1|Page

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.
Catenation

Hydrocarbons
Haloalkanes
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic acids
CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

carbon compounds called organic compounds.

.-C-C-C-C-C-c-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-

S
t
U
H
d
A
e
u
a
s
n
D
Y
O
B
Rdate____________

CARBON – is an element, non metal, and present in very small amount in atmosphere.

In Atmosphere – 0.02% and in Air - 0.03% as CO2 gas. All living things plants and animals are made up of

Bonding in carbon – its electronic configuration is K L. it is not possible to remove 4 electrons

2 4
From its outermost shell, also not possible to gain 4 electrons to complete its octet. Therefore it shares 4
electrons with others. Therefore bond formed is covalent.

 Self combination (catenation) – carbon can link or combine with one another by means of covalent
bonds to form long chains of carbon atom. This property is also called

 Tetravalency - tetra means 4 and valency refers to valency. Valency of carbon is four(which is quite
large). Due to this a carbon atom can form large number of carbon atoms with a number of carbon
atoms as well as with a large number of other elements.
Types of hydrocarbons

1.

1. Hydrocarbons

Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon mainly are called Hydrocarbons.( Hydrogen + Carbon). Methane (CH 4),
Ethane(C2H6) etc. it is of two types.

Saturated Htdrocarbons – a hydrocarbon which is connected by only single bond.it is further divided into
one part.

By VIVEK MISHRA
i. Alkanes – a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by only by single
covalent bond. Methane (CH4),ethane (C2H6)

carbon and its compounds

2|Page date____________

2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – the hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are connected by “Double bond”
or “Triple bond” . it is further divided into two parts.
ii. Alkenes – a hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atom are connected by a double bond. H 2
C=CH2 called ethane. CH3-CH=CH2 called as propane.
iii. Alkynes- a hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond.
HC≡CH as ethyne.

NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS PREFIX

1 METH
2 ETH
3 PROP
4 BUT
5 PENT
6 HEX

ALKANES

a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by only by single covalent bond. Methane (CH 4),ethane
(C2H6).It’s general formula is CnH2n+2 .

ALKANES(number of carbon) MOLECULAR FORMULA

Methane(1) CH4
Ethane(2) C2H6
Propane(3) C3H8
Butane(4) C4H10
ALKENES

A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atom are connected by a double bond. H 2 C=CH2 called ethane. CH3-CH=CH2
called as propane. It’s general formula is CnH2n .

ALKENES (NUMBER OF CARBON ATOM) MOLECULAR FORMULA

Ethene C2H4
Propene C3H6
Butene C4H8
Pentene C5H10
Hexene C6H12

By VIVEK MISHRA carbon and its compounds

3|Page date____________

ALKYNES

A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond. HC≡CH is known as ethyne. Its
general formula is CnH2n-2 .

ALKYNES (NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS) MOLECULAR FORMULA

Ethyne C2H2
Propyne C3H4
Butyne C4H6
Pentyne C5H8
Hexyne C6H10

Homologous series – a group of organic compounds having similar structures and similar chemical properties in
which the every successive compound differ by CH2.. example

Homologous series of alkane

ALKANES(number of carbon) MOLECULAR FORMULA

Methane(1) CH4
Ethane(2) C2H6
Propane(3) C3H8
Butane(4) C4H10
ISOMERS :-the organic compounds having same molecular formula but structures are known as Isomers. Isomers are
possible for 4 or more than four carbon atoms. Isomers of compound Butane are possible.

Functional Groups
Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes are already discussed above. They are also the types of functional group.

1. Halogen Group (X-Cl, Br, F, I)

Prefixes for
Cl – Chloro
Br- Bromo
F- Fluro
I-Iodo
Halogen are written as R-X (Where are is alkyl group and X can be halogen)
Example- CH3-Cl chloromethane,C2H5-Br bromoethane, C2H5-F fluroethane etc.
2. Alcohol group ( -OH)
Suffix for Alcohol – ol (R-OH)

No of C Molecular formula of alcohol group Structural formula

1 Methanol CH3-OH
2 Ethanol C2H5-OH
3 Propanal C3H7-OH
4 Butanal C3H7-CHO

CH3-OH methan+ol (“e” is removed from all alkane names) and becomes Methanol

By VIVEK MISHRA carbon and its compounds

4|Page date____________

C2H5-OH ethanol, C3H7-OH propanal, C4H9-OH Butanol etc.

