McDonalds Managing Market

McDonalds: Marketing Management
Coursework on
MANAGING MARKET
Coursework Title
MACRO ENVIRONMENT
&
MARKETING MIX
1
: Macro Environment and Marketing Mix
1. INTRODUCTION
In the year 1937, two brothers named Richaard and Murice in California started the
operation of McDonald’s as a drive in retaurant (Scribd, 2009). At present,
McDonlads is serving fifty four million people each day among one hundred and
twenty countries trhough its thiry thousands local restaurants. According to The
Times 100 (2009), during the year 2008 McDonalds operated 31,667 restaurants over
120 countries which can be divided into sex segments. Those are: United States,
United Kingdom, Asia Pacific, Africa, Canada, Middle East and Latin America. At
Present, McDonalds is the number eight famous brand around the world
(Datamonitor, 2009).
Resturant and franchisee resturants operated under the direct and indircet supervision
of McDonalds company are the main source of McDonalds’ revenue. (Scribd, 2009).
Around eight thousands resturants of McDonalds are monitored by the company
itself, franchisees operate around eighteen resturants of McDonalds (Abdullah, 2009).
Apart from that, all other McDonalds resturants are being operated just by using
McDonalds affiliation. The revenue of McDonalds are generated from mainly two
sources: 1) from the sale of McDonalds directly controlled restaurants and 2) rent and
fees from affiliates and franchisees of McDonalds.
The mission of McDonalds is "be our customers' favorite place and way to eat”
(McDonalds, 2009). The vision of McDonalds is to create a net benefit for the
employees of McDoanlds, for the community of McDoanlds as well as for the
biodiversity and the environmnet. McDoanlds is fulfilling their vision by by
maintaining a supply system that yields high quality as well as high profits
(McDoanlds, 2009)
2
2. McDONALDS: MACRO ENVIRONMENT
According to Business Dictionary (2009), Organization’s decision making and

performance and strategies are sometimes affected by some external factors. Those
factors are the elements of macro environment. According to Blythe (1998),
Armstrong, Saunders & Wong (1996) and Hollensen (2007), macro environmental
factors could include several factors like political, technological, natural, economical,
regional, religious, social, natural forces.
The most common methods used for macro economic environment analysis is PEST
analysis. PEST anlayis do the environmental analysis from the following points of
view:
Source: Marketing Model, 2009.
3
2. A. Political factors
Political factor mainly refers to government policy. For example, the degree of
government’s intervention in an economy is a good example of political factor.
According to Oxford University Press (2009) political factors mainly deals with the
following issues:
Good and Services for which Govt would give business permission.
The extend at which Government would subsidising firms.
Government’s priority in terms of business support.
McDonalds are operating their business around 120 countries. Each of the country has
its own government policies regarding business operation. McDonald’s operations are
always influence and affected by the state policies of each of the country (Abdullah,
2009).
Recently the regulation on business especially on food business has been increased all
over the world. Apart from that, the introduction of GST in European country may
affect the business of McDonalds (Scribd, 2009). In order to get rid from this
problem, McDonalds should give more priority on their service. McDonalds need to
differentiate themselves to reduce the effect of this political issue (Scribd, 2009).
The ethical concept among people varies from country to country which has a direct
impact on political and legal environment. For example, the issue of Halal and Haram
is common among the Muslim people and to the Muslim oriented countries like
Middle East (Abdullah, 2009). McDonalds need to change their supply chain and
distributor in order to cope with this.
4
2. B. Economical Factors
Interest rate, tax rate, economic growth, exchange rate, those are the factors related to
economic environment. (Hollensen, 2007).
As the McDonalds primary target market is upper and middle upper class that are less
sensitive to price while the target market may respond to the price (Scribd, 2009).
Reduction is the sales volume of McDonalds can be a good example of depression in
the European Market.
Yoke (2008) recommended that McDonalds would be able to get rid from recent
economic depression by taking some initiative. Those initiatives include proper
monitoring of interest and unemployment rate, developing good relations with
consumers. Yoke (2008) also concluded that McDonalds can use the current
economic forces in order to estimate the future sales rates. Because it would help
McDonalds to plan for their internal strength, for example planning about employee
numbers.
As McDonald is dependent of truck for moving their raw materials from the
warehouses to the outlets and offering of the Mc delivery service, the cost of fuel is
also important factor for McDonald’s business. Fuel price fluctuation and fuel crisis
in near future need to be considered in the strategic marketing planning of
McDonalds.
Bryson (2008) reports that the financial crisis of 2008 has affected the plans of
McDonald's Corp. to introduce coffee bars in its 14,000 restaurants in April, 2009.
The company is unable to obtain financing for the construction from its bank, Bank of
America. The problem may delay the introduction of the coffee bars until the summer
of 2009 at the earliest. Although the McDonalds stock price has held up relatively
well amid a global recession, company officials are preparing for a more difficult
economic climate (Janet, 2009)
5
2. C. Social factors
Social environment deals with the issues like cultural aspect, health and safety issues,
trend or population growth and their age distribution, people’s view about their career.
(The Decision Group, 2009). When the market is interested in convenience, they are
more likely to buy fast food; if the market's secondary values suddenly shift and
become interested in fitness and health, they will be less likely to buy fast food
(Scribd, 2009).
McDonalds is subject to the lifestyle and demographics changes, because of it bases

