take the meaning from a source and express it in your own words.
You do not need quotation marks or page numbers for this method as a general rule (unless
you are referring to a table, diagram, etc when page numbers must be added)

Plagiarism (see below)

Reference - detailed description of the source from where you have obtained your information

Reference list - list of all the sources used and cited within the text of your essay/assignment

Summarise – where you refer briefly to the main idea from a particular source, eg Dean
(2002) has written extensively on the need for keen observation by teachers…

Why is a referencing system necessary? (back to contents)

A formal system of referencing is essential to:

y To acknowledge the source of your information, ideas and arguments

y To differentiate between your own opinions and the views of those who have greater
knowledge and wider experience of the given subject
y To substantiate the knowledge, theories and discussions that you present in your
work.
y To show that you have researched your material, and that the ideas that you present
have been considered in the light of documented material on the subject.
y To demonstrate that you have read a wide range of sources.

Referencing is one of the most important skills for all students to master. If you do not
reference properly, then your coursework will be incomplete and unprofessional. It is therefore
essential for you to understand the significance of referencing and to learn how to reference
the different types of material you will be using. The most common method of citing and
referencing is the Harvard Referencing System.

This system was developed in the USA and grew in popularity during the 1950s and 1960s,
especially in the physical and natural sciences and more recently the social sciences. Over
several decades it has become the most common system in use internationally and is

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frequently the standard house style for academic journals. You should acknowledge sources
consulted for the production of written work otherwise you could be found guilty of plagiarism.

Definition of plagiarism (extract from Rights, Responsibilities and Regulations handbook)

Plagiarism (back to contents)

An offence occurs when a student submits work as her/his own when s/he is not the
author.

Plagiarism occurs when the student:

y Does not acknowledge the work of another person or persons, or
y Has not identified the source or cited quotations in any work presented for
assessment, or
y Has copied another student’s work without their knowledge, or
y Has duplicated the submission of the same piece of their own work for two (or more)
assessments

The University of Derby uses the JISC plagiarism software (Turnitin) to detect any text
copied from electronic sources.

Lecture notes (back to contents)

Lectures and tutorials should be used as a starting point for further reading. It is not advisable
to quote directly from slides that are used in lectures or word-for-word something that your
lecturer has said. It is better to use any books or journal articles that a lecturer refers to and
quote or paraphrase from the original source.

4
 PART 1

Citations in the text (back to contents)

Direct quotations

If you are directly quoting a piece of work in your assignment, and it is only one or two lines
long, you should enclose the quotation in quotation marks, followed by the author’s surname,
year, and page numbers in brackets. The abbreviations are (p.) for page, and (pp.) for pages

Example:

“These resting times provide periods for reflection and permit time for new things to be
learned, mastered and brought to fruition” (Jones, 1990, pp.122-3)

Or

It has been suggested that “sport is not yet a uniform international component of mass
culture” (Holt, 1989, p.8)

Or, alternatively, where the author’s name occurs naturally, the year and page number follows
the author’s name in brackets

Example:

Holt (1989, p.8) states that “sport is not yet a uniform international component of mass
culture”.

The work of Roderick (2006, p.84) was concerned to emphasise the importance of
equality in social research.

Longer quotations should be indented from the left margin and single-spaced without the use
of quotation marks

Example:

As Ryan (2003, p.191) states

Whilst the developing tourist-receiving countries may not gain as much as might
at first sight seem possible, it is nonetheless important to retain the fact that such
countries do actually receive a surplus on their tourism balance of payments.

If a source does not have a person or an organisation listed as authoring the work, then use
the title of the work instead. Use the phrase ‘no date’ or n.d. if a year is not identifiable.

Example:

A study of children at nursery (Playtime is learning time, no date, p.27) showed that…

5
Paraphrasing (back to contents)

Rather than over-relying on quotations, it is often more effective to use critical paraphrasing
and summaries. When you do this, you must acknowledge the sources at the end of the
paraphrase. If you paraphrase from several pages, then you will need to put the page
numbers at the end of the paraphrase as you do with a direct quotation. If it is a general idea
(as below) page numbers are not necessary.

