Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A special chapter is assigned to the collapse of the theory of evolution because this theory con-
stitutes the basis of all anti-spiritual philosophies. Since Darwinism rejects the fact of creation—and
therefore, Allah's existence—over the last 150 years it has caused many people to abandon their
faith or fall into doubt. It is therefore an imperative service, a very important duty to show everyone
that this theory is a deception. Since some readers may find the opportunity to read only one of our
books, we think it appropriate to devote a chapter to summarize this subject.
All the author's books explain faith-related issues in light of Qur'anic verses, and invite read-
ers to learn Allah's words and to live by them. All the subjects concerning Allah's verses are ex-
plained so as to leave no doubt or room for questions in the reader's mind. The books' sincere, plain,
and fluent style ensures that everyone of every age and from every social group can easily under-
stand them. Thanks to their effective, lucid narrative, they can be read at one sitting. Even those who
rigorously reject spirituality are influenced by the facts these books document and cannot refute the
truthfulness of their contents.
This and all the other books by the author can be read individually, or discussed in a group.
Readers eager to profit from the books will find discussion very useful, letting them relate their re-
flections and experiences to one another.
In addition, it will be a great service to Islam to contribute to the publication and reading of
these books, written solely for the pleasure of Allah. The author's books are all extremely convinc-
ing. For this reason, to communicate true religion to others, one of the most effective methods is en-
couraging them to read these books.
We hope the reader will look through the reviews of his other books at the back of this book.
His rich source material on faith-related issues is very useful, and a pleasure to read.
In these books, unlike some other books, you will not find the author's personal views, ex-
planations based on dubious sources, styles that are unobservant of the respect and reverence due
to sacred subjects, nor hopeless, pessimistic arguments that create doubts in the mind and devia-
tions in the heart.
Published by
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All translations from the Qur'an are from The Noble Qur'an: a New Rendering of its Meaning in English by Hajj
Abdalhaqq and Aisha Bewley, published by Bookwork, Norwich, UK. 1420 CE/1999 AH.
www.harunyahya.com - www.harunyahya.net
K-Z
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Now writing under the pen-name of HARUN
YAHYA, Adnan Oktar was born in Ankara in 1956.
Having completed his primary and secondary education
in Ankara, he studied fine arts at Istanbul's Mimar Sinan
University and philosophy at Istanbul University. Since
the 1980s, he has published many books on political, scien-
tific, and faith-related issues. Harun Yahya is well-known as
the author of important works disclosing the imposture of
evolutionists, their invalid claims, and the dark liaisons be-
tween Darwinism and such bloody ideologies as fascism and
communism.
Harun Yahya’s works, translated into 63 different languages,
constitute a collection for a total of more than 55,000 pages with
40,000 illustrations.
His pen-name is a composite of the names Harun (Aaron) and
Yahya (John), in memory of the two esteemed Prophets who
fought against their peoples' lack of faith. The Prophet's seal on his
books' covers is symbolic and is linked to their contents. It repre-
sents the Qur'an (the Final Scripture) and Prophet Muhammad
(saas), last of the prophets. Under the guidance of the Qur'an and
the Sunnah (teachings of the Prophet [saas]), the author makes it
his purpose to disprove each fundamental tenet of irreligious
ideologies and to have the "last word," so as to complete-
ly silence the objections raised against religion. He
uses the seal of the final Prophet (saas), who at-
tained ultimate wisdom and moral perfection, as
a sign of his intention to offer the last word.
All of Harun Yahya's works share one sin-
gle goal: to convey the Qur'an's message, en-
courage readers to consider basic faith-related
issues such as Allah's existence and unity and
the Hereafter; and to expose irreligious sys-
tems' feeble foundations and perverted
ideologies.
Harun Yahya enjoys a
wide readership in
many coun-
tries, from India to America, England to Indonesia, Poland to Bosnia, Spain to Brazil,
Malaysia to Italy, France to Bulgaria and Russia. Some of his books are available in English,
French, German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Urdu, Arabic, Albanian, Chinese, Swahili,
Hausa, Dhivehi (spoken in Maldives), Russian, Serbo-Croat (Bosnian), Polish, Malay,
Uygur Turkish, Indonesian, Bengali, Danish and Swedish.
Greatly appreciated all around the world, these works have been instrumental in many
people recovering faith in Allah and gaining deeper insights into their faith. His books'
wisdom and sincerity, together with a distinct style that's easy to understand, directly af-
fect anyone who reads them. Those who seriously consider these books, can no longer ad-
vocate atheism or any other perverted ideology or materialistic philosophy, since these
books are characterized by rapid effectiveness, definite results, and irrefutability. Even if
they continue to do so, it will be only a sentimental insistence, since these books refute such
ideologies from their very foundations. All contemporary movements of denial are now
ideologically defeated, thanks to the books written by Harun Yahya.
This is no doubt a result of the Qur'an's wisdom and lucidity. The author modestly in-
tends to serve as a means in humanity's search for Allah's right path. No material gain is
sought in the publication of these works.
Those who encourage others to read these books, to open their minds and hearts and
guide them to become more devoted servants of Allah, render an invaluable service.
Meanwhile, it would only be a waste of time and energy to propagate other books that
create confusion in people's minds, lead them into ideological confusion, and that clearly
have no strong and precise effects in removing the doubts in people's hearts, as also veri-
fied from previous experience. It is impossible for books devised to emphasize the author's
literary power rather than the noble goal of saving people from loss of faith, to have such
a great effect. Those who doubt this can readily see that the sole aim of Harun Yahya's
books is to overcome disbelief and to disseminate the Qur'an's moral values. The success
and impact of this service are manifested in the readers' conviction.
One point should be kept in mind: The main reason for the continuing cruelty, conflict,
and other ordeals endured by the vast majority of people is the ideological prevalence of
disbelief. This can be ended only with the ideological defeat of disbelief and by conveying
the wonders of creation and Qur'anic morality so that people can live by it. Considering the
state of the world today, leading into a downward spiral of violence, corruption and con-
flict, clearly this service must be provided speedily and effectively, or it may be too late.
In this effort, the books of Harun Yahya assume a leading role. By the will of Allah,
these books will be a means through which people in the twenty-first century will attain
the peace, justice, and happiness promised in the Qur'an.
CONTENTS
K The Morphological Homology Myth . . . .61
Morris, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Mosaic Creatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Kanapoi Elbow Fossil Fraud, The . . . . . . .11 Mother Nature; An Irrational Concept . . .62
Kenyanthropus platyops . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Mutagenic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
KNM-ER 1470 Fraud, The . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Mutant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
KNM-ER 1472 Lie, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Mutation: An Imaginary Mechanism . . . .64
KNM-WT 15000 (The oldest known
human fossil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Knuckle Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
N
L Narrow Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Naturalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Natural Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Laetoli Human Footprints, The . . . . . . . . .19 Neanderthals: A Human Race . . . . . . . . .72
Lamarck, Jean B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 "Nebraska Man" Fraud, The . . . . . . . . . .74
Lamarckism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Neo-Darwinism Comedy, The . . . . . . . . .76
Law of Biogenetics, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Laws of Inheritance, The . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Le Chatelier's Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Leakey, Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 O
Left-Handed Amino Acids
(Levo-Amino Acids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Octopus's Eye, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Lewontin, Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 OH 62: A Species of Ape . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Liaoningornis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny
"Life Comes from Life" Thesis, The . . . . .28 Theory, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Linnaeus, Carolus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Oparin, Alexander I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Lucy Deceit (Australopithecus Open System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
afarensis), The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Ordered System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Organized Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Orgel, Leslie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
M Origin of the Avian Lung . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Origin of the Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Origin of the Bats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Macro-Evolution Myth, The . . . . . . . . . . .33 Origin of Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Macro-Mutation Myth, The . . . . . . . . . . .33 Origin of the Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
Malthus, Thomas Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Origin of the Bird Feathers . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Marx, Karl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Origin of the Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Materialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Origin of the Flies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Mayr, Ernst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Origin of Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Mendel, Gregor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Origin of the Horses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Menton, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Origin of the Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Metamorphosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Origin of Instinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Micro-Evolution Myth, The . . . . . . . . . . .44 Origin of the Language . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Miller Experiment, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Origin of the Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Miller, Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Origin of the Marine Mammals . . . . . . .115
Missing Link in the Evolutionary Origin of the Marine Reptiles . . . . . . . . .119
Chain, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Origin of the Quadrupeds . . . . . . . . . . .120
"Mitochondrial Eve" Thesis's Origin of Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Inconsistencies, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Origin of the Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution Origin of Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Myth, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Origin of Species, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Origin of Turtles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Molecular Evolution Impasse, The . . . . . .56 Origin of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Nonsensical Nature of the Molecular Origin of Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Homology Thesis, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Origins of Bipedalism
Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 (Walking Upright) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Origin of Whales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 "Selfish Gene" Theory, The . . . . . . . . . . .191
Origin of the Wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Self-Ordering Error, The . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
Orthogenesis Muddle, "Self-Organization" Nonsense, The . . . . .194
The (Directed Selection) . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Seymouria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
Ota Benga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Shapiro, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
Sickle Cell Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Single Cell to Multi-Cell Transition
P Myth, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Social Darwinism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Speciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Paleontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Spencer, Herbert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Paleoanthropology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Spontaneous Generation . . . . . . . . . . . .204
"Panda's Thumb" Error, The . . . . . . . . . .150 Stasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Pangenesis Theory, The . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 Struggle For Survival, The . . . . . . . . . . .204
Panspermia Theory, The . . . . . . . . . . . .152 Synthetic Evolution Theory, The . . . . . .205
Parallel Evolution Impasse, The . . . . . . .154 Systematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Pasteur, Louis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Peking Man Fraud, The . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Pentadactyl Homology . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Peptide Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 T
Phylogeny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Phylum (Plural: Phyla) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 Taung Child Fossil, The . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Piltdown Man Fraud, The . . . . . . . . . . .160 Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Pithecanthropus erectus . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Tetrapod Finger Structure, The . . . . . . .210
Plasmid Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
Platypus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Theropod Dinosaurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Pleiotropic Effect, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Transition From Jungle to Open
Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Savanna Myth, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Pre-Adaptation Myth, The . . . . . . . . . . .165 Transition from Land to Air Myth, The . .215
Primeval Atmosphere, The . . . . . . . . . . .166 Transition from Sea to Land
Primeval Earth, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Thesis, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Primeval Soup, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Transition from Water to Land
Theory of Favored Races, The . . . . . . . .169 Dilemma, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Primordial Soup Fantasy, The . . . . . . . . .169 Transitional Forms, The
Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 (The Transitional Species) . . . . . . . . . . .220
Prokaryotic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Tree of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
Protoavis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Trilobites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
Punctuated Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 Turkana Boy Fossil, The . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Punctuated Model of Evolution
Myth, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
U
R Urey, Harold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
Urey-Miller Experiment, The . . . . . . . . .229
Ramapithecus Error, The . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Recapitulation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Recombination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Reconstruction (Imaginary Pictures) . . .178
V-W
Reductionism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Regulatory Gene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
Ribosome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Vestigial Organs Thesis, The . . . . . . . . . .233
Right-Handed (Dextro) Amino Acids . . .182 Wallace, Alfred Russell . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235
RNA World Scenario, The . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Watson, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
S-Ş Y-Z
Schindewolf, Otto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Zinjanthropus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
Second Law of Thermodynamic, Thes
(The Law of Entropy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Kanapoi Elbow Fossil Fraud, The 11
The best example of how evolu- Though admitting the close re-
tionists interpret fossils according to semblance to the bone of a present-
their own preconceptions is a fossil- day human, Howells and Patterson
ized elbow bone found in the still maintained that the fossil be-
Kenyan region of Kanapoi. This fos- longed to Australopithecus, because
sil, displayed in the Kenya National to them, it was unacceptable that
Museum – East Rudolf under the such an old fossil could belong to
number KP 271, consists of a part of Homo sapiens.