her advertising campaigns focusing on the lifestyle and demographics of the people
with a special lifestyle (Abdullah, 2009).
In some countries (like Indian & Pakistan) fast food lovers are much defined, there is
a kind of people who prefer other specialty cuisine healthy food restaurants. It is for
that they have to pay attention to the social mobility for not losing a possible market.
McDonalds is Working within many social groups and its increasing employments.
For example, in United Kingdom lots of international students are working with
McDonalds. McDonald helps them to adjust their working time with their class time
at university.
McDonalds is involving itself with several social activities. Recently McDonalds in

UK has taken initiative to launch a program of Football Open Days which will take
place in September 2009 in Great Britain. The program is designed to encourage
children to engage and be interested in football sport (marketing, 2009).
6
2. D. Technological factors
Technological advances in recent years have been rapid and have affected almost all
ares of life (CIPD, 2009). All of the companies are recently more concerned about
technological changes as the rate of technological changes will continue to increase in
near futuer (CIPD, 2009)
In order to keeping up with technology few years ago McDonald's installed EFTPOS
machines in their stores, this additional service provided by McDonald's increases the
value of the experience to the consumer (Datamonitor, 2009). Moreover McDonalds
has installed latest and expensive technology, having long lives to keep up with the
fast technology change (Business Teacher, 2009).
McDonalds spend much on research and development activities to improve its process
in order to deliver better value to its customers (Scribd, 2009).
McDonalds maintains quality standards through assurance labs around the world. A
quality assurance board, including the McDonald’s technical, safety and supply chain
specialists, provide guidance on all aspects of food quality and safety (Datamonitor,
2007).
7
2. E. Legal Factors
There are mainly two main areas of the law that must be considered by any business:
environment law and consumer protection (The Times 100, 2009)
In last few years McDonalds is facing some legal issues, for example, illegal working
hours to employees in some countries like United Kingdom (Scribd, 2009). They are
allowing international students to works more then 20 hours though they are allowed
work only for 20 hours. Apart from that¸ there are also complain against McDonalds
for unsatisfactory safety condition, sewage flooding at kitchen and selling of food
which were dropped on floor, which is like breaking health and safety rule (Scribd,
2009).
Growing health consciousness could reduce McDonald's revenues. In 2005, the

operating income of UK operations was adversely affected by growing concern about
the nutritional value of fast foods such as hamburgers. Of late, there have been strong
protests by nutritional activists against fast food served in McDonald's (The Times
100, 2009). The complaints filed against McDonald’s include claims for violation of
state consumer fraud acts, unfair competition or deceptive trade practices acts, strict
liability, failure to warn, negligence, breach of express and implied warranties, fraud
and fraudulent concealment, negligent misrepresentation and concealment, unjust
enrichment, and false advertising. If the claim goes against the McDonald’s, it will
have to pay unspecified compensatory and punitive damages (Datamonitor, 2009).
As a part of corporate social responsibility, McDonalds is consistently trying to

increase the environmental awareness among their customer and supplier
(McDonalds, 2009). This policy is helping them to improve their relations with the
local community in all over the world (Scribd, 2009)
The company also faces charges relating to deceptive advertising, inadequate

disclosure of ingredients and nutritional information. Growing health consciousness
could force a slowdown in the revenue growth of McDonald's (Scribd, 2009).
8
2. F. Natural Factors
The following natural factors play a vital role in the decision of McDonalds:
2. F. I. Shortages of raw materials