Example:
Gambling has gradually become more acceptable and popular within the UK since
the 1960s as laws have been liberalized (Roberts 2004, Donnellan 2002)

Multiple Sources (back to contents)

If you use more than one source by one author or group of authors from the same year, you
need to distinguish them from each other by adding ‘a’, ‘b’ and so on after the date of
publication. The reference section at the end of the assignment would then give full details

As Vamplew (1998a, p.12) argues…

As Vamplew (1998b, p.129) argues…

If your sources for one assignment include works by two (or more) authors who have the same
surname, your citation will need to distinguish them from each other. Use their forename initial
or, if these are still the same, the forenames:

Hargreaves, John, (1998, p.14)

Hargreaves, Jenny, (1994, p.156)

If there are two authors, the surname of both must be given

Multiple Authors

If there are two authors the surnames of both should be given

Example:

Matthews and Jones (1997) have proposed that……

If there are more than two authors the surname of the first author only should be given,
followed by et al. (abbreviation for the Latin term ‘and others’)

Example:

Crebbin-Bailey et al. (2005) claim that…

(A full listing of all names should appear in the reference list)

6
Secondary sources (back to contents)

If the source referred to is from another book which you have not actually seen, cite both the
original source and the secondary source where you read it.
Do this by using ‘cited in’ or ‘quoted in’ depending on the author’s usage of the material: if
your source has paraphrased the original then use ‘cited in’; if your source has directly quoted
the original then use ‘quoted in’

Example:

A study by Blair et al (1996) as cited in Hardman and Stensel (2003, p.39) argues that......

Or

Smith (1990, quoted in Gibbs 1998, p.78) in his book “Analysing patterns of work” gives an
excellent precis of leadership styles.

You should only list Hardman and Stensel (or Gibbs) in your reference list, as this is the
book/article you have actually read

Newspapers and magazines (back to contents)

If you are using a newspaper or magazine article, the same rules apply as to any other
published source: that is, you give the author’s/authors’ name/names, the date and the page.
The article title and newspaper or magazine title then appears in the full reference in the
reference list

Example:

As Hiscott (2005, p.8) reports…

Graphics (back to contents)

Visual information, photographs, illustrations and diagrams etc should be cited in the same
way as quotations, with the author and date given alongside in brackets and full details in the
reference list

Example:

TABLE 6.1 Characteristics at each end of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum

Wilderness/wild lands Urban
Activity Walking, hiking, viewing scenery, camping Use of cars, motor bikes, team sports,
(in tents), study, hunting, climbing, commercial use, trains, buses, hotels,
canoeing and other non-motorised water resort camps…
craft
Broadhurst, R. (2001, p.166)

7
British Standard (back to contents)

Remember to make a note of the standard number as you will need it for your references. Use
British Standards Institution as the author

Example:

“Historic buildings present particular challenges, as many are listed, and permitted
alterations are limited without the agreement of the appropriate authorities.” (British
Standards Institution, 2008, p.1)

Government publications (back to contents)

Citations for government publications (for example White or Green papers) use the
government department as the author

Example:

“The number of children travelling to school by car has doubled over the past 20 years”
(Great Britain. Department of Health, 2004, p.60)

Reports (back to contents)

The author may be an organisation or an individual

Example:

Guidance from the Health and Safety Executive recommends that swimming pool halls
and changing rooms should have adequate air changes on an hourly basis (Health and
Safety Executive 2003, p.82)

Leaflets (back to contents)

As for reports, the author may be an organisation

Example:

“Pandemic flu is different from ordinary flu because it’s a new flu virus that appears in
humans and spreads very quickly from person to person worldwide.” (Great Britain.
Department of Health, 2009, p.4)

Website citations (back to contents)

When you use a website, you must reference it in the same way and for the same reasons as
you reference anything else

Web site with author

Cite the author and date as usual

8
Example:

Turner (2001) has created many useful graphs showing the transition between the different
age groups.

Web site without author

Example:

Cancer experts estimate that changes to our diet could prevent about one in three cancer
deaths in the UK (CancerHelp UK, 2002).

Where the web page has no author whatsoever, use the title as the point of reference

Television and radio broadcasts (back to contents)

If possible, give the speaker’s name and the date on which the programme was broadcast.
However, if you are unable to find out who was speaking, give the programme name. Full
reference details should be given in the reference list. Do be aware that a television or radio
broadcast may no longer be freely and legally available so think about whether it is crucial to
include it in your essay/assignment

Example:

“It’s not whether you win or lose – it’s how many people remember you when you die” (Ross,
2006)

Personal communications (back to contents)

In your research project in particular, you may have to reference personal communications
such as interviews, letters and emails. Personal communications should be cited in the text,
but as the information is not recoverable they do not need to be included in the Reference List.
Give initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as
possible

Example:

More and more buildings are now providing access for disabled people according to R. J.
Thompson (personal communication, 22 March 2000).