the upper arm bone near the elbow. But subsequently, studies per-
Unearthed in 1965 by Bryon formed by other researchers using
Patterson of Harvard University, it computers again revealed that the
has been exceedingly well pre- fossil KP271 was identical to a hu-
served. The latest tests carried out by man bone. As the result of his com-
evolutionists have shown it to be puter-assisted research, Henry M.
around 4.5 million years old.1 The McHenry of the University of
fossil is therefore known as the old- California published an article in
est hominid fossil discovered to 1975:
date. The results show that the Kanapoi
In 1967, the researchers Bryan specimen, which is 4 to 4.5 million
Patterson and W.W. Howells joined years old, is indistinguishable from
forces to describe KP 271. They sug- modern Homo sapiens… 3
gested that the fossil's anatomy was After this, various other research-
similar to that of human beings and ers (including David Pilbeam and
that it belonged to Australopithecus. Brigitte Senut) have also performed
Howells and his assistant Patterson experiments and comparative stud-
announced the report regarding ies proving that the bone is identical
their research in the 7 April, 1967 to H. sapiens. Yet despite all the evi-
edition of Science magazine, in which dence, even the evolutionists who
they stated: carried out all this research were un-
In these diagnostic measurements, able to admit, on account of their
Kanapoi Hominoid 1 [the original own preconceptions, that this fossil
name given to the fossil] is strikingly could belong to H. sapiens.
KNUCKLE WALKING
—See Bipedalism
KP 271 (Kanapoi Hominid or
Kanapoi Elbow Fossil) — See
Kanapoi Elbow Bone Fossil Fraud,
The
The question of how proteins distinguish left-handed amino acids, and how no right-
handed amino acids ever become mixed up in them, are ones that evolutionists can-
not answer. They can never account for such unique and rational selectivity.
Amino acids from either group Assume for a moment that life
can easily bind together with one an- did come into existence by chance,
other. However, research has re- as evolutionists maintain. If so, there
vealed a most astonishing fact: The should be equal amounts of right-
proteins in all living things, from the and left-handed amino acids in na-
simplest to the most complex, are ture, both being the results of
made up solely of left-handed amino chance. Therefore, there should be
acids. Even if just one right-handed varying levels of right- and left-
amino acid is added to a protein's handed amino acids in the bodies of
structure, that protein will become all living things, because chemically
functionless. amino acids from either group can
In some experiments, bacteria easily combine with one another.
have been given right-handed amino The fact remains, however, that
acids, but the bacteria have immedi- the proteins in living organisms con-
ately broken down these amino ac- sist solely of left-handed amino ac-
ids—and in some cases, have recon- ids.
structed from these fragments left- How do proteins select only left-
handed amino acids that they can handed amino acids? And why do
use. no right-handed ones ever creep in?
This is a question that evolutionists many more, and more varied pro-
are unable to explain away, and can- teins, then the calculations become
not account for such a specialized, truly unfathomable.
conscious selectivity.
The amino acids of all living or-
ganisms on Earth, and the building LEWONTIN, RICHARD
blocks of complex polymers such as Richard Lewontin, a well known
proteins, all have the same left- geneticist and evolutionist from
handed asymmetry. This is tanta- Harvard University, admits that he
mount to tossing a coin a million is "a materialist first, a scientist sec-
times and having it always come up ond":
heads. It is impossible to understand It is not that the methods and institu-
why molecules become left-handed tions of science somehow compel us ac-
or right-handed, and that this choice cept a material explanation of the phe-
is fascinatingly related to the origin nomenal world, but, on the contrary,
of life on Earth. that we are forced by our a priori ad-
In conclusion, it is totally impos- herence to material causes to create an
sible to account for the origin of life apparatus of investigation and a set of
in terms of coincidences: If we calcu- concepts that produce material expla-
late the probability of an average- nations, no matter how counter-intui-
tive, no matter how mystifying to the
sized protein consisting of 400 ami-
uninitiated. Moreover, that material-
no acids being made up only of left-
ism is absolute, so we cannot allow a
handed amino acids, we obtain a fig-
Divine Foot in the door. 19
ure of 1 in 2400, or 1 in 10120.
The term a priori that Lewontin
In order to grasp some idea about
uses is particularly significant. This
this astronomical figure, we can say
philosophical term expresses a given
that the total number of electrons in
assumption, based on no experimen-
the universe is very much smaller
tal data. In the absence of any infor-
than this, having been calculated at
mation regarding the truth of an
around 1079. The chances of amino
idea, that idea is assumed to be true,
acids forming in the requisite se-
"from the beginning." As openly
quence and functional form, give
stated by the evolutionist Lewontin,
rise to a far larger number.
materialism is an a priori assumption
If we then add these probabilities
for evolutionists, one into which
and extend them to the formation of
they attempt to make science fit.
Harun Yahya - Adnan Oktar
28 Liaoningornis
LIAONINGORNIS
breastbone to which the flight mus-
The best-known of the claims re- cles are attached—a structure also
garding intermediate forms in the found in present-day birds. The only
context of reptile-bird evolution is difference is that it had teeth in its
the fossil known as Archaeopteryx. beak. This showed that, in contrast
However, it is now known that to evolutionist claims, that toothed
Archaeopteryx is not an intermediate birds did not have a primitive struc-
form at all, but that it was a flying ture.20 Indeed, in a text published in
bird, not much different from birds Discover magazine, Alan Feduccia
alive today. (See Archaeopteryx.) says that this fossil invalidates the
Archaeopteryx, which has been claim that the origin of birds can be
proposed as "the forerunner of mod- found in dinosaurs. 21
ern birds," lived approximately 150
million years ago. However, the dis-
covery in China in November 1996 "LIFE COMES FROM LIFE"
of a fossil known as Liaoningornis de- THESIS, THE
molished evolutionists' claims con-
—See Biogenesis.
cerning Archaeopteryx.
This bird, Liaoningornis, is around
130 million years old, possessed a
"ADIEU, LUCY"
Scientific findings have shown that evolu-
tionist hypotheses regarding "Lucy," the
best-known specimen of the class
Australopithecus, are quite groundless.
In its February 1999 issue, the famous
French magazine Science et Vie admitted
this under the headline "Adieu, Lucy" and
agreed that Australopithecus couldnot be
regarded as an ancestor of man.
The "Lucy"
skeleton
MARX, KARL
Karl Marx, the founder of communism
Karl Marx, the founder of
Communism, described Charles
Evolution, of course, was just what the
Darwin's book The Origin of Species,
founders of communism needed to ex-
which set forth the basis of the theo-
plain how mankind could have come
ry of evolution, as "a book which
into being without the intervention of
contains the basis of natural history
any supernatural force, and conse-
for our views." 29
quently it could be used to bolster the
Marx demonstrated his regard foundations of their materialistic phi-
for Darwin by dedicating his own losophy. In addition, Darwin's inter-
most important work, Das Kapital, pretation of evolution—that evolution
to him. His own handwriting in the had come about through the operation
German edition of the book read, of natural selection—gave them an al-
"Mr. Charles Darwin / On the part of ternative hypothesis to the prevailing
his sincere admirer / Karl Marx." 30 teleological explanation of the observed
The American researcher fact that all forms of life are adapted to
Conway Zirckle explains why Marx their conditions. 31
and Engels, the founders of The social scientist Tom Bethell,
Communism, so readily accepted who works at the Hoover Institute in
the idea of evolution after Darwin America, explains the fundamental
published The Origin of Species: reasons for the link between the two
theories:
Marx admired Darwin's book not for production and production itself.
economic reasons but for the more fun- The economy determined every-
damental one that Darwin's universe thing else. This ideology described
was purely materialistic, and the expli- religion as a fairy tale invented for
cation of it no longer involved any ref- coercive economic purposes. In the
erence to unobservable, nonmaterial
eyes of this superstitious conception,
causes outside or ‘beyond' it. In that
religion was developed by the ruling
important respect, Darwin and Marx
classes to pacify those they ruled,
were truly comrades. 32
and was "the opium of the masses."
The bond between Marxism and
In addition, Marx thought that
Darwinism is an evident fact on
societies followed a process of devel-
which everyone agrees. This link is
opment. A slave-based society de-
set out in biographies of Marx, and is
veloped into a feudal society, and a
described in a biography of Marx
feudal society turned into a capitalist
brought out by a publishing house
one. Finally, thanks to a revolution, a
specializing in books with Marxist
socialist society would be construct-
views:
ed, whereupon the most advanced
Darwinism featured a series of facts social stage in history would be at-
that supported, proved the reality of tained.
and developed Marxist philosophy.
Marx's views were evolutionist
The spread of Darwinist, evolutionist
even before the publication of
ideas created a suitable groundwork for
Darwin's The Origin of Species.