Many resources that once may have seemed to have an infinite supply are now
seen as precious and greater efforts are being made to find alternatives or cut
down usage (Management Audit, 2007). McDonald's use recycled paper to
wrap their hamburgers, therefore reducing the amount of forestland that is cut
down (Management Audit, 2007).
2. F. II. Energy costs

As non renewable resources like oil and coal dwindle, prices of McDonalds
products are likely to increase as things like transportation costs rise (Scribd,
2007). Some fast-food outlets may have to look for alternatives to how they
cook their product; however, there should not be much effect on the service
elements of the market (Scribd, 2007).
2. F. III. Increased pollution
Pollution has a major effect on how consumers view an organization. These

days an 'environmentally aware' company is likely to be more popular than
one that is not. Increased pollution has already had effects on the fast-food
market (The Times 100, 2009). In 1991 McDonald's changed its packaging
from polystyrene boxes to paper in response to consumer demands for a more
'environmentally friendly' packaging. This makes up an important part of the
'service' element of the fast-food market; consumers receive the peace of mind
that the product they are eating has had minimal effect on the environment.
Moreover, the location at which it opens its outlet, it takes the responsibility of
taking care of the surrounding (The Times 100, 2009).
9
3. McDONALDS: MARKETING MIX
As mentioned by Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders & Wong (1996), marketing mix is the
set of controllable tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the
response it wants in the target market. The marketing mix consists of everything the
firm can do to influence the demand for its product. The many possibilities gather into
four groups of variables known as the four P’s: product, price, place and promotion
(Hollensen, 2007).
Source: The Times 100, 2009.
10
3. A. Products
Product doesn’t means only the good offered by the company to the customer, it also
includes the services associated with the sell or distribution of that product (Wong,
1996).
“Offer quality food quickly to customer at a good value” is the core marketing
strategy of McDonalds. It represent that McDonalds not only focus on the quality of
the product, but also focus on the service of the product (Coffee, 2009).
The core and competitive items of McDonalds are Hamburger, Big Mac, Big N'
Tasty, Filet-O-Fish, Chicken McNuggets, Cheeseburger, Quarter Ponder with Cheese,
Mc Double, Chicken Selects Premium Breast Strips (McDonalds, 2009).
According to Coffee, N (2005), the perceived secret of McDonald's success is the

willingness to innovate, even while striving to achieve consistency in the operation of
its many outlets. For example, its breakfast menu, salads, Chicken McNuggets, and
the McLean Deluxe sandwich were all examples of how the company tried to appeal
to a wider range of consumers.
McDonald’s product includes vegetarian and non-vegetarian items. In some countries

like Indian and Pakistan McDonalds do care for customer’s sentiments towards
religion and culture (Abdullah, 2009). But in some other countries like United
Kingdom there is lacking of care on customer sentiment. For example, In United
Kingdom, Subway, KFC already started some Halal shop for Muslim customers, but
till now McDonalds didn’t take any steps like that.
11
3. B. Price
Price is what customer pay to get the products (Saunders, 1996). Customers draw
their own mental picture of what a product is worth. A product is more than a physical
item; it also has psychological connotations for the customer (The Times 100, 2009).
McDonalds create theirs products by respecting and evaluating people’s choice

