MORPHOLOGY

OF
PERMANENT INCISORS

Oral Histology
Dent 201
Summer semester
2005/2006
Introduction
❧ Human dentition is diphyodont
● Primary (deciduous/ predecessor) dentition
• Formula: I 2/2 C 1/1 M 2/2
• Eruption: 6 months - 28±4 months
• Shedding: 6 to12 years
● Secondary (permanent/successor) dentition
• Formula: I 2/2 C 1/1 P 2/2 M 3/3
• Eruption: 6 to (18-25) years
Stages of human dentition
❧ Edentulous stage: 0 - 6 months
❧ Eruption of primary dentition: 6 months-2.5
years
❧ Functioning primary dentition: 2.5 – 6 years
❧ Mixed dentition: 6 – 12 years
❧ Permanent dentition: 12+ years
❧ Full permanent dentition: (18-25)+ years
Dental terms
❧ Dental arch: maxillary and mandibular
❧ Tooth class
● Incisor: incisal edge
● Canine: one pointed cusp
● Premolar (bicuspid): 2 cusps
● Molar: 3 or more flattened cusps
❧ Identification traits
● Set traits
● Arch traits
● Class traits
● Type traits
Glossary
Terms related to anterior teeth
● Anterior teeth
● Surfaces
● Line angle
● Point angle
● Incisal edge
● Cusp
● Cingulum
● Fossa
● Ridge and marginal ridge
● Cervical line
● Lobe
● Mamelon
● Lingual pit
● Developmental groove
● Division into thirds
● Contact point
 The permanent incisors
❧ Eruption sequence
● 41/31, 11/21, 42/32, 12/22
❧ Functions
● Cutting
● Esthetics
● Speech
❧ Class traits
● Incisal 2/3 flattened MD
& compressed LL
● Long horizontal
MD biting edge
● 2 or more mamelons
● Marginal ridges
parallel to long axis
The permanent maxillary incisors
❧ Arch traits
● Crown
• Wider MD
• Smaller height / width proportion
• Greater MD / LL proportion
● Root
• Greater MD / LL proportion
• Conical root in central incisors
❧ Type traits
● Size
● Height / width proportion
in crown
● MD / LL proportion
in crown and root
 The permanent maxillary central incisors
❧ Labial aspect
● The widest MD of all incisors – type trait
● 3 mamelons
• Middle is the smallest in width
• Mesial has a raised shoulder
• Distal has a low shoulder
● 2 labial lobe grooves
● 90º mesioincisal line angle – type trait
● Rounded distoincisal line angle
● Mesial contour straight, distal is somewhat rounded
and both converge cervically
● Mesial height of contour (contact point) within incisal third
● Distal HOC at junction between incisal & middle thirds
● CEJ convex cervically
● Root is conical & inclined distally
The permanent maxillary central incisors

❧ Lingual aspect
● Scoop-like surface
● Lingual fossa bordered by (all more prominent in max.)
• Mesial & distal marginal ridges
• Cingulum
● CEJ more convex than labial& summit toward distal
● Root is narrower seen from lingual
❧ Mesial aspect
● Chisel-shaped
● Labial HOC in the cervical third
● CEJ curved incisally (the most pronounced) – type trait
● Incisal edge coincides with long axis
● Root is conical
 The permanent maxillary central incisors
❧ Distal aspect
● CEJ is less curved than seen from mesial
❧ Incisal aspect
● Triangular outline
● Labial outline is slightly convex
• Meets M+L outlines at sharp line angles
● Mesial outline is longer than distal
● Labial lobe grooves
❧ Pulp
● Mirrors the external configuration
● Widest LL diameter at CEJ
● Line of division between pulp chamber
& canal is not marked
● Most incisally, pulp chamber is thin LL
with 2 horns
● Pulp canal is conical
Maxillary central incisor
The permanent maxillary lateral incisors
❧ Labial aspect
● Narrower MD & shorter IC – type trait
● Root is of same length
● More rounded in general
• MI angle
• DI angle more rounded
• M & D outlines
● HOCs are farther from incisal edge
• Mesial HOC is between middle & incisal thrids
• Distal HOC is at the center of middle third
● Root is conical and slightly inclined distally
❧ Lingual aspect
● Marginal ridges & cingulum are more pronounced
● Lingual fossa is deeper
● Developmental groove and pit?
The permanent maxillary lateral incisors
❧ Mesial aspect
● Cingulum more convex
● CEJ less curved
❧ Distal aspect
❧ Incisal aspect
● Ovoid outline
● Smaller MD than central
● Labial outline is rounded
● ML & DL line angles are more rounded
❧ Pulp
● Similar to central
Maxillary lateral incisor
The permanent mandibular
incisors
❧ Arch traits
● Crown
• Narrower MD
• Greater height / width proportion
• Smaller MD / LL proportion
● Root
• Smaller MD / LL proportion
• Generally oblong in x-section
❧ Type traits (arch trait)
● Nearly equal in size &
dimensions
The permanent mandibular central
incisors
❧ Labial aspect
● The narrowest MD of all incisors
● Bilaterally symmetrical (type trait)
● 3 mamelons
• Mesail and distal mamelons are of equal prominence
● 90 º MI & DI angles and are at same level IC (type traits)
● Both HOCs are within the incisal third
● M & D outlines are almost straight lines
● CEJ convex cervically
● Root is narrow & conical
❧ Lingual aspect
● Shallow fossa & less prominent cingulum
& marginal ridges
● CEJ summit in the center
 The permanent mandibular central
incisors
❧ Mesial aspect
● Labial HOC within cervical third
● From HOC toward incisal edge labial
outline is straight
● Root
• Broad & flat
• A shallow depression in the midportion
• Ovoid in x-section
❧ Distal aspect
● CEJ is less curved
❧ Incisal aspect
● Triangular
● Labial surface is flat compared to max. incisors
● Seldom labial lobe groove
● Long axis of incisal edge is perpendicular to
LL line (type trait)
● Mesial outline = distal outline in length
❧ Pulp
● Broad LL and narrow MD
Mandibular central incisor
The permanent mandibular lateral incisors

❧ Labial surface
● Slightly wider than central
● Lack of bilateral symmetry
● MI angle is sharp while DI angle is
rounded & more cervically situated
❧ Lingual & mesial aspects
● Nearly identical to that of central
❧ Distal aspect
● More of the incisal edge is visible
● CEJ is less pronounced
❧ Incisal aspect
● Incisal edge is not perpendicular to LL line
● DI angle is more toward lingual
❧ Pulp
● Similar to that of central
Mandibular lateral incisor
Incisal relationship
❧ Class I
❧ Class II
❧ Class III
❧ Overjet
❧ Reverse
  overjet
❧ Overbite