9
 PART 2

Reference list (back to contents)

All citations that have been given in the text must be linked to a reference in the reference list
(see note about personal communications above). The reference list appears at the end of the
assignment, on a new page after the text, but before any appendices.

(If you are also asked to produce a Bibliography (Further reading), this should be completed in
the same way and immediately follow the reference list – see back page for more information)

Set out the references in alphabetical order by author, (or first author) surname. Do not
separate out books, journals, websites, etc.; simply list them all together in order.

If you have more than one item by an author or group of authors, list them in chronological
order. If you have more than one for an author or group of authors from the same year, add
‘a’, ‘b’ etc after the date. Make sure that these match up with references in the text.

If a source does not have a person or an organisation listed as authoring the work, then use
the title of the work instead, both in the citation and the reference list. An organisation may be
a government department, a voluntary organisation or a company. Use the phrase ‘no date’ or
n.d. if a year is not identifiable.

Do not list page numbers for direct quotes in the Reference List. These have already
been noted in the text of the assignment.

Give the town or city of publication (for example, London, Chicago, New York etc), not the
county, state or country. If there is any ambiguity, add the state using the two letter code, eg
CA, California. Do not use detail such as ‘Co.’, ‘Ltd.’ etc in the publisher’s name; just give the
name. If there is more than one town or city of publication, give the first one listed, or the
Publisher’s Head Office, if known.

The rest of this document covers the main types of material that you will need to reference. In
each case, you have been given a model first and then an example. Please copy the
formatting, punctuation, use of capital letters and use of italics exactly.

Be consistent and provide the same information for every resource, in the same format,
following the examples given below:

Books (back to contents)

Order of reference:
Author/s (Surname, initials) (Year) Title (in italics) (full stop) (Edition*) Place of publication
(comma) Publisher (full stop)

*Only include the edition if it is not the first edition – ignore the years of any reprints

One Author

Example:

Boella, M.J. (2005) Human resource management in the hospitality industry : an introductory
guide. (8th ed) Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann.

10
More than two authors

List all the author’s surnames and initials and follow the same order as the reference above

Example:

Crebbin-Bailey, J., Harcup, J. & Harrington, J. (2005) The spa book : the official guide to spa
therapy. London, Thomson Learning.

Collection of chapters by different authors within a book (back to contents)

Many books, particularly academic text books, are collections of works by lots of different
authors. Often these books have an overall editor but contain several chapters, each written
by a different author.

Order of reference:
Author/s of chapter or section (Surname, initials) (Year) Title of chapter/section (full stop) In:
Author/Editor of book/collected work (Surname followed by initials) Use the word (ed.) (or eds.
if applicable) (Edition*) Title of the book/collected work (in italics) (full stop) Place of
publication (comma) Publisher (comma) Page numbers of chapter (full stop)

*Again only include the edition if it is not the first edition

Example:

Brick, C. (2001) Anti-consumption or ‘new’ consumption? commodification, identity and ‘new

football’. In: Horne, J. (ed.) Leisure cultures, consumption and commodification. Eastbourne,
Leisure Studies Association, pp. 3-15.

Secondary reference (book cited within another book) (back to contents)

This is where a piece of work is cited within another book, known as a secondary reference as
you have not actually seen the original source yourself. Here you would include the date and
publication details of the piece of work, and then ‘Quoted in:’ or ‘Cited in:’ (see pg 7 above)
followed by the reference for the book you have seen.

Order of reference:
Author/s of the quote (Surname, initials) (Year of publication of the quote) Title of the book the
quote originates from (full stop) Place of publication of the original book Publisher of the
original book Quoted in: Author of the book you have used (Year of publication of this book)
Title of the book (in italics) (full stop) Place of publication (comma) Publisher (comma) Page
numbers of chapter (full stop)

Example:

Waldo, G. (1999) Crop improvement and biotechnology. Houston, McKinney Press.

Quoted in: Cerrai, P. and Vallin, A. (2000) Horticulture Research. Coventry, Howard and
Dean, p.14.