Marxist thought to be understood by
However, Marx and Engels experi-
the working class in society as a whole.
. . Marx, Engels and Lenin attached enced difficulties in accounting for
great value to Darwin's ideas and in- how living things came into being.
dicated the scientific importance of That was because in the absence of a
these, thus accelerating the spread of thesis accounting for living things on
those ideas. 33 the basis of non-creation, it was im-
On the other hand, Marx based possible to maintain that religion
historical progress on economics. In was an invented falsehood and to
his view, society went through vari- base all of history on matter. For that
ous historical phases, and the factor reason, Marx immediately adopted
determining them was changes in Darwin's theory.
the relationship between means of Today, all forms of materialist
thinking—and Marx's ideas in par-
The Big Bang, in which the universe began, is a phenomenon that refutes the claims
of materialists and evolutionists and which confirms creation by showing that the
universe had a finite beginning.
40 Materialism
MENDEL, GREGOR
In 1865, following the publication MENTON, DAVID
of Darwin's The Origin of Species, the David Menton, a professor of
Austrian botanist and monk Gregor anatomy from Washington
Mendel published his laws of inher- University, gave a lecture at the 2nd
itance, the result of long experiments international conference titled "The
and observations. (See The Laws of Collapse of the Theory of Evolution:
Inheritance.) However, these laws The Fact of Creation," held by the
attracted the attention of the scientif- Science Research Foundation on 5
ic world only toward the end of the July, 1998, in which he discussed the
century. Not until the early 20th cen- anatomical differences between bird
tury did the entire scientific world feathers and reptile scales. He re-
METAMORPHOSIS
Frogs are hatched in water,
Tadpole
where they live for a while as tad-
poles. They then emerge onto land,
after growing limbs and losing their
tails, in a process known as meta-
morphosis. Some people regard
metamorphosis as evidence of evo-
lution, but the fact is that metamor-
phosis has nothing whatsoever to do
with evolution.
The only developmental mecha-
nism that the theory of evolution Young frog
proposes is mutations.
Metamorphosis, however, does not
take place through such chance
events, but these changes are al-
ready programmed in the frog's ge-
netic data. In other words, when a
tadpole is first hatched, it is already
determined that it will eventually
undergo a process of change and
come into possession of a frog's
body suited to life on land.
Abult frog
Eye
Antenna Leg
NORMAL MUTANT
The evolutionist biologs looked for an example of a useful mutation since the begin-
ning of the century. Yet only crippled, diseased and faulty flies were existing at the
end of their efforts. In the picture, a normal fruitfly's head and a mutated one that
has its legs coming out of its head are seen.
a deception, whose invalidity in all amino acid had formed in the ab-
regards was subsequently proven. sence of any mechanism, that mole-
The experiment performed by cule would have been broken down
Miller to prove that amino acids under the conditions at the time. As
could give rise to living organisms the chemist Richard Bliss has stated,
under the conditions of the primor- "Without this cold trap, the chemical
dial Earth is invalid in several re- products would be destroyed by the
gards: [experiment's] energy source (elec-
1. Miller used a mechanism trical sparking)." 43
known as the cold trap to isolate In fact, Miller had failed to obtain
amino acids at the moment they even a single amino acid in earlier
formed. Otherwise, the very condi- experiments in which he did not use
tions in which the amino acids a cold trap.
formed would have immediately de-
stroyed them.
However, there was no such con-
scious arrangement in the primordi-
al world atmosphere. Even if any
Reaction cell
Methane, ammo-
nia water and hy-
Water is added to drogen gas
the condenser Vacuum
Water boils
2. The primordial atmosphere face was 10,000 times higher than ev-
that Miller attempted to replicate in olutionists' estimates. That intense
his experiment was not realistic. In level would inevitably have given
1982, scientists agreed that instead of rise to oxygen by breaking down at-
methane and ammonia in the primi- mospheric water vapor and carbon
tive atmosphere, there must have dioxide.
been nitrogen and carbon dioxide. This completely discredited the
Indeed, after a long silence, Miller Miller experiment, which was car-
himself admitted that the primitive ried out without considering oxy-
atmosphere model he'd used was gen. Had oxygen been used in the
not realistic. 44 experiment, then the methane
The American scientists J.P. would have transformed into carbon
Ferris and C.T. Chen repeated dioxide and water, and the ammonia
Miller's experiment, using a mixture into nitrogen and water. On the oth-
of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitro- er hand, in an atmosphere with no
gen and water vapor, but failed to oxygen—since no ozone layer had
obtain even a single amino acid mol- yet formed—the amino acids would
ecule. 45 have been directly exposed to ultra-
3. Another important point inval- violet rays and been immediately
idates the Miller experiment: At the broken down. At the end of the day,
time when the amino acids were the presence or absence of oxygen in
suggested to have formed, there was the primordial atmosphere would
so much oxygen in the atmosphere still make for an environment dead-
that it would have destroyed any ly for amino acids.
amino acids present. This important 4. At the end of the Miller experi-
fact that Miller ignored was deter- ment, a large quantity of organic ac-
mined by means of uranium and ox- ids also formed whose characteris-
idized iron deposits in rocks estimat- tics were damaging to the structures
ed to be around 3 billion years old. 46 and functions of living things. In the
Other findings later emerged to event that amino acids are not isolat-
show that the level of oxygen in that ed but are left together in the same
period was far higher than that environment as these chemical sub-
claimed by evolutionists. And re- stances, they will inevitably react
search showed that the level of ultra- with them and form new com-
violet rays reaching the Earth's sur- pounds.
In addition, at the end of the ex- might have altered the course of the
periment, a high level of right-hand- reactions was included in the exper-
ed amino acids also emerged.47 (See imental apparatus. Oxygen that
Right-Handed Amino Acids.) The would hinder the formation of ami-
presence of these amino acids totally no acids is just one of these elements.
undermined the premise of evolu- Therefore, in the absence of the cold
tion by means of its own logic. trap mechanism, even under those
Right-handed amino acids are not ideal laboratory conditions, amino
used in living structures. Finally, the acids could not have survived with-
environment in which amino acids out being broken down.
emerged in the experiment was not With the Miller experiment, evo-
suited to life; but on the contrary, lutionists actually invalidated evolu-
was a mixture that would have bro- tion by their own efforts. Because the
ken down and oxidized useful mole- experiment demonstrated that ami-
cules. no acids could be obtained only in
All this points to the concrete fact specially arranged laboratory condi-
that Miller's experiment —a con- tions and with conscious interven-
scious, controlled laboratory study tion. In other words, the force giving
aimed at synthesizing amino acids— rise to life is creation, not random co-
does not prove that life could have incidences.
emerged by chance under primordi- The reason why evolutionists
al world conditions. The types and refuse to accept this stems from their
levels of the gasses he used were de- preconceptions. Harold Urey, who
termined at the ideal levels for ami- organized the experiment together
no acids to be able to form. The level with his student Stanley Miller,
of energy supplied was carefully made this admission:
regulated, neither too much nor too All of us who study the origin of life
little, to ensure that the desired reac- find that the more we look into it, the
tions would take place. more we feel it is too complex to have
The experimental apparatus iso- evolved anywhere. We all believe as an
lated so as not to harbor any element article of faith that life evolved from
that might be harmful, or prevent dead matter on this planet. It is just
the emergence of amino acids. No el- that its complexity is so great, it is
hard for us to imagine that it did. 48
ement, mineral or compound pre-
sent in the primeval world that This experiment is the sole proof
DNA
The Evolution Impasse II
"Mitochondrial Eve" Thesis's Inconsistencies, The 53
tion. In fact, the writers of the com- (mitochondrial DNA) study as gar-
puter program to calculate that clock bage49 in an article titled "Statistical
directed their research towards the Cloud over African Eden." In his ar-
result they wished to achieve. ticle, Gee stated that when the cur-
The assumptions they worked on rent 136 MtDNA series were consid-
were claims whose existence could ered, the number of family trees ex-
not be proven, of which no examples ceeded 1 billion! In other words, in
had ever been obtained by experi- this study, these 1 billion chance
ment or observation. Mutations, family trees were ignored, and only
caused by degeneration of DNA, that one tree compatible with the hy-
have only been observed to cause pothesis of evolution between chim-
deformity and death in living struc- panzees and human beings was se-
tures. Mutations can never impart lected.
progress by raising a living thing to Alan Templeton, the well-known
a higher level. (See Mutation: An Washington University biologist,
Imaginary Mechanism.) stated that it was impossible to set
The evolutionist researchers de- out any date for the origin of man
veloped a computer program that based on DNA series, because DNA
they hoped would camouflage their was highly mixed up, even in pre-
prejudices. They created their pro- sent human societies. 50
gram on the basis of evolution, fol- Considered in mathematical
lowing the most direct and effective terms, it means that it is impossible
path. This, however, is an imaginary to determine mtDNA as belonging
picture that conflicts with even the to a single human being in the fami-
basic assumptions of the theory of ly tree.
evolution. The most significant admission
Many scientists who supported came from the authors of the thesis
the theory of evolution agreed that themselves. Mark Stoneking, from
this thesis had no scientific value. the team that repeated the study in
Henry Gee, a member of Nature 1992, said in a letter to Science maga-
magazine's editorial board, de- zine that the "African Eve" thesis
scribed the results of the MtDNA was untenable,51 because it was
clear that in all respects, the study is not the slightest indication, in ei-
had been aimed towards the desired ther the nucleus of the mitochondria,
result. to show the frequency with which
The mitochondrial DNA thesis DNA was subjected to mutation.
was developed on the basis of muta- In terms of its own logic, this the-
tions in DNA. But when the evolu- sis actually shows that once again,
tionists looked at human DNA, it there has been an attempt to use ev-
was unclear how they decided olution as evidence for evolution.
which DNA rungs had formed as the Seeking evidence for evolution in
result of mutation, and which were DNA is biased research, based on
original and unchanged. They had to the assumption that evolution took
start work from the original human place in any case.