3. Aldehyde Group (-CHO)
Suffix for aldehyde is – al (R-CHO)
HCHO methan+al written as Methanal
CH3-CHO Ethanal, C2H5-CHO propanal, C3H7-CHO Butanal etc.

No of C Molecular formula of Aldehyde group Structural formula

1 Methanal HCHO
2 Ethanal CH3-CHO
3 Propanal C2H5-CHO
4 Butanal C3H7-CHO
4. Ketone group ( -CO- )
Suffix for ketone- “one”
Ketone consists of one carbon and one oxygen atom. It starts from the three carbon atom.

No of C Molecular formula of ketone group Structural formula

1 Propanone CH3-CO-CH3
2 Butanone CH3-CH2-CO-CH3
3 Propanone CH3-CH2- CH2-CO-CH3
4 Hexanone CH3-CH2- CH2-CH2-CO-CH3
5. Carboxylic Acid (-COOH)
Suffix for carboxylic acid – “oic acid”

No of C Molecular formula of carboxylic acid group Structural formula

1 Methanoic acid HCHO
2 Ethanoic acid CH3-COOH
3 Propanoic acid CH3- CH2-COOH
4 Butanoic acid CH3- CH2- CH2-COOH

CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF CARBON COMPOUND

1. Combustion:- (Burning) :- The process of burning of any carbon compounds in air to give carbon dioxide,
water, heat and light is known as combustion:

CH4 + 2O2 ------COMBUSTION----------►CO2 + 2H2O + Heat + Light

(a) Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) generally burn in air with a blue, now sooty flame.

(b) Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes) are burned in pure oxygen, then they will burn completely
producing a blue flame (without any smoke).

2. Substitution Reaction:- Reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by
some other atoms( like chlorine).

CH4 + CL2-----------sunlight-----------► CH3Cl + HCl

3. Addition Reaction:- It is a characteristic properly of unsaturated hydrocarbon.

By VIVEK MISHRA carbon and its compounds
5|Page date____________

CH2 = CH2 + H2 ----------Ni catalyst, heat------------► CH3-CH3

Ethane

(Unsaturated) (Saturated)

i. Hydrogenation of Oils:- Addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain saturated

hydrocarbon. Vegetables oils like ground nut oils, coconut oil, cotton seed oil and mustard oil are
unsaturated oils they are in liquid state. They undergo addition reaction to form saturated compound.

CR 2 = CR2 + H2 -------------------► H- CR2--------CR2-H

Vegetable oil Vegetable Glee

(Unsaturated fat) (Saturated fat)

(Liquid state) (Liquid state)

Properties of ethanol (CH3CH2OH)

Common Name- ethyl alcohol

Physical properties:

(i) Colorless liquid having pleasant smell and burning taste.

(ii) Lighter than water and miscible with liquid in all properties, because of presence of hydroxyl group in it. It is
neutral.

Rectified Sprit:- Ethanol + 5 % water = Rectified Spirit

Rectified spirit is commercial alcohol.

Absolve Alcohol :-. 100% pure alcohol.

Chemical Properties:-
(1)Combustion:- Burning in the presence of oxygen. Ethanol is highly inflammable. On burning gives blue flame.

C2H5OH + 3O2-----------------►2CO2 + 3H2O +Heat +Light.

Ethanol as fuel:- Since ethanol burns with a clear flame giving a lot of heat, therefore, it is used as a fuel. It is also
used as an additive in petrol in courtiers like Brazil.

(2) Oxidation: - Means controlled combustion.

CH3CH2OH + 2{O} --------i or ii------ + heat ------------► CH3COOH + H2O

By VIVEK MISHRA carbon and its compounds

6|Page date____________

Ethanol nascent Ethanoic acid water

(Colorless) {Purple (5010)}

i. Alkaline KmnO4 = KmnO 4 + NaOH

ii. Acidified K2Cr2O7 = K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
(3) Reaction with Sodium metal:-

2C2H5OH + 2Na ----------------► 2C2H5-O-Na+ + H2.

