Professional Documents
Culture Documents
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 2
G Ôardware refers to the equipment in a
computer-based information system
G Ôundreds of different general-purpose
computers, printers, & display devices
exist
G Lesser used devices such as plotters,
voice systems, scanners & digitizers
G Specialized hardware are used in
medicine, manufacturing, purchasing,
banking, graphic arts, photography
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 3
ÿ
i
G -e stressed the importance of
designing a CBIS in ways that make it
easier for managers and users to
perform their jobs
G If this is done, users should be more
productive
G In general, computer systems found in
organizations should be designed to
support user work practices
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 4
ÿ
i
i
G People may need to share their work
with others
G Three common ways in which computer
systems are configured in organizations
are
Large-System Computing
Stand-alone Personal Computing
Network Computing
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 5
i
G In large-system computing, the
processing tasks of multiple users are
performed on a single centralized
computer
G The central computer will be a
mainframe or minicomputer
G During the 1950s and early 1960s,
these systems typically operated in a
batch processing mode using punched
cards and tapes for data input, storage
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 6
i
i
G Later, online transaction processing
was possible
G |ost of the terminals used in these
systems were called dumb terminals
G Intelligent terminals that relieve the
central CPU of some of its processing
tasks
G Central computer fails
G Central computer slow during peak
business period
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 7
i
G irst introduced in the late 1970s
G A computer should be readily available
to help an individual perform his or her
work at any time
G |any tasks are individual by nature.
or example, word processing,
developing graphics for presentations,
working with spreadsheets
G Also called stand-alone computer
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 8
i
G -orkers are grouped into subunits,
departments, and other organizational
structures in order to facilitate their
interaction & to coordinate their efforts
towards the achievement of strategic
goal
G Organizations are looking for easier &
better ways for workers to share
information & computing resources
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 9
i i
G Individuals do their own work on
personal computers, but are linked to a
telecommunication network that allows
them to share information & resources
with others
G Users may share databases, memos,
and other messages
G LAN, |AN, -AN
G Networking is a hot topic in many
organizations
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 10
!
G Input devices are used to enter data
into computer systems
G |ost people use a keyboard and
monitor to input data
G A keyboard-display screen combination
for data input, is called self-contained
unit
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 11
R"
#
G A mouse is a device about the size of a
deck of playing cards, that moves the
cursor around the screen quickly
G The cursor is a screen element, such as
a blinking underline character or a
small arrow, that points to a particular
position on the screen
G |ouse become popular with the
introduction of Apple |acintosh
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 12
R"
#i
G Icons are special symbols that
represent commands or program
options
G A trackball consists of a sphere resting
on rollers with only the top of the
sphere exposed outside its case
G It requires less movement area
G Joystick is another cursor-control
device
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 13
R"
#i
G The light pen contains a light-sensitive
cell at its tip; when this tip is placed
near the screen, the computer system
can determine its position
G The touch screen which is sensitive to
human figures
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 14
$ !
G Pen-based computers are hand-held,
tablet-sized computers with advanced
handwriting-recognition technologies;
they are also called notepad computers
or tablet computers
G A special stylus is used in this case
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 15
##
G An imaging device is hardware that
transforms such graphical images as
drawings, photographs, and maps into
machine-readable form
G One type of device is a digitizing tablet
G A pen-like stylus is used by the
operator to trace an image on a flat
tablet
G Image Scanner
G Ôand-held Scanner
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 16
#
G oice-input devices consist of
equipment that is designed to
recognize the human voice, which is
not as simple as it seems
G Although machines that react flawlessly
to the human voice are not prevalent
yet, progress in voice input systems
continues daily
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 17
#
G Source Data Automation
G Specialized Keyboards
G Optical Character Recognition
Optical Characters
Optical Codes
G |agnetic Ink Character Recognition
G Smart Card Systems
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 18
!
G In a personal computer system, the
processing device is called the System
Unit, which contains the central
processing unit and primary storage
G CPU
G ALU
G CU
G Registers
G Buses
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 19
|
G Some times also referred to as main
memory or internal memory
G olatile in nature
G It contains
Program statements and data
Resident portion of OS
Intermediate results
Output
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 20
|
i
G Addresses
G RA|
G RO|
G Programmable RO|
G Erasable Programmable RO|
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 21
! | i
G Every instruction that is issued to a
computer is broken down into
machine-level instructions that can be
decoded and executed by the CPU
G The computer has a built-in system
clock that synchronizes its operations
G Clock speed is typically measured in
megahertz (|hz) or millions of cycles
per second
G Instruction Cycle + Execution Cycle =
|achine Cycle
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 22
i$
G ive common standards are
Bits
bytes
Ôertz
|IPS (|illions of Instruction per
second)
LOPS (loating-point Operations per
second)
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 23
!
i
G |icrocomputers
G |inicomputers
G |ainframe Computers
G Supercomputers
G These categories generally relate to
how powerful the computer is, as
established by such items as processing
speed or volume, primary memory
capacity, the number of peripherals
connected, & the capacity and abilities
of those peripherals
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 24
|
G A microcomputer is a full-fledged
computer system that uses a
microprocessor as its CPU; these are
also called personal computer systems
G Available for widespread use in the
1970s
G I|B, Apple, Compaq, Dell, Gateway,
Leading Edge, Packard Bell, and Tandy
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 25
%
G Portable computer systems are
designed compactly so they can fold
shut like a briefcase or fit in a traveling
case
G |any of these are called Laptop
Computer Systems
G Notebook computers are smaller,
lighter, and usually more expensive
than laptops
G Toshiba, Compaq, Zeos, Apple, Dell
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 26
#
G |ost desktop systems are designed to
accommodate only one user at a time.