DNA they claim must have existed. Why do evolutionists feel the
Yet the evolutionist deception here is need to pull the wool over people's
crystal-clear: They assumed chim- eyes in this way? The answer is
panzee DNA as their basis. 52 clear: Because there is no scientific
To put it another way, in a study evidence to support evolution.
looking for evidence that chimpan-
zee DNA turned into human DNA,
the chimpanzee is taken as the start- MODERN SYNTHETIC
ing point as the original prehistoric THEORY OF EVOLUTION
human. Right from the outset, the MYTH, THE
study is carried out on the assump- To the question of "What is the
tion that evolution took place, and source of the beneficial changes that
the result obtained is then depicted cause living things to develop?" sci-
as proof of evolution. In these cir- entists meeting at the American
cumstances, the study is far from be- Geological Association gave the an-
ing scientific. swer, "Random mutations." Darwin
In addition, if an evolutionist re- had given the same answer by
searcher is to employ regular, useful adopting the concept of mutation,
mutations that he claims occurred in based on Lamarck. But with adding
DNA in calculating the molecular the concept of mutation to Darwin's
clock, then he must also calculate the natural selection, the new theory
speed of these mutations. Yet there
that emerged was given the name of to the individual in question and
the Modern Synthetic Theory of cannot be transmitted to offspring.
Evolution. Darwin had claimed that living
This new theory soon became things could turn into other living
known as neo-Darwinism and its things under the effect of environ-
proponents as neo-Darwinists. (See mental conditions, but Mendel
Neo-Darwinism Comedy, The.) proved experimentally that environ-
mental influences could not change
living species and showed that he-
MODIFICATIONS redity took place only within specif-
Modifications are differences in ic bounds. Darwin's ideas remained
living things that are not inherited, a theory based on speculation, rather
but occur within limited bounds un- than on experimental evidence. But
der the influence of external factors. Mendel's laws of heredity which is
Reproduction between members of the result of a long and patient study
the same animal or plant species will and based on experiment and obser-
not give rise to other identical indi- vation, went down in the history of
viduals. The differences between science. Although they were roughly
them that are not hereditary are contemporaries, Mendel's genetic
known as modifications—differences studies were accepted by the scien-
that all biological entities exhibit due tific world only 35 years after
to external factors, but which still re- Darwin. That was because the sci-
main within specific boundaries. ence of genetics, for which Mendel
Though identical twins have ex- laid the groundwork, totally under-
actly the same hereditary material, mined the assumptions of
they never resemble one another Darwinism, but for a long time evo-
completely, because it is impossible lutionists refused to admit this.
for environmental conditions to af- However, scientific progress,
fect them both to exactly the same obliged them to accept Mendel's
degree. The external factors leading findings, and they came to see mak-
to modification in living things in- ing minor modifications to their the-
clude food, temperature, moisture ories as the only way of overcoming
and mechanical effects. But since this. (See The Neo-Darwinism
any impact exists in the body only Comedy.)
and not the DNA, it remains limited
causal explanation for the origin of bi- things did not evolve from one an-
ological information, few serious re- other, but were created independ-
searchers still do. Since molecular biol- ently. A great many other scientific
ogists began to appreciate the sequence facts besides the fossil record, the
specificity of proteins and nucleic acids complex structures and systems in
in the 1950s and '60s, many calcula-
living things, and the lack of any ev-
tions have been made to determine the
olutionary mechanism have in any
probability of formulating functional
case long since demolished the theo-
proteins and nucleic acids at random.
ry of evolution's claims.
Even assuming extremely favorable
prebiotic conditions (whether realistic
or not) and theoretically maximal reac-
tion rates, such calculations have inva-
NONSENSICAL NATURE OF
riably shown that the probability of ob-
THE MOLECULAR
taining functionally sequenced bio- HOMOLOGY THESIS, THE
macromolecules at random is, in Evolutionists point to different
Prigogine's words, "vanishingly small living things having similar DNA
. . . even on the scale of . . . billions of codes or protein structures and in-
years. 53
terpret this as evidence that these
Thus the theory of evolution, species evolved from some common
which seeks to account for the origin ancestor. For instance, evolutionist
of life in terms of chance, collapses at sources often say that there is a great
the very outset. Science clearly re- similarity between the DNA of hu-
veals that since chance cannot repre- mans and apes, which they offer as
sent the origin of life, life must have evidence of an evolutionary link be-
been flawlessly created. Not only the tween the two. (See The Ape-Human
first life form, but all the different Genetic Similarity Lie.)
life forms on Earth have been creat- First off, it's only to be expected
ed separately. Indeed, the fossil that living things on Earth should
record confirms this, showing that have DNA structures similar to one
all the life forms on Earth emerged another. Their basic vital functions
suddenly and with their own partic- are the same, and since they all—hu-
ular characteristics, and that they mans included—have physical bod-
never underwent evolution. ies, one cannot expect human beings
Comparisons carried out at the to have a DNA structure totally dif-
molecular level show that living ferent from other living things. Like
According to findings
from molecular biolo-
gy, each living class is
unique at the molecu-
lar level, different from
and independent of all
others. No organism is
the ancestor of any
other.
tile class, is significantly greater than mit that he hasn't been able to obtain
that between representatives of very any evidence for evolution at any
different classes. The above differ- point. In one article in Science maga-
ence, for example, is greater than the zine, he writes:
difference of 17 amino acids between Molecular evolution is about to be ac-
chickens and eels, the difference of cepted as a method superior to paleon-
16 amino acids between horses and tology for the discovery of evolutionary
sharks, or even the difference of 15 relationships. As a molecular evolu-
amino acid between dogs and worm tionist, I should be elated. Instead, it
flies, which are members of two to- seems disconcerting that many excep-
tally different phyla. tions exist to the orderly progression of
species as determined by molecular ho-
A similar state of affairs also ap-
mologies: so many in fact, that I think
plies to hemoglobin. The sequence of
the exception, the quirks, may carry
this protein in human beings differs
the more important message. 56
from that in lemurs by 20 amino ac-
Schwabe's research into relaxin
ids and from that in pigs by only 14.
produced most interesting results:
The position is more or less the same
for other proteins. 55 Against this background of high varia-
Evolutionists should therefore bility between relaxins from purport-
edly closely related species, the relax-
conclude that in evolutionary terms,
ins of pig and whale are all but identi-
a human being is closer to the kanga-
cal. The molecules derived from rats,
roo than the horse or to the pig than
guinea-pigs, man and pigs are as dis-
the lemur.
tant from each other (approximately
Dr. Christian Schwabe is a pro- 55%) . . . Insulin, however, brings
fessor at department of biochemistry man and pig phylogenetically closer
at Medical University of South together than chimpanzee and man. 57
Carolina and a scientist who has de-
Schwabe states that his compari-
voted many years to seeking evi-
son of lysozymes, cytochromes and
dence of evolution in the molecular
many hormones and amino acid
sphere. In particular, he has carried
strings revealed unexpected results
out studies on the proteins insulin
and abnormalities from the evolu-
and relaxin in an attempt to con-
tionary point of view. Based on all
struct evolutionary relationships be-
this evidence, Schwabe maintains
tween living things. Several times,
that all proteins possess their same,
however, he has been forced to ad-
initial structures, without having un- sues that make up organs; cytology,
dergone any evolution—and that, the study of the microscopic struc-
just as with fossils, no intermediate ture of the cells that make up tissues;
form among molecules has ever and embryology, the study of all the
been found. phases between the fertilized egg
Michael Denton bases this com- (zygote) and the emergence of an in-
ment on results obtained from the dependent organism. 60
field of molecular biology: Comparisons between the ho-
Each class at a molecular level is mologous or analogous organs of
unique, isolated and unlinked by inter- living things are performed on the
mediates. Thus molecules, like fossils basis of findings obtained from mor-
have failed to provide the elusive inter- phology. (See Homologous Organs;
mediates so long sought by evolutiona- Analogous Organs.) All living
ry biology. 58 things with similar morphologies
In short, the homological hypoth- are regarded as homologous in or-
esis that looks for anatomical or der to construct a supposed evolu-
chemical similarities in living things tionary relationship between them.
and attempts to portray them as evi- However, there is no scientific basis
dence for evolution has been invali- for this. Indeed, there are many ex-
dated by the scientific facts. amples of species that resemble each
other very closely, but between
MORPHOLOGY which no so-called evolutionary re-
This is the branch of science that lationship can be constructed—and
studies the shape and structure of this represents a major inconsistency
organisms as a whole. With plants, it from the point of view of evolution-
investigates the structures and com- ist claims.
mon organization of the root, stem,
leaves and fruits; and with animals
and human beings, compares and
THE MORPHOLOGICAL
analyzes their physical structure. 59
HOMOLOGY MYTH
Sub-branches of morphology in- —See Homology
clude anatomy, the study of the visi-
ble internal and external structures MORRIS, JOHN
of organisms; histology, the study of Professor John Morris is the di-
the microscopic structure of the tis- rector of the Institute for Creation
stone, soil, trees, and plants. It is im- DNA. When high-energy particles
possible for these natural elements strike DNA bases, they alter their
to perform conscious, intelligent ac- structure, and usually cause changes
tions or to program living things, be- of such dimensions that the cell can-
cause everything we see in nature not repair them. (See Mutation: An
has been created and therefore, can- Imaginary Mechanism.)
not be their creator.
Since living things do not create MUTANT
the superior characteristics they pos- Mutant is the name given to any
sess through their own intelligence. living thing, cell or gene that has un-
Since they are born with these attrib- dergone obvious changes in its
utes, then there must be a creator DNA. Mutations are breaks and
who endows them with these fea- shifts that occur as a result of physi-
tures and who impels them to dis- cal (for example, radiation) or chem-
play such behavior. Almighty Allah ical effects in the DNA molecule,
is our Creator. found in the cell nucleus that carries
genetic data. Mutations damage the
nucleotides that make up DNA. The
MUTAGENIC FACTORS components making up genetic in-
Breaks and shifts in the genetic formation are either detached from
data in living things are described as their locations, damaged or else
mutation. These affect and damage transported to different sites in the
the DNA in the cell nucleus. Every DNA. They cause damage and other
cause giving rise to mutation—gen-
erally, some form of chemical effects
or particle emissions—is known as a
mutagenic factor.
Substances such as mustard gas
and nitric acid may be given as ex-
amples of chemical mutagenic fac-
tors. X-rays or the radiation leaking
from a nuclear power station are ex-
amples of radioactive mutagenic ef-
fects. Particles emitted from a radio-
active element can cause damage to
A physically defective mutant lamb.