(4) Dehydration:- (Removal of water molecule )

Conc.H2SO4; 1700C

CH3CH2OH ---------------------►CH2 = CH2 + H2O

(5) Esterification (formation of ester):-

CH3-COOH + C2H5OH ------------------►CH3-COOC2H5 + H2O

Ethanoic acid Ethanal ethyl ethanol water

OTHER ALCOHOL COMPOUNDS

Methanol :- Is a poison. Methanol damages the optic nerve causing permanent blindness in a person. Methanol is
oxidized to methanol in the liver of a person. Methanol reads rapidly with the components of cell causing
coagulation of protoplasm. Cells stops functioning. This leads to death of person.

Denatured Alcohol:- Ethyl alcohol which has been made unfit for drinking purposes by adding small amounts of
poisonous substances like methanol, pyridine, copper sulphate etc. (CuSO 4 imparts blue color when added with
ethanol.)

TESTS FOR ALCOHOL

1. Sodium metal test:- add a small piece of sodium to the organic liquid taken in a dry test tube. If the
bubbles (or effervesces) of hydrogen gas are produced it indicates that the given liquid is Alcohol.
2C2H5OH + 2Na ----------------► 2C2H5-O-Na+ + H2.

2. Ester test for alcohol:- the organic compound is warmed with some glacial Ethanoic acid and a few drops
of concentrated sulphuric acid. A sweet smell (due to the formation of ester) indicates that the organic
compound is an alcohol.

CH3-COOH + C2H5OH ------------------►CH3-COOC2H5 + H2O

USES OF ETHANOL

1.In the manufacture of paints, varnishes, lacquers, medicines, perfumes, dyes, soaps and synthetic rubber.
2.It is used as an organic solvent in laboratory.
3.It is also used as a fuel in the cars.
4.Ethyl alcohol is used in alcoholic beverages like wine, beer, whisky, and other liquors. Whisky (35%), wine
(10-20%), beer (6%) of ethanol.
5. It is also used as an antiseptic to sterilize the wounds and syringes in hospitals.
By VIVEK MISHRA carbon and its compounds
7|Page date____________

Ethanoic acid(CH3COOH)
Common name – Acetic acid.A dilute solution of ethanoic acid in water is called vinegar.vinegar contains 5-8 % of
ethanoic acid.

Physical propertise of ethanoic acid

1. Colourless liquid having a sour taste and smell of vinegar.

2. Boiling point 1180C.
3. When ethanoic acid is colled it freezes to form colorless. Ice- like solid(which looks like glacier). Due to this
pure ethanoic acid is called glacial ethanoic acid(glacial acetic acid).
4. It is miscible with water in all proportions.

Chemical propertise of ethanoic acid

1. Action on litmus:- ethanoic acid is acidic in nature. It turns blue litmus solution red. Dilute ethanoic acid
turns universalindicator paper to orange, showing that its pH is about 4.
2. Reaction with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates:- when it is added to carbonates and
hydrogencarbonates to evolve carbondioxide gas alongwith the formation of salt and water.
i. Reaction with sodium carbonate;- ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate to form sodium
carbonate and carbondioxide gas.
2CH3-COOH + Na2CO3 ------------------►2CH3-COONa + H2O + CO2
Ethanoic acid ethyl ethanoate
ii. Reaction with sodium hydrogencarbonate:- it reats with sodium hydrogen carbonate to evolve brisk
effervenscence of carbondioxide.
CH3-COOH + NaHCO3 ------------------►CH3-COONa + H2O + CO2
Ethanoic acid ethyl ethanoate
3. Reaction with sodium hydroxide:- ethanoic acid reats with base to form salts and water. This is also the
example of neutralisation reaction .
CH3-COOH + NaOH ------------------►CH3-COONa + H2O

Ethanoic acid Ethanal ethyl ethanol water

4. Reaction with alcohols: formation of esters:- ethanoic acid reacts with alcohols to form ester in the presence
of a little concentrated sulphuric acid.

CH3-COOH + C2H5OH ------------------►CH3-COOC2H5 + H2O

Ethanoic acid Ethanal ethyl ethanol water

Esters are generally volatile liquids having sweet smell or pleasant smell. They are also said to have fruity
smell. It is used as flavouring agents in ice creams, sweets and cold drinks. Esters can hydrolysed back to the
alcohol and carboxylic acid.