Because of this, these machines are
often called single user desktop
systems
G |ulti-user desktop computer systems-
sometimes called super
microcomputer-use operating systems
such as UNIX or OS/2
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 27
R |
&$
G Add-in boards are card-like pieces of
hardware that plug into expansion
slots found in the system unit
G These contain the circuitry for
interfacing with specific types of
peripheral devices
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 28
|
G |inicomputer first available in the
1960s
G |ost of the minicomputers are used
for engineering & scientific applications
G |inicomputers are often used to drive
a number of terminals, printers, &
other peripheral devices
G Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC),
Data General, ÔP, I|, Prime, and
-ang
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 29
|
G In many firms, several mainframes are
located in a processing center-or
operations center-that runs 24 hours a
day, 7 days a week
G |ainframe typically support more
peripheral devices & simultaneous
users than minicomputers
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 30
G Some organizations need computers
that can work at extraordinarily fast
speeds or that are exceptionally
accurate
G Computer generated movies
G -eather forecasting
G Atomic energy
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 31
R
!
G Two important changes are taking
place in CPU architectures that may
change the nature of computer
processors
G Reduced Instruction Set Computing
(RISC)
G Parallel Processing
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 32
G |oving circuits closer together
The shorter the length of the circuit paths,
the less time it takes to move programs
and data along them
Larger Scale Integration
ery Large Scale Integration
Ultra Large Scale Integration
G New material
Silicon based chips
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 33
!
G Secondary storage saves programs &
data for repeated use
G Slower then primary memory,
secondary memory is significantly less
expensive and its storage capacities
are much more then extensive
G Secondary storage is non-volatile
G It involves both the medium and a
peripheral storage device
G |edias are removable or not
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 34
&#
G Sequential Access (|agnetic Tape)
G Random Access or Direct Access
(|agnetic Disk)
G Disk technologies are compared in the
term of their access speed-the time it
takes to locate the data, read it, and
transfer it to primary memory
G Once data are written to a disk, the
time it takes to read & send them to
the CPU is known as Access Time
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 35
&!
G Seek time is the time it takes to
position the read/write head over the
track on which the requested data are
stored
G Search time (Rotational Delay) is the
time it takes the disk to spin until its
read/write head is positioned at the
beginning of the requested data
G Data transfer time is the time it takes
to activate the read/write head, read
the requested data, and transmits RA|
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 36
#
'
#
G Diskettes are |ylar platters that are
coated with a magnetizable substance,
typically iron oxide
G The concentric tracks contain the
binary representations of data and
programs
G A diskette must be inserted into the
proper type and size of diskette drive
G 51/4 and 31/2 inches diameter
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 37
#
'
#
G Sectoring requirements: during
formatting, sectors are created in
order to divide a diskette into
addressable area. l
G Density: density refers to the number
of bits or tracks packed onto the
recording surface of a diskette. Single-
density, double-density, high-density
G Single S Double-sided
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 38
i
#
G Cartridge disks consists of a removable
hard disk packed into a plastic
cartridge
G In order to access the data, the user
must insert it into a secondary storage
unit that accepts such media
G Bernoulli box
G 31/2 inches to 14 inches in diameter
and from a few megabytes to several
hundred megabytes in capacity
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 39
ÿ # !
G A secondary storage technology that is
becoming increasingly popular is the
optical disk (also called laser disks and
video disks)
G Ôigh capacity, can store text, data,
graphics, audio and video
G Two most common forms are CD-RO|
and -OR| (write once, read many)
G Erasable optical disk system
|agneto-optical disks
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 40
ÿ # !
G Laser beam of high intensity is used to
write to the disk. Laser beam of light
intensity is used to read the disk
G Juke box storage system
Capacity of accessing 64 optical disks
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 41
! # |
G Cartridge tapes represent the leading
edge of tape technology
G requently used to back up hard disks
G Removable-pack disk systems, used
since 1960s
G Consists of several rigid disk platters
stacked into a single unit called a Disk
Pack
G Data is stored on both surfaces
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 42
i
G Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks
(RAID)
G Detachable-Reel |agnetic Tapes
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 43
ÿ!
G The two most common types of display
device are; |
and
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 45
G Impact Printers
|
G Non-Impact Printers
à
|ohtishim Siddique
|inhaj University Lahore 46