Harun Yahya - Adnan Oktar
64 Mutation: An Imaginary Mechanism
this predator pressure lasts, the deer cannot evolve by way of natural se-
will never turn into any other spe- lection.
cies. Weak deer are eliminated and Darwin admitted as much when
the fittest survive; but no "evolution" he wrote, "Natural selection can do
of species takes place, because there nothing until favourable individual
is no change in the deer's genetic in- differences or variations occur." 69
formation. No matter how much Natural selection was a natural
herds of deer are subjected to natu- phenomenon known to biologists
ral selection, they will still remain before Darwin, but described as a
deer. mechanism that enables species to
This example applies to all other remain stable without being im-
species. Deformed or weak individ- paired. It was Darwin who first
uals in a population, or those unfit- claimed that this process was an ev-
ted to environmental conditions are olutionary force and thus construct-
eliminated by way of natural selec- ed his whole theory on that basis.
tion. But no new species, genetic in- The name he gave his book—The
formation or organs will emerge as a Origin of Species, By Way of Natural
result. In other words, living things Selection—shows that natural selec-
NEANDERTHALS:
A HUMAN RACE
The Neanderthals emerged sud-
denly in Europe around 300,000
A fossil belonging to a Neanderthal
Neanderthals: A Human Race 73
have made great efforts to portray skeletal remains with those of modern
these people as a "primitive" species, humans have shown that there is noth-
although all the facts show ing in Neanderthal anatomy that con-
Neanderthal Man to be no different clusively indicates locomotor, manipu-
to a fairly stocky human walking lative, intellectual, or linguistic abili-
ties inferior to those of modern hu-
around today. The New Mexico
mans. 72
University paleoanthropologist Erik
Trinkaus, regarded as an eminent Therefore, many modern re-
authority on the subject, writes: searchers describe Neanderthal Man
as a sub-group of modern man and
Detailed comparisons of Neanderthal
FALSE
74 "Nebraska Man" Fraud, The
The Neanderthals:
A Human Race
FALSE
The reconstruction above, produced on the basis of a single tooth, was published in
the 24 June 1922 edition of the Illustrated London News. Shortly afterwards, howe-
ver, it was realized that the tooth actually belonged to an extinct species of wild
boar, and not to an ape-like creature or human being at all. This inflicted a major dis-
appointment on evolutionists.
Nebraska Man's skull and body a single tooth, he attracted the most
were reconstructed in artists' con- terrible fury.
ceptions. Pictures were even pub- However, other parts of the skel-
lished of Nebraska Man in his natu- eton were discovered in 1927. In the
ral habitat, together with his wife light of these remains, this tooth was
and children. This whole scenario found to belong neither to an ape
was spun out from a single tooth. nor to a human being, but to an ex-
Evolutionists so believed in this ho- tinct species of American wild boar
minid made from whole cloth that known as prosthennops. Science
when a researcher by the name of magazine covered the story under
William Bryan cast doubt upon all the title "Hesperopithecus Apparently
these firmly held opinions based on Not an Ape Nor a Man." 73
from the Sun; and that therefore, the energy-conversion system be it open
Law of Entropy does not apply to or closed, will offer no advantage for
the Earth, and that ordered, complex evolution. No one claims that any
living things can indeed emerge such complex and conscious mecha-
from disordered, simple and inani- nism existed in the conditions of the
mate structures. primeval Earth. At this point, evolu-
Yet there is a very clear distortion tionists cannot account for how com-
of the facts here, because energy en- plex energy conversion systems,
tering a system from outside is not such as photosynthesis, which even
sufficient to make that system into modern technology cannot repro-
an ordered one. To make that energy duce — emerged in the first place.
capable of being used, special mech- Whatever solar energy reached
anisms are needed. For example, the primeval Earth had no way of
control mechanisms, an engine and giving rise to order. For one thing,
transmission systems are needed to the higher the temperature rises, the
harness the energy generated from more amino acids—the building
the fuel in an internal combustion blocks of life—resist forming bonds
engine. In the absence of such trans- in regular sequences. Energy alone is
formation systems, it will be impos- not sufficient for amino acids to
sible to use that fuel's energy. form the far more complex molecu-
The same applies to living things, les of proteins, and for proteins to
which receive their energy from the give rise to cell organelles, which are
Sun. This solar energy is turned into more complex still. This manifest or-
chemical energy thanks to extraordi- der is only possible through our om-
narily complex energy-conversion niscient Lord's creation.
systems such as photosynthesis in In fact, many evolutionists openly
plants and the digestive systems in admit that the claim about open sys-
animals and human beings. In the tems is invalid and that it conflicts
absence of any of these conversion with thermodynamics. Although
systems, no organism can survive. Professor John Ross of Harvard
For a living thing with no energy- University holds evolutionist views,
conversion system, the Sun will be he writes in a paper in Chemical and
simply a source of destructive heat Engineering News that this claim is
and UV radiation. unrealistic and unscientific:
Therefore, any system without an . . . there are no known violations of the
ORGANIZED SYSTEMS
—See Ordered System
bronchia
alveol air in
parabronchia
The anatomy of birds is very different from that of reptiles, their supposed ancestors.
Birds lungs funtion in a totally different way from those of land-dwelling animals. Land-
dwelling animals breathe in and out from the same air vessel. In birds, while the air en-
ters into the lung from front, it goes out from the back. This distinct system is special-
ly made for birds, which need great amounts of oxygen during flight. It is impossible for
such a structure to evolve from the reptile lung.
Still another feature refuting the one of the world's authorities in this
evolution of the avian lung is that its field, explains, because first, the avian
structure leaves it never empty of lung is fixed rigidly to the body wall
air, and faces the danger of collapse and cannot therefore expand in volume
if it should become empty. Michael and, second, because of the small diam-
eter of the lung capillaries and the re-
Denton has this to say:
sulting high surface tension of any liq-
Just how such a different respiratory
uid within them, the avian lung can-
system could have evolved gradually
not be inflated out of a collapsed
from the standard vertebrate design
state, as happens in all other
without some sort of direction is,
vertebrates after birth. The
again, very difficult to envisage, es-
air capillaries are never col-
pecially bearing in mind that the
lapsed as are the alveoli of other
maintenance of respiratory
vertebrate species; rather, as they
function is absolutely vital
grow into the lung tissue, the par-
to the life of the organ-
abronchi are from the begin-
ism. Moreover, the
ning open tu bes filled with
unique function and
either air or fluid. 86
form of the avian
lung necessitates This system, totally dif-
a number of ad- ferent from the lungs of reptiles and
ditional unique adaptations during other terrestrial vertebrates, cannot
avian development. As H. R. Dunker, have formed gradually through un-
WHEN INHALIING
The air which enters the
birds’ respiratory passages
goes to the lungs, and to
air sacs behind them. The
air which is used is trans-
ferred to air sacs at the
front.
WHEN EXHALING
When the bird exhales,
clean air collected in the
rear air sacs flows into the
lung. Thanks to this sys-
tem, the flow of fresh air in-
to the avian lung continues
without interruption.
There are a great many other details in this respiratory system, which this diagram depicts
in very simplified form. in. For instance, at the points where the air sacs are connected to
the lungs, there are special valves and plugs to ensure the air travels in the right direction.
These all represent a fatal blow to the idea of evolution, as well as being evident proofs of
creation. Allah has created birds together with all their flawless characteristics. Allah is the
Almighty Creator.
90 Origin of the Bacteria
Parabronchial tubes, which enable air to circulate in the right direction in birds’
lungs. Each of these tubes is just 0.5 mm. in diameter.
matter could have produced bacte- ing down the absorbed nutrients.
ria. Like all living cells, bacteria con-
Until recently, many scientists re- tain DNA that controls the growth,
garded bacteria as a simple life form. reproduction and other activities. In
But detailed research has shown that bacteria, DNA moves freely in the
they are quite complex, even though cell's cytoplasm. Apart from cells
they are minute, single-celled crea- without nuclei (called prokaryotes),
tures. every cell contains DNA in its nucle-
Nearly all species of bacteria are us, separated from the cytoplasm by
surrounded by a protective wall that a membrane.
shapes their cells and allows them to Within these cells occur vital bio-
thrive in quite different environ- chemical activities that ensure the
ments. Some species of bacteria pos- continuation of life on Earth.
sess a thin layer which surrounds Bacteria perform essential functions
the cell wall. Within the cell wall of in the planet's ecological system. For
all bacteria, there is an elastic cell example, some bacteria break down
membrane. Tiny nutrient molecules dead plant and animal matter, con-
enter the cell through pores on the verting them into basic "raw" chemi-
surface of this membrane, through cal compounds that living organ-
which larger molecules cannot pass. isms can reuse. Some bacteria in-
Inside the membrane is a soft, crease the fertility of the soil. Others
gelatin-like substance called cyto- convert milk into cheese, produce
plasm, which contain proteins called antibiotics for use against other
enzymes. These provide the cell with harmful bacteria, and synthesize vi-
the raw materials it needs by break- tamins.
These are only a few of the count-
Despite being very small less purposes that bacteria serve. A
and single-celled, bacte- close look at these bacteria's genetic
ria have a very complex
structure shows that they are not
structure.
simple life forms at all.
Besides all their hundreds of
characteristics, bacteria contain the
DNA that is evidence of creation. In
theta-x-174, the smallest known bac-
teria, there are 5375 nucleotides—the
Yet that is not actually the case, ing commands to particular muscles.
and bats continue to detect all kinds These two types of neuron work to-
of moving object with no problem at gether, so that when the frequency
all, because they raise the frequency of the echoes changes, the first neu-
of the sound waves they emit to- ron detects this and causes the other
wards moving objects, just as if they neuron to adapt to the echo's fre-
were taking the Doppler Effect into quency, either by suppressing or
account. For example, a bat will emit stimulating it. As a result, the bat
the highest frequency sounds in the changes its frequency according to
direction of a fly moving away from its surroundings, using it in the most
it, so that when the sound echoes efficient manner.
back, it will not fall below a detecta- It is easy to realize the lethal blow
ble frequency. that this system deals to the theory
Two types of neurons or nerve of evolution's explanation of gradual
cells in the bat's brain supervise the improvements by way of random
sonar system; one of these perceives mutations. The sonar system in bats
the ultrasound emitted, and the oth- has an exceedingly complex struc-
er adjusts the bat's squeaks by issu- ture, and can never be accounted for
The oldest known fossil bat, found in Wyoming in the USA. This fossil, some 50 mil-
lion years old, is identical to modern bats.