By VIVEK MISHRA carbon and its compounds

8|Page date____________

Hydrolysis of esters:- the alkalline hydrolysis of estersis known as saponification (Soap making).this reaction is used
for the preparation of soaps.when the esters of higher fatty acids with glycerolare hydrolysed with sodium hydroxide
solution, we get sodium salts of higher fatty acids which are called soaps.

Test for carboxylic acid

1. Sodium hydrogencarbonate test:- the organic compounds is taken in a test tube and pinch of sodium
hydrogencarbonate is added to it. Evolution of carbondioxide gas with brisk effervescence shows that the
given organic compound is a carboxylic acid.
CH3-COOH + NaHCO3 ------------------►CH3-COONa + H2O + CO2
Ethanoic acid ethyl ethanoate

2. Ester test for acids:- the organic compound is warmes with some ethanol and 2-3 drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid. A sweet smell due to the formation of ester shows that the organic compound is carboxylic
acid.

CH3-COOH + C2H5OH ------------------►CH3-COOC2H5 + H2O

Ethanoic acid Ethanal ethyl ethanol water

3. Litmus test:- some blue litmus solution is added to the organic compound . if the blue litmus solution turns
red, it shows that the organic compound is acidicin nature hence carboxylic acid.

Uses of ethanoic acid

1. Silute ethanoic acid is used as a food preservative in the preparation of pickles and sauces . As a vinegar it is
also used as a appetiser for dressing food dishes.
2. Used for making cellulose acetatewhich is an important artificial fibre.
3. Used in the manufacture of acetone (propanone) and esters used in perfumes.
4. Ethanoic acid is used in the preparation of dyes, plastics and pharmaceuticals.
5. Used to coagulaterubber from latex.

Soaps
A soap is the salt (or potassium salt) of a long chain carboxylic acid (fatty acid) which has cleansing
propertise in water.examples of soaps are : sodium stearate and sodium palmitate.
i. Sodium stearate,C17H35COONa (made from stearic acid).
ii. Sodium palmitate,C15H31COONa (made from palmitic acid).
Soap solution turns red litmus to blue.

Cleansing action of soap molecule

A soap molecule is made up of two parts: a long hydrocarbon part and a short ionic part containing
-COONa group . the soap molecule have a tadpole structure. When soap is dissolved in water, it forms a

By VIVEK MISHRA carbon and its compounds

9|Page date____________

colloidal suspension in water in which the soap molecules cluser together to form spherical micelles( a
speacial aggregate of soap molecule in the soap solution in water is called micelle).

The micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water because the hydrocarbon chains of soap
molecule are hydrophobic (water repelling) which are insolube in water, but the ionic ends of soap
molecule are hydrophillic (water attractiing) and hence soluble in water.

When a dirty cloth is put in water containing dissolved soap, the hydrocarbon ends forms the micellewith
the grease and oil particles present in the cloth and the ionic end of the soap molecule in the miclle
however remain attach to the water.when the dirty cloth is agitated in the soap solution , the oil and
greasy particles present on its surface and entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed In water due to which
the soap water becomes dirty but the cloth gets cleaned. The cloth is cleaned throughlyby rinsing in clean
water a number of times .

By VIVEK MISHRA carbon and its compounds

10 | P a g e date____________

Limitations of soap
1. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium salts. Soap is not suitable for washing clothes with hard water
because a large amount of soap is used in reacting with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to
form insoluble precipitate called scum, before it can be used for real urposes of washing .
2. The scum(curdy precipitate) formed by the action of soap on hard water sticks to the clothes being washed
and interferes with the cleaning ability of the additional soap. This makes the cleansing of soap difficult.

Detergents

Detergents are called soap less soaps because though they act like a soap in having he cleansing properties, they do
not contain the usual soaps like sodium sterate.A detergent is the sodium salt of a long chain benzene sulphonic acid
which has cleansing propertise in water.

CH3-(CH2)11 -C6H4 – SO3Na (A common detergent)

Sodium n-dodecyl benzene sulphonate

The cleansing action of detergents is similar to that of the soap.

Difference between soaps and detergents:-

By VIVEK MISHRA carbon and its compounds

11 | P a g e date____________

By VIVEK MISHRA carbon and its compounds