(McDonalds, 2009). For example, there is variety of people all over the world who
prefers variety of products, some may prefer hamburgers, some may prefer some
healthy foods, and again some people are vegetarian. McDonalds do have products for
all type of customer (McDonalds, 2009).
McDonald’s has a unique pricing strategy that falls solely on their many product lines.
Their Value Meals fall into the category of Product Line Pricing (Pappalardo, 2008).
McDonald's set an appropriate price for their product by looking at its competitors in
each country. McDonald's is attempting to localize marketing communications due to
the realization that it couldn't possibly appeal to all countries at the same time
(Coffee, 2007).
During the recession McDonalds started ‘Dollar Menu' in USA. The Dollar Menu was
created because McDonald’s recognized that the economy was in a decline and that
their competition was getting fiercer. The Dollar Menu satisfies the current
decreasing economy and has increased the pressure towards competitors. The
introduction to the Dollar Menu is by far the most economical product line that
McDonald has ever offered (Pappalardo, 2008)
12
3. C. Place
Place in the marketing mix, is not just about the physical location or distribution
points for products. It encompasses the management of a range of processes involved
in bringing products to the end consumer (The Times 100, 2009).
McDonald's focuses on store placement and are always looking for the best locations.
This strategy created some weakness in the last 10 years because it seemed that too
many stores were put in some areas, cannibalizing sales from the other McDonald's
(Armstrong, D., et. al., 2004 & Nelson, J., 2003.). The company has also made
convenience a focus, not only through how fast it serves customers, but also in the
location of its outlets. Freestanding restaurants are positioned so that you are never
more than a few minutes away by foot in the city or by car in the suburbs. In addition,
McDonald's is tucking restaurants into schools, stores, and more (Armstrong, D., et.
al., 2004 & Nelson, J., 2003).
13
3. D. Promotion
The promotions aspect of the marketing mix covers all types of marketing
communications. The promotion methods of McDonalds include advertising,
sometimes known as ‘above the line’ activity. Advertising of McDonalds is conducted
on TV, radio, cinema, online, poster sites and in the press like newspapers, magazines
(The Times 100, 2009). Other promotional methods of McDonalds include sales
promotions, point of sale display, merchandising, direct mail, telemarketing,
exhibitions, seminars, loyalty schemes, door drops, demonstrations, etc (The Times
100, 2009).
McDonald's, over the years, has also ran many promotions to increase traffic or
product sales. For instance, the most recent roll out has been the 2004 Chicken Selects
premium Breast Strips (Coffee, 2007). Many other promotions with food, toys,
collectibles, videos, and other prizes have been used by McDonald's restaurants over
the past 50-plus years. These promotions, some better than others, have helped to
keep McDonald's growing and gaining in the fast food world.
Recently McDonalds is planning to remodel its stores using bold colours. The
periodical described the new packaging of the company as crisp imagery and sharp
marketing copy. It adds that the full-colour photographs of ingredients remind
customers that it offers real food (Amy, 2009)
While promotion the image of McDonalds, the company mainly use newspapers and
magazine. For example, in United Kingdom, they commonly use newspaper and
magazine like London Lite, London Paper, Metro, The Sun, The City A M., etc
(Coffee, 2007). In Asia, McDonald is trying to promote their product mainly on
children in order to get optimum result from their advertising.
14
4. McDonalds: SWOT analysis
SWOT analysis created by Albert Humphrey in order to analyze a business institution

or performance and future prospect of a product on the basis of Strength, Weaknesses,
Opportunities and threats (Armstrong. 2006).
4. A. McDonalds: Strength
4. A. I. Global brand
McDonald’s has a well-established global brand that appeals to all age groups
and customer segments (Brennan, 2007). In 2008, McDonald's figured at the
eighth place in the top 100 global brands ranking of Business Week magazine
and Interbrand, a branding consultancy. It valued McDonald’s brand at
$31,049 million in 2008 (Datamonitor, 2009).
4. A. II. Strong operational capabilities

McDonald’s has strong operational capabilities which allow it to provide high
quality products and customer service across its restaurants (Abdullah, 2009).
4. A. III. Successful items

Some of its products such as Big Mac, and Chicken McNuggets and have
become brands in their own right (Abdullah, 2009)
4. A. IV. Quality Products

McDonalds is the symbol of quality with respect to its offering (Scribd, 2009).
4. A. V. Diversified geographic presence

In FY2008, the company operated more than 31,900 fast food restaurants in
over 100 countries in the following geographic segments: the US; Europe;
Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa (APMEA); Latin America; and Canada
15
4. B. McDonalds: Weaknesses
4. B. I. Weak revenue growth

McDonald’s revenue growth was below the industry average during the five
year period 2002-2006 (Scribd, 2009). Relatively low revenue growth
suggests that the company was not able to expand customer traffic as fast as
some of its competitors (Scribd, 2009).
4. B. II. Customer service problems