When insect fossils first appear, in the Cursorial Theory, and The
Middle and Upper Carboniferous, they Transition from Land to the Air
are diverse and for the most part fully Myth.
winged. There are a few primitively
wingless forms, but no convincing in-
termediates are known. 99 ORIGIN OF THE HORSES
One important feature of those Until recently, schematic illustra-
flies that emerge suddenly in the fos- tions of the evolution of horses have
sil record is their extraordinary flight been a prominent proof of the theory
techniques. Human beings cannot of evolution. Today, however, many
raise and lower their arms ten times evolutionists have openly refuted
a second, yet the average fly can flap the validity of this scenario. In 1980,
its wings 500 times a second. 150 evolutionists attended a four-
Moreover, both wings beat simulta- day meeting at the Chicago Museum
neously. The slightest irregularity in of Natural History in which the
wing beats will upset the insect's bal- problems associated with stage-by-
ance, but this never occurs. stage evolution were discussed. At
In an article titled "The that meeting, Boyce Rensberger stat-
Mechanical Design in Fly Wings," R. ed that there was no support in the
Wootton writes: fossil record for the stage-by-stage
The better we understand the function- evolution of horses:
ing of insect wings, the more subtle
The popularly told example of horse ev-
and beautiful their designs appear . . .
olution, suggesting a gradual sequence
Insect wings combine both in one, us-
of changes from four-toed fox-sized
ing components with a wide range of
creatures living nearly 50 million
elastic properties, elegantly assembled
years ago to today's much larger one-
to allow appropriate deformations in
toed horse, has long been known to be
response to appropriate forces and to
wrong. Instead of gradual change, fos-
make the best possible use of the air.
sils of each intermediate species appear
They have few if any technological par-
fully distinct, persist unchanged, and
allels--yet. 100
then become extinct. Transitional
forms are unknown. 101
About the "evolution of the
ORIGIN OF FLIGHT
horse" diagrams, the noted paleon-
—See The Arboreal Theory, The tologist Niles Eldredge said :
There have been an awful lot of stories, lution occurred at different times in
some more imaginative than others, India, South America, North
about what the nature of that history America and Europe. Various evolu-
[of life] really is. The most famous ex- tionists proposed more than 20 dif-
ample, still on exhibit downstairs, is ferent horse-evolution scenarios, but
the exhibit on horse evolution prepared
there is no agreement among them
perhaps fifty years ago. That has been
on the different proposed family
presented as the literal truth in text-
trees. The only point they agreed on
book after textbook. Now I think that
is that the 55-million-year-old dog-
that is lamentable, particularly when
the people who propose those kinds of like creature called Eohippus
stories may themselves be aware of the (Hyracotherium) was the first so-
speculative nature of some of that called ancestor of horses. (See
stuff.102 Eohippus.) However, this so-called
In spite of the lack of any scientif- ancestor of horses—supposed to
ic support, to create this horse-evo- have become extinct millions of
lution scenario, fossils from different years ago—is almost identical to a
species were arranged in a series creature called the hyrax that still
from the smallest to the largest. lives in Africa, but is no relation to a
Evolutionists claimed that this evo- horse. 103
'The evolution of horses' exhibit at the British Natural History Museum. This and the like
schemas of 'the evolution of horses' are constructed based on a totally sided point of view
and by the extremely biased successive lining of the independent living kinds that have
lived on different geographic areas in different epochs. In reality there is no scientific evi-
dence on 'the evolution of horses'.
Every day that passes, a new fos- But perhaps the most serious weakness
sil is discovered that clearly demon- of Darwinism is the failure of paleon-
strates the discrepancy of these tologists to find convincing phyloge-
claims about the evolution of horses nies or sequences of organisms demon-
especially since Eohippus fossils have strating major evolutionary change. . .
The horse is often cited as the only ful-
been found in the same stratum as
ly worked-out example. But the fact is
two modern horse species, Equus ne-
that the line from Eohippus to Equus is
vadensis and E. occidentalis.104 This
very erratic. It is alleged to show a con-
shows that horses living today lived
tinual increase in size, but the truth is
at the same time as their supposed that some variants were smaller than
ancestors, proving that the so-called Eohippus [the first in the sequence],
evolution of horses never occurred. not larger. Specimens from different
In his book The Great Evolution sources can be brought together in a
Mystery, the evolutionist writer convincing-looking sequence, but there
Gordon R. Taylor examined topics is no evidence that they were actually
that Darwinism could not explain. ranged in this order in time. 105
About the mythical horse series, he All these facts show that one of
writes: the basic proofs for the series schema
Origin of the Insects 107
of horse evolution is totally imagi- suddenly and with the same struc-
nary. Like other species, horses also tures they have now. Betty Faber of
come into existence without leaving the American Museum of Natural
any evolutionary ancestor in the fos- History says that the cockroaches of
sil record. 350 million years ago are exactly the
same as those of today. 106
Spiders, ticks and centipedes are
ORIGIN OF THE INSECTS not really insects, although they are
With regard to the origin of birds, generally referred to as such. At the
evolutionist biologists claim that cer- 1983 annual meeting of the
tain reptiles that used their front legs American Association for the
developed wings to catch insects Advancement of Science, exceeding-
and evolved into birds. According to ly important fossil findings regard-
this speculative thesis, known as the ing these organisms were presented.
cursorial theory, the forearms of the The 380-million-year-old spider, tick
reptiles in question gradually elon- and centipede fossils were identical
gated into wings as they attempted
to catch flies. (See The Cursorial
Theory.) The most important ques-
tion regarding this theory, which is
based on no scientific findings at all,
is how insects, which were already
able to fly, developed their wings.
Insects, flies included, represent yet
another dilemma for evolutionists.
In the classification of living
things, insects represent a sub-phy-
lum, Insecta, within the arthropod
phylum (organisms with jointed
legs). The oldest fossil insects belong
to the Devonian Period. In the sub-
sequent period, the Pennsylvanian,
a large number of different insect A 35-million-year-old fly preserved in amber (fossil-
species emerge suddenly. Fossilized ized tree resin). This fossil, discovered near the Baltic
cockroaches, for instance, appear Sea, is identical to specimens living today.
to specimens alive today. One scien- "How did they acquire these in-
tist who examined these findings stincts?" "How did instinctive behav-
commented that they "looked like ior first emerge? "how is such behav-
they might have died yesterday." 107 ior transmitted from one generation
Of course, the way that these to another?" always go unanswered.
creatures, possessing flawless de- The evolutionist geneticist
signs, appeared suddenly on Earth Gordon Rattray Taylor makes this
cannot be explained in terms of evo- admission regarding the dilemma
lution. (See, Origin of the Flies.) For represented by instincts: "When we
that reason, evolutionist scientist ask ourselves how an instinctive pat-
Paul Pierre Grassé, says that "We are tern of behaviour arose in the first
in the dark concerning the origin of place and became hereditarily fixed,
insects."108 In conclusion, the sudden we are given no answer." 109
appearance of insects clearly con- Certain other evolutionists do not
firms the fact of creation. make such admissions. They try to
gloss over these questions with
veiled answers that do not actually
ORIGIN OF INSTINCT mean anything at all. According to
Evolutionist scientists use the evolutionists, instincts are behaviors
word instinct is to describe certain programmed in living things' genes.
behavior that animals possess from According to this explanation, a
birth. However questions such as honeybee, for example, instinctively
son, we frequently see exceedingly can be clearly shown that the most
conscious and astonishing behavior wonderful instincts with which we are
in nature, inhabited by unconscious acquainted, namely, those of the hive-
entities, of the kind that makes peo- bee and of many ants, could not possi-
ple ask. "How does this animal bly have been acquired by habit. 114
know how to do that?" or "How did If a working ant or other neuter insect
this creature ever think of doing had been an ordinary animal, I should
that?" have unhesitatingly assumed that all
2. It is impossible for behavior its characters had been slowly acquired
acquired through natural selection through natural selection; namely, by
to be transmitted genetically to sub- individuals having been born with
slight profitable modifications, which
sequent generations.
were inherited by the off-spring; and
In the second phase of evolution-
that these again varied and again were
ists' claims, behavior acquired
selected, and so onwards. But with the
through natural selection must be
working ant we have an insect differ-
genetically handed on to subsequent ing greatly from its parents, yet abso-
generations. However, such claims lutely sterile; so that it could never
are full of various inconsistencies. have transmitted successively acquired
First, , even if animals learned be- modifications of structure or instinct
havior through experience, it is im- to its progeny. It may well be asked
possible for subsequently acquired how is it possible to reconcile this case
behavior to be passed on genetically. with the theory of natural selection? 115
Learned behavior belongs uniquely
to the animal that learned it. It is ab-
solutely impossible for any learned
behavior to be encoded into a living
thing's genes.
Evolutionists today are still una-
ble to resolve that same contradic-
tion posed by Darwin 150 years ago:
[I]t would be a serious error to suppose
that the greater number of instincts
have been acquired by habit in one gen-
eration, and then transmitted by inher-
itance to succeeding generations. It
It has been objected to the foregoing words, they have a special built-in
view of the origin of instincts that the ability. 118
variations of structure and of instinct The way that all babies in the
must have been simultaneous and ac- world produce similar sounds
curately adjusted to each other, as a shows that they are all born with a
modification in the one without an im-
special inspiration toward speech.
mediate corresponding change in the
That human beings are created with
other would have been fatal." 117
this feature, not found in any other
As you have seen, instinctive be- living thing, is Allah's sublime artist-
havior in animals cannot be ex- ry.
plained in terms of any evolutionary
process, chance, or "Mother nature".