11
Referencing a journal article (back to contents)

If Roman numerals are used to indicate the volume or part number, then this must be
maintained in the reference list

Order of reference:
Author/s of article (Surname, initials) (Year) Title of article (full stop) Title of journal (in italics)
(comma) Volume number (in bold) (Part/issue number) (comma) Page number/s of article (full
stop)

Example:

Sasi, V. (2005) Sports tourism in India. Journal of Sport Tourism, 10 (2), pp. 135-138.
Or
Donovan, K. (2006) Got it nailed. Professional Spa, April 2006 pp.41-42.

Newspaper and magazine articles (back to contents)

This is similar to referencing a journal except the volume number and part/issue number are
omitted and the day and month of publication are added. If the article is from a particular
section (ie Education Supplement) add this in brackets.

Example:

Hiscott, G. (2005) Salt level in food overtakes poisoning as main concern of shoppers. The
Independent, 17 March 2005, p.8.

Diagrams, charts, graphics (back to contents)

Order of reference:
Author of graphic (Surname, initials) (Year) Title of graphic In: Author/Editor of book
(Surname, initials) Title of the book (in italics) (full stop) (Edition*) Place of publication
(comma) Publisher (comma) Page number (full stop)

*Again only include the edition if it is not the first edition

Example:

Broadhurst, R. (2001) Characteristics at each end of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum

In: Broadhurst. R. Managing environments for leisure and recreation. London, Routledge, p.
166.

British Standards (back to contents)

Order of reference:
British Standards Institution (Year) Title of standard (in italics) (comma) BS number of the
standard (full stop)

12
 Example:

British Standards Institution (2008) Code of practice for fire safety in the design,
management and use of buildings, BS 9999:2008.

Government publications (back to contents)

If HMSO or The Stationery Office is included on the title page, then this is the publisher, not
the author. The author in these cases is the government department and this always comes
after the name of the country in which the paper was published.

Order of reference:
Country (full stop) Name of Government department (Year) Title (in italics) (full stop) Place of
publication, publisher (full stop)

Example:

Great Britain. Department of Health (2004) Choosing health : making healthy choices
easier. Norwich, The Stationery Office.

Reports (back to contents)

Order of reference:
Author or organisation (Year) Title (in italics) (full stop) Place of publication, publisher, (Report
code and number) (full stop)

Example:

Health and Safety Executive (2003) Managing health and safety in swimming pools. (3rd
ed) Sudbury, HSE Books (HSG179).

Leaflets (back to contents)

Order of reference:
Author or organisation (Year) Title (in italics) (full stop) Place of publication, publisher (full
stop)

Example:

Great Britain. Department of Health (2009) Important information about swine flu.
London, Department of Health

Theses or dissertations (back to contents)

Order of reference:
Author (surname, initials) (Year) Title of thesis or dissertation (in italics) (full stop) Degree
awarded (full stop) Awarding institution, country (full stop)

13
 Example:

Hunter, G. (2005) Retention of spa therapists - a management concern. BSc

dissertation. University of Derby, UK.

Conference paper (back to contents)

Order of reference:
Author of paper (surname, initials) (Year) ‘Title of paper’ (comma) Title of conference (in
italics) (full stop) Organisers of conference (comma) Organising/sponsoring organization
Location of conference (full stop) (Date of conference) (full stop)

Example:
Jones, M. (2004) ‘Sliding into the swamp? A study of Newly Qualified Teachers Engaging in
Critical Reflection upon Their Practice’, Hawaii International Conference on Education.
University of Hawaii, Honolulu, U.S. (3-6 January).

Maps (Ordnance survey maps) (back to contents)

Order of reference:
Originator - state Ordnance Survey (Year) Title of map (in italics) (comma) Sheet number (full
stop) Scale of map (e.g. 1: 50 000) (comma) Place of publication, publisher Series (in
brackets) (full stop)

Example:

Ordnance Survey (2002) Derby & Burton upon Trent, sheet 128. 1:50000, Southampton,
Ordnance Survey (Landranger Series).

Referencing electronic sources (back to contents)

Although, as yet there is no universally accepted standard for referencing electronic sources, it
is recommended that a similar format is used to that used for printed resources. Be
consistent, include in your references the date you accessed the information and although you
need to include the Internet address, remove the hyperlink to this address.