Some of the more frequent complaints regarding customer service at
McDonalds included wrong item included in order, product missing,
incorrectly prepared product, condiments missing, inadequate portion, short
changed or overcharged, and missing napkins, straws or utensils. Delay in
service is the third-largest cause of customer complaints (Scribd, 2009).
4. B. III. Lower revenue per employee

The company's net income per employee of $7,621 is also lower than the
industry average of $8,299. Lower revenue per employee is indicative of over
staffing or low productivity, which could adversely affect the company's
margins (Scribd, 2009).
16
4. C. McDonalds: Opportunities
4. C. I. Growth of franchisee operated restaurants

In future, McDonald's is planning to significantly increase its count of
franchisee operated restaurants (Datamonitor, 2009)
4. C.II. New restaurant openings

McDonald’s will spend more than $2,000 million in FY2009 to open about
1,000 new restaurants and to reinvested in existing restaurants(Datamonitor,
2009). New restaurant openings would enable the company to strengthen its
extensive geographic reach as well as boost its top line (Datamonitor, 2009).
4. C. III. Growing beverages market

At year-end FY2008, over 7,000 restaurants were offering the new specialty
coffees, and it expects to complete the roll-out in FY2009 (Datamonitor,
2009). The expected growth in beverages category will offer the company
opportunities for expanding its revenue base (Datamonitor, 2009).
4. C. IV. New products

McDonalds plans to launch new salads in the US and Europe; premium
chicken in Europe and Latin America and rice burgers in various Asian
markets. Introduction of customized products, which suit local preferences,
would draw new customers in developing markets (Abdullah, 2009).
17
4. D. McDonalds: Threats
4. D. I. Intense competition
McDonald's restaurants face intense competition from international, national,
regional and local retailers of food products (Scribd, 2009). The company's
competition includes restaurants, quick service eating establishments, pizza
parlors, coffee shops, street vendors, convenience food stores, delicatessens
and supermarkets, Burger King, KFC, PFC etc. (Abdullah, 2009).
4. D. II. Growing health consciousness

Growing health consciousness could reduce McDonald's revenues. In recent
years, there have been strong protests by nutritional activists against fast food
served in McDonald's (Datamonitor, 2009). The company also faces charges
relating to deceptive advertising, inadequate disclosure of ingredients and
nutritional information. Growing health consciousness could force a
slowdown in the revenue growth of McDonald's (Datamonitor, 2009)
4. D. III. Spread of bird flu

Sporadic outbreak of diseases such as bird flu and mad cow disease exerts a
downward pressure on the consumption of poultry products all over the world
4. D. IV. Global economic downturn

As a retailer dependent upon consumer discretionary spending, McDonald’s
may face an extremely challenging FY2010 (Scribd, 2009). All major western
including the US, the UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Japan and Australia
are in the grip of recession and are forecast to remain so through 2010. Even
the key emerging market economies are currently experiencing downturns,
including China, Middle East and Brazil (Scribd, 2009).
18
5. CONCLUSION
McDonalds could improve their marketing by trying to aim more towards teen, as
most of their advertising is aimed at little children, students or adult. The sale of
McDonalds product could be increasing by introducing types of pricing that they have
not yet used to attract their customers. Apart from that, McDonalds should also
consider axing their least popular products such as ‘Filet-o-Fish’ or some of the
breakfast items. So far, McDonalds are fairly successful in the placement, price and
promotion of their restaurants.
19
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Datamonitor. 2009. McDonald's Corporation: SWOT Analysis. [Online] Company

Report, Jun2009, p1-9. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=buh&AN=43082393&site=bsi-live [Accessed on 13 September
2009]
Market Watch. 2003. COMPANY SPOTLIGHT: McDonald's Corporation [Online]

MarketWatch: Global Round-up; March 2003, Vol. 2 Issue 3, p78-82. Available at:
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=buh&AN=13794377&site=bsi-live [Accessed on 13 September
2009]
Business Teacher. 2009. McDonald’s Case Study. [Online] UK: Business Teacher.
Available at: http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/business-resources/case-study-
database/mcdonalds-case-study/ [Accessed on 01 September 2009]
Abdullah, F.S.M., 2009. McDonald's Case Study. [Online] Scribd. Available at:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/16050821/McDonalds-Case-Study [Accessed on 04
September 2009]
Scribd. 2009. 7 Ps of McDonalds. [Online] Scribd. Available at:

http://www.scribd.com/doc/17608288/7-Ps-of-McDonalds [Accessed on 04
September 2009]
Scribd. 2009. Marketing Strategy of McDonalds. [Online] Scribd. Available at:

http://www.scribd.com/doc/13492092/Untitled [Accessed on 04 September 2009]
Scribd. 2009. McDonald Management Audit. [Online] Scribd. Available at:

http://www.scribd.com/doc/15001315/Mc-Donald-Management-Audit [Accessed on
04 September 2009]
20
The Times 100. 2009. McDonald: Marketing Mix. [Online] the Times 100. 2009.
Available at: http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-study--the-marketing-process--28-
240-1.php [Accessed on 10 September 2009]
Julie, J. & Stephanie, S. 2009. PETA Ads to Target McDonald's. [Online] Wall Street
Journal - Eastern Edition; 5/1/2009, Vol. 253 Issue 101, pB7. Available at:
direct=true&db=buh&AN=40512465&site=bsi-live [Accessed 30 August 2009]
York,E., 2008.Credit crunch takes bite out of McDonald's. [Online] Advertising Age;
9/29/2008, Vol. 79 Issue 36. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=buh&AN=34542924&site=bsi-live [Accessed 06 September 2009]
Employee Benefits. 2009. McDonald's extends Total Rewards Statement. [Online]

Employee Benefits; Jun2009, p8-8. Available at:
Marketing. 2009. McDonald's in football push. [Online] Marketing (00253650);

3/11/2009, p10-10. [Online] Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
Amy, G., 2009.McDonald's Is For Real. [Online] Dollars & Sense; Jan/Feb2009,
Issue 280, p4-4. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
S., 2007. Global Marketing. 4th ed. England: Pearson Education Limited.
Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Saunders, J. & Wong, V., 1996. Principles of Marketing.
1996. Europe: Prentice Hall.
Blythe, J., 1998. Essentials of Marketing. 1st ed. London: Financial Times
Professional Limited.
21

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McDonalds: Marketing Management

2. McDONALDS: MACRO ENVIRONMENT

According to Business Dictionary (2009), Organization’s decision making and

Source: Marketing Model, 2009.

government’s intervention in an economy is a good example of political factor.

McDonalds is subject to the lifestyle and demographics changes, because of it bases

McDonalds is involving itself with several social activities. Recently McDonalds in

Growing health consciousness could reduce McDonald's revenues. In 2005, the

As a part of corporate social responsibility, McDonalds is consistently trying to

The company also faces charges relating to deceptive advertising, inadequate

2. F. I. Shortages of raw materials

2. F. II. Energy costs

2. F. III. Increased pollution

Pollution has a major effect on how consumers view an organization. These

3. McDONALDS: MARKETING MIX

Source: The Times 100, 2009.

According to Coffee, N (2005), the perceived secret of McDonald's success is the

McDonald’s product includes vegetarian and non-vegetarian items. In some countries

McDonalds create theirs products by respecting and evaluating people’s choice

4. McDonalds: SWOT analysis

SWOT analysis created by Albert Humphrey in order to analyze a business institution

4. A. II. Strong operational capabilities

4. A. III. Successful items

4. A. IV. Quality Products

4. A. V. Diversified geographic presence

4. B. I. Weak revenue growth

4. B. II. Customer service problems

4. B. III. Lower revenue per employee

4. C. I. Growth of franchisee operated restaurants

4. C.II. New restaurant openings

4. C. III. Growing beverages market

4. C. IV. New products

4. D. II. Growing health consciousness

4. D. III. Spread of bird flu

4. D. IV. Global economic downturn

Datamonitor. 2009. McDonald's Corporation: SWOT Analysis. [Online] Company

Market Watch. 2003. COMPANY SPOTLIGHT: McDonald's Corporation [Online]

Scribd. 2009. 7 Ps of McDonalds. [Online] Scribd. Available at:

Scribd. 2009. Marketing Strategy of McDonalds. [Online] Scribd. Available at:

Scribd. 2009. McDonald Management Audit. [Online] Scribd. Available at:

Employee Benefits. 2009. McDonald's extends Total Rewards Statement. [Online]

Marketing. 2009. McDonald's in football push. [Online] Marketing (00253650);

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