The source of animals' behavior lies ORIGIN OF THE MAMMALS
neither in their own bodies nor in
The theory of evolution main-
nature. Under the inspiration of
tains that a number of living things
Allah, all living things behave in the
evolved by emerging from the sea,
manner most suited to their own
turning into amphibians and then
structures and to their surroundings.
into reptiles, and that birds evolved
from those reptiles. According to the
ORIGIN OF THE LANGUAGE same scenario, reptiles are the ances-
tors not only of birds but also of
Regarding the origin of language, mammals. Yet there are vast struc-
there are two different views.. The tural gulfs between cold-blooded
first is that a human is born with a reptiles, whose bodies are covered in
"blank slate" mind and merely learns scales and which reproduce by lay-
to speak from observing those ing eggs, and warm-blooded mam-
around him. However, the famous mals, which are covered in fur and
linguist Noam Chomsky has put for- give birth to live young.
ward a very different conclusion One example of these gulfs in-
based on scientific facts, statistics volves the jaw structures of reptiles
and observations. In his view, the and mammals. The mammalian low-
human mind has an innate propensi- er jaw consists of a single arc of
ty to learn language and to speak. bone, in which the teeth are set. A
Human beings are programmed in reptile's lower jaw, on the other
advance for language—in other hand, consists of three small bones
There is no structural difference between mammal fossils dating back tens of mil-
lions of years exhibited in natural history museums and specimens alive today.
Moreover, these fossils appear suddenly in the Earth's strata, with no links to earli-
er species.
cally opposed to the transition from form changes. We have to assume that
water to dry land, returning to a ma- the return to the sea took place not
rine environment as the result of a through a long-term, slow transition
second process of evolution. as claimed by Darwinism, but in mo-
However, this theory is based on no mentary leaps. Paleontologists today
lack sufficient information as regards
paleontological evidence—and is al-
which mammal species whales are
so logically inconsistent.
evolved from. 122
Mammals are regarded as the top
rung of the evolutionary ladder. It's difficult indeed to imagine
That being so, the question arises of how, as the result of any evolutiona-
how these creatures moved back to a ry process, a small terrestrial mam-
marine environment. A subsequent mal could become a whale 30 meters
question is that of how they adapted (98 feet) long and weighing 60 tons..
to that environment even better than On this subject, all that Darwinists
fish. Dolphins, which are mammals are able to do is, as in the account
and thus possess lungs, are even bet- published in National Geographic
ter adapted to their environment magazine cited below, to exercise
than fish, which breathe in water. their imaginations:
It is perfectly obvious that the im- The whale's ascendancy to sovereign
aginary evolution of marine mam- size apparently began sixty million
mals cannot be explained in terms of years ago when hairy, four-legged
mammals, in search of food or sanctu-
mutations and natural selection. One
ary, ventured into water. As eons
article published in GEO magazine
passed, changes slowly occurred. Hind
refers to the origin of the blue whale,
legs disappeared, front legs changed
stating the despairing position of
into flippers, hair gave way to a thick
Darwinism on the subject: smooth blanket of blubber, nostrils
Like blue whales, the bodily structures moved to the top of the head, the tail
and organs of other mammals living in broadened into flukes, and in the buoy-
the sea also resemble those of fish. ant water world the body became enor-
Their skeletons also bear similarities to mous. 123
those of fish. In whales, the rear limbs
Bearing in mind the adaptations
that we can refer to as legs exhibited a
that a mammal, using lungs to
reverse development and did not reach
breathe with, would have to under-
full growth Yet there is not the slight-
go in order to thrive in a marine en-
est information about these animals'
vironment, it can be seen that even ter way than in humans, thus reduc-
the word impossible fails to do justice ing water loss to a minimum. Water
to the situation. The absence of even conservation reveals itself in even
one rung of the ladder in such an ev- the smallest details. For example, the
olutionary transition would deny mother whale feeds her young with
the animal the ability to survive, and milk of a dense consistency like that
bring the evolutionary process to an of cottage cheese, and which is some
end. tens of times more fatty than human
Marine Mammals and Their milk. There are number of chemical
Unique Structures reasons why the milk should have
The adaptations that marine ani- such a high fat content. As the young
mals would have to undergo during processes the fat it releases water as
a transition to a water environment a byproduct. In this way, the mother
can be enumerated as follows: is able to meet her young's water re-
1. Water Conservation. Marine quirements with a minimal water
mammals are unable to meet their loss of her own.
water requirements in the same way 2. Sight and Communication. The
as fish do, by using salt water. They differences between the eyes of ma-
need fresh water in order to live. rine mammals and those of terrestri-
Although the water sources of ma- al life forms are surprising. On land,
rine animals are not well known, it is physical blows and dust represent
thought that they meet a large part threats to the eye, and for that rea-
of their water requirements by eat- son, terrestrial animals have eyelids.
ing creatures that contain up to one- In a marine environment, however,
third as much salt as exists in the the main dangers are salt level, the
ocean. For marine mammals, it increasing pressure when diving
is of great importance to con- down to great
serve as much fresh water as
possible. For that reason, they
possess water conservation mech-
anisms like that seen in camels.
Like camels, marine mammals
do not sweat. Their kidneys pro-
vide water for them by concen-
trating urine in a much bet-
depths, and marine currents. The more important to them. Vision re-
creature's eyes are positioned on the quires light, but many whales and
sides of the head in order to avoid dolphins hunt in dark regions under
direct contact with the current. the sea thanks to a kind of natural
In addition, marine mammals sonar. Toothed whales in particular
have a hard layer to protect the eye are able to "see" by means of the
during deep dives. Since there is in- sound waves returning to them,
creasing darkness beneath a depth of much as a bat can. Sound waves are
9 meters (29 feet), the mammals' eyes focused and sent to one point. The
have been equipped with a number returning waves are then analyzed
of features that enable them to adapt and interpreted in the animal's
to such a dark environment. The lens brain. This analysis quite clearly
is spherical. There are many more gives the shape, size, speed and po-
light-sensitive rod cells than cone sition of an object. These animals' so-
cells, which are sensitive to color nar system is exceedingly sensitive.
and detail. Moreover, the eye has a Dolphins, for example, can detect a
special layer containing phosphorus. person's inside diving into the wa-
For these reasons, marine mammals ter. They use sound waves for com-
can see very well in dark environ- munication as well as for direction-
ments. finding. Two whales hundreds of
Then again, sight is not marine kilometers apart can communicate
mammals' primary sense. Unlike by the use of sound.
land mammals, hearing is much How do these animals produce
Origin of the Marine Reptiles 119
sounds for communication and di- Cretaceous placentals. Like the bats,
rection finding? That question is still the whales (using the term in a gener-
unanswered. Among other things, al and inclusive sense) appear sudden-
however, we do know one very sur- ly in early Tertiary times, fully adapt-
prising detail: The dolphin's skull is ed by profound modifications of the ba-
sic mammalian structure for a highly
especially sound-proofed to protect
specialized mode of life. Indeed, the
its brain from being damaged by
whales are even more isolated with re-
sound waves it emits so constantly
lation to other mammals than the bats;
and powerfully.
they stand quite alone. 124
There is absolutely no possibility
As with all other fundamental
of all these astonishing characteris-
living groups, no findings support
tics of marine mammals having aris-
the claim of marine mammals' so-
en by way of mutation and natural
called evolution. It is impossible for
selection—the theory of evolution's
them to have evolved from the land
only two mechanisms. Those who
mammals that supposedly consti-
suggest that fish appeared in water
tute their ancestors, but also, there
by chance, and then later—again by
are no transitional forms to show
chance— emerged onto dry land
that such evolution ever took place.
and evolved into amphibians, rep-
tiles and mammals; and that these
mammals then returned to the water ORIGIN OF THE MARINE
and acquired the anatomy necessary REPTILES
for life there, cannot account for
even one of these stages. The great majority of marine rep-
Indeed, the fossil record shows tiles are now extinct, though turtles
that whales and other marine mam- still survive as representatives of this
mals appeared in the seas in a single group. The origin of these creatures
moment and with no ancestors be- cannot be explained through any ev-
hind them. Edwin Colbert, an au- olutionist approach. The most signif-
thority in the field of paleontology, icant known marine reptile is
describes this fact: Ichthyosaurus. Edwin Colbert and
Michael Morales admit that there
These mammals must have had an an-
can be no evolutionary explanation
cient origin, for no intermediate forms
are apparent in the fossil record be- for these creatures' origin:
tween the whales and the ancestral The Ichthyosaurs, in many respects the
most highly specialized of the marine long time for their development and
reptiles, appeared in early Triassic hence a very early origin for the group,
times. Their advent into the geologic but there are no known Permian rep-
history of the reptiles was sudden and tiles antecedent to them. 126
dramatic; there are no clues in pre- In short, all the different marine
Triassic sediments as to the possible
reptiles appeared on Earth separate-
ancestors of the Ichthyosaurs . . . The
ly, with no evolutionary relationship
basic problem of Ichthyosaur relation-
among them. This constitutes mani-
ships is that no conclusive evidence
fest scientific proof that all living
can be found for linking these reptiles
things are created.
with any other reptilian order. 125
Alfred Romer, another expert on
vertebrate history, writes: ORIGIN OF THE
No earlier forms [of ichthyo- QUADRUPEDS
saurs] are known. The
Quadrupeds (or tetrapods) is the
peculiarities of
ichthyosaur
name given to four-footed land-
structure dwelling vertebrates. This general
would seem- classification includes amphibians,
ingly re- reptiles and mammals. The
quire a Darwinists' explanation is that quad-
rupeds evolved from fish. However,
this claim is physiologically
and anatomically
An Ichthyosaur fo-
sil, approximately 200 million .years old
The Evolution Impasse II
Origin of Photosynthesis 121
Skin membrane
Epidermis
Tissue containing
pho to syn the siz ing
cells
Cross-section of leaf Pore (stoma)
Chloroplast
Thylacoids
Outer mem-
brane
Inner membrane
Photosynthetic cell
Main tissue
Thin scale Granum
Granum
Plant cells perform photosynthesis, a process that cannot be carried out in any laboratory.