Website

Referencing a whole website

Order of reference:
Organisation/author (surname, initials) (full stop) (Year) Title (in italics) [Internet] (full stop)
Place of publication (if known) (comma) Publisher (if known) (full stop) Available from: <URL>
(Internet address in chevrons) [Accessed: date] (full stop)

Example:

Historic Houses Association. (2005) Historic Houses Association [Internet]. London, HHA.
Available from: <http://www.hha.org.uk> [Accessed: 6 April 2005].

14
Web pages (back to contents)

Order of reference:
Author/editor (surname, initials) (Year) Title (in italics) [Internet] (full stop) Edition (if stated)
Place of publication (if known) (comma) Publisher (if known) (full stop) Available from: <URL>
[Accessed: date] (full stop)

Example:

Darnell, M.J. (2002) Opening the file drawer. [Internet]. Available from:
<http://www.baddesigns.com/file.html> [Accessed: 6 April 2005].

Please remove the hyperlink to the URL so that it appears as normal text in the assignment:
they often print out in different colours or very faintly.

E-journal (back to contents)

Order of reference:
Author/s of article (surname, initials) (Year) Title of article (full stop)
Title of journal (in italics) [Internet] (comma) Date of publication if necessary (comma) Volume
number (in bold) (part/issue number) (comma) Page numbers of article or online equivalent
(full stop) Available from: <URL> [Accessed: date] (full stop)

Example:

van Tubergen, A. & van der Linden, S. (2002) A brief history of spa therapy. Annals
of the Rheumatic Diseases [Internet], 61 (3), pp. 273-275. Available from:
<http://ejournals.ebsco.com> [Accessed: 3 May 2006].

E-book (back to contents)

Order of reference:
Author/s (surname, initials) (Year*) Title (in italics) [Internet] (full stop)
Place of publication (comma) Publisher (full stop) Available from: Provider <URL> [Accessed:
date] (full stop)

*Year of print version or, year of electronic version if there is one

Example:

Hoyle, L.H. (2002) Event marketing : how to successfully promote events, festivals,
conventions, and expositions [Internet]. New York, J. Wiley. Available from: netLibrary
<http://www.netlibrary.com/> [Accessed: 3 May 2006].

15
Audio-visual material (back to contents)

You should include the following information

Films

Order of reference:
Title (in italics) (full stop) (Year or date of release) Originator (optional but director preferred)
(full stop) Place of production (comma) Organisation [Medium: format] (full stop)

Medium and format may be [film: 35mm] or [video: VHS] or [video: DVD]

(Note: Director’s name is not written surname first)

Example:

The prince of tides. (1997) Directed by Barbara Streisand. London, ITV [video: VHS].

History of the world. (2002) Phil Molloy: works on film. London, BFI [video: DVD].

Television programmes and off-air recordings

It is important to include the details of when the programme was broadcast, especially for
series that are transmitted throughout the year. Do be aware that a television or radio
broadcast may no longer be freely and legally available so think about whether it is crucial to
include it in your essay/assignment.

Order of reference:
Series title (full stop) Series number (if appropriate) (full stop) (Year of production) Programme
title (in italics) (full stop) Place of publication (comma) Transmitting organization (comma) Date
broadcast (comma) [Medium: format] (full stop)

Example:

World in Action. (1995) All work and no play. London, ITV, 21 January, [video: VHS].

Business Matters. (1990) Give and take, 2. Meeting to negotiate. London, BBC 2, 17
October, [video: VHS].

Radio broadcasts (back to contents)

Order of reference:
Title of broadcast (in italics) (full stop) (Year of broadcast) The station (this will usually give the
medium) (full stop) Date, month, year and time as appropriate (full stop)

Example:

All in the mind. (2004) BBC Radio 4. 2 March 2004, 21:00.

16
Bibliography (back to contents)

In addition to the reference list, you may be asked to include a Bibliography before
any appendices. A Bibliography is not always necessary but it can be useful. You
may find that you have done some reading around the subject and some material
may have been useful for background understanding or contextualisation, but you
may not have quoted it or cited it in your text. If this is the case, then listing these
sources in a bibliography section can make such an acknowledgement. However,
do not use the bibliography simply to list an array of vaguely relevant books if you
have not actually read them or used them in relation to that particular piece of
work. Moreover, do not just reproduce the Reference section with a few more
items added. The format for setting this section out is the same as for the
reference section. (Check with your subject tutor about the use of a bibliography).

17