Thanks to an organelle in the cell known as the chloroplast, plants use water, carbon dioxide
and the energy from sunlight to manufacture starch. This nutrient is the first link in the Earth's
food chain and the source of nourishment for all living things on Earth. The details of this high-
ly complex process have still not been fully deciphered.
starch that comes from plants. For of natural events. The evolutionist
that reason, photosynthesis is essen- hypothesis is that in order to per-
tial for any complex life forms—yet form photosynthesis, plant cells
photosynthesis's highly complex swallowed photosynthesizing bacte-
process is not yet fully understood. ria and turned them into chloro-
Modern technology has not even un- plasts, much as modern-day lichens
raveled its details, let alone been are a symbiotic combination of algae
able to replicate it. and fungi. However, the question of
According to the theory of evolu- how bacteria learned to carry out
tion, this complex process is a result such a complex process as photosyn-
thesis heads the list of those that the knowledge cannot perform, was in
evolutionary scenario leaves unans- some way discovered by bacteria.
wered. These accounts are no different from
Evolutionist sources say that this fairy tales and are of absolutely no
process, which humans even with all scientific worth. Those who look at
their advanced technology and the subject in any great detail have to
genes, and each gene contains up to changes, the lack of any intermedi-
1,000 letters of genetic code. This ate form between bacteria and eu-
means that the information in a bac- karyotic cells totally invalidates any
terium's DNA is at least 2 million claim of evolution. The Turkish ev-
"letters" long. Accordingly, the in- olutionist Professor Ali Demirsoy
formation contained in the DNA of admits that the scenario of bacteria
a single bacterium is equivalent to cells evolving into eukaryotic
20 volumes of 100,000 words each.129 cells—from which more complex
Any change in this encoded in- life forms then emerged—is invalid:
formation may damage the bacteri- One of the most difficult phases to ac-
um's entire operating system, spell- count for in evolution is the scientific
ing death for the bacterium. explanation of how complex cells with
In addition to DNA's sensitive organelles came into being from these
structure that withstands random primitive organisms. In fact, no tran-
Seymouria
fossil
130 Origin of Species, The
The conjectural
anatomy of Pikaia,
the oldest known
chordate
because up to now the vertebrates were small organisms. It was later estab-
absent from the big bang of life, as we lished in detailed studies conducted
call it—that is, the great early under the electron microscope that
Cambrian explosion, where all the ma- these were structurally very different
jor animal groups appeared suddenly and that they lived solely as parasites
in the fossil record . . . It is practically in the cell.
certain that these are vertebrates. 145
No matter how many virions one or a
few enzymes contain, this enzyme se-
ries is still insufficient for establishing
ORIGIN OF VIRUSES a virion. (virion, the state in which vi-
Some evolutionists maintain that ruses have the capacity to cause infec-
viruses represent the biological be- tion). 147
A virus lives as a parasite in the cells of a foreign organism. Viruses have no metab-
olisms of their own outside the host cell. The diagram above shows how a virus
takes over a cell. It first attaches itself to the cell, then injects it with its own DNA.
The cell is thus forced into copying the virus. Eventually, the cell explodes and the
new virus particles are released.
the Australopithecus skeleton to that use lungs to breathe and warm their
of modern orangutans. 151 own bodies. The origin of marine
Finally in 1994, Liverpool mammals is one of the most difficult
University's Fred Spoor and his subjects for evolutionists to account
team carried out wide-ranging stud- for. Most evolutionist sources sug-
ies in order to arrive at a definitive gest that their forerunners lived on
conclusion regarding the dry land, evolved as the result of a
Australopithecus skeleton. During lengthy evolutionary process, in
that research, the inner ear struc- such a way as to return to a marine
tures of Australopithecus fossils were environment. According to this
examined. An organ known as the claim, marine mammals followed a
cochlea determines the body's posi- path which was the exact opposite of
tion relative to the ground in the in- the supposed transition from water
ner ears of human beings and other to land, via a second process of evo-
complex life forms. That organ's lution. However, this theory is based
function is similar to the bubble lev- upon no paleontological findings,
el used to maintain level surfaces by and is also logically inconsistent.
carpenters.. In order to determine Mammals are regarded as the
whether the creatures portrayed as creatures at the top of the evolution-
ancestors of man walked upright, ary ladder. That being so, it is very
Fred Spoor investigated this particu- hard to explain why these animals
lar organ. The comparison analyses reverted to a marine environment.
made on the balance centers re- The next question is, how did these
vealed that apes classified as Homo animals adapt to the marine envi-
habilis did not walk upright, but ronment even better than fish?
were bent forward. 152 Because creatures such as killer
whales, which are mammals and
therefore have lungs, exhibit an even
ORIGIN OF WHALES more perfect adaptation to their en-
Whales and dolphins comprise a vironment than fish, which actually
group known as marine mammals Just do breathe in water.
like mammals on land, they give In recent years, various fossils
birth to their young, suckle them, have been suggested as solution to
this dilemma, but in fact benefit the relationship between Pakicetus and
theory of evolution not at all. fish:
The first of these fossils is First, as National Geographic indirect-
Pakicetus inachus, extinct mammal ly makes clear by employing the words
first discovered in 1983. The finder "subtle clues in combination," some of
of the first specimen, Philip D. these features also exist in other land-
Gingerich and his colleagues had no dwelling mammals.
qualms about claiming it to be a In addition, none of the characteristics
primitive whale, even though they in question constitutes evidence for an
had discovered only a skull. evolutionary relationship. Most of the
However, the fossil had not the theoretical relationships between spe-
slightest connection to whales in any cies that evolutionists seek to establish
shape or form. The skeleton had a on the basis of anatomical similarities
four-footed structure, resembling are exceedingly flawed— as evolution-
that of modern wolves. The region ists themselves admit. Pakicetus is a
unique species with different anatomi-
where the fossil was discovered con-
cal features in its body. Robert Carroll,
tained seams of oxidized iron as well
an authority on invertebrate paleontol-
as fossils of such terrestrial animals
ogy, states that the family of
as snails, tortoises and crocodiles. In
Mesonychids, in which Pakicetus
other words, its environment had should be included, displays a combi-
been dry land, not a marine bed. nation of peculiar characteristics.
So why was this quadruped land Prominent evolutionists such as Gould
dweller deemed to be a primitive admit that such mosaic life forms can-
whale? The answer is supplied in not be regarded as intermediate forms.
National Geographic magazine, an ev- In an article titled "The
olutionist publication: Overselling of Whale Evolution," the
Subtle clues in combination—the ar- science writer Ashby L. Camp de-
rangement of cusps on the molar teeth, scribes the invalidity of the claim
a folding in a bone of the middle ear, that the Mesonychids, of which land
and the positioning of the ear bones mammals such as Pakicetus are a
within the skull—are absent in other
part, are the ancestors of
land mammals. 153
Archaeocetes, the extinct whales:
However, these features repre-
The reason evolutionists are confident
sent no evidence for constructing a that mesonychids gave rise to archaeo-
leg bones. However, the bones in question This summarizes the invalidity of
assist with assuming the mating position the evolutionist claim that marine
in Basilosaurus, whereas in cachalot they mammals evolved from terrestrial
support the reproductive organs. 155 To de- life forms. Scientific findings show
scribe skeleton components that perform a no link between marine mammals
very important function as the vestigial and the two land mammals
organs of another function is simply evo- (Pakicetus and Ambulocetus natans)
lutionist prejudice. that evolutionists place right at the
In conclusion, it is clear that ma- beginning of this scenario.
rine mammals appeared with all In the remaining part of the sce-
their unique structures and with no nario, the theory of evolution is also
intermediate form between them at an impasse. The theory seeks to
and terrestrial mammals. Robert establish a family relationship be-
Carroll admits this, albeit reluctantly tween the extinct, genuine marine
and in evolutionist language, that mammal known as Archaeocetes ("ar-
there is no chain of evolution here.: chaic whale") and living dolphins
It is not possible to identify a sequence and whales.
of mesonychids leading directly to The fact is that experts in the field
whales. 156 think differently. The evolutionist pa-
Some rather more unbiased sci- leontologist Barbara J. Stahl writes:
entists, on the other hand, openly The serpentine form of the body and
admit that the animals that evolu- the peculiar serrated cheek teeth make
tionist sources refer to as "walking it plain that these archaeocetes [i.e.,
whales" are actually a completely Basilosaurus and related creatures]
separate group and have nothing to could not possibly have been ancestral
to any of the modern whales. 158
do with true whales.
The Russian scientist G. A. With regard to the origin of ma-
rine mammals, the evolutionist sce- In short, marine mammals all re-
nario is also contradicted by molecu- fute the imaginary family tree in
lar biology's findings. which evolutionists seek to locate
The classic evolutionist scenario them.
hypothesizes that the two major
whale groups, in order words
toothed whales (Odontoceti) and ba- ORIGIN OF THE WINGS
leen whales (Mysticeti), evolved How could the immaculate struc-
from a common ancestor. However, ture of wings have emerged as the
Michel C. Milinkovitch of Brussels result of consecutive random muta-
University opposed this view with a tions? That question is one that evo-
new theory, emphasizing that that lutionists are unable to answer. They
hypothesis, constructed on anatomi- are totally unable to explain how a
cal similarities, and was invalidated reptile's front legs could have turned
by molecular discoveries: into a flawless wings as the result of
Evolutionary relationships among the successive defects (mutations) aris-
major groups of cetaceans is more ing in its genes.
problematic since morphological and The Turkish evolutionist and sci-
molecular analyses reach very different entist Engin Korur describes the im-
conclusions. Indeed, based on the con- possibility of wings evolving:
ventional interpretation of the mor-
The common feature of eyes and wings
phological and behavioral data set, the
is that they can only fulfill their tasks
echolocating toothed whales (about 67
in the event that they are fully formed.
species) and the filter-feeding baleen
To put it another way, one cannot see
whales (10 species) are considered as
with a deficient eye, nor fly with half a
two distinct monophyletic groups . . .
wing. How these organs came into be-
On the other hand, phylogenetic anal-
ing has remained as one of the secrets
ysis of DNA... and amino acid. . . se-
of nature that has not yet been unrav-
quences contradict this long-accepted
eled. 160
taxonomic division. One group of
toothed whales, the sperm whales, ap-
pears to be more closely related to the
morphologically highly divergent ba-
leen whales than to other odontoce-
tes.159
Unable to withstand the treat- least sympathy and kindness from the
ment he was subjected to, Ota Benga whites of this country, after all the bru-
committed suicide. 161 tality it has suffered here …
An article published in The New It is shameful and disgusting that the
York Times at the time described misfortune, the physical deficiency, of
visitors' behavior: a human being, created by the same
40,000 visitors roamed the New York Force that puts us all here and en-
Zoological Park… the sudden surge of dowed with the same feelings and the
interest… was entirely attributable to same soul, should be locked in a cage
Ota Benga. The crowds were so enor- with monkeys and be made a public
mous that a police officer was assigned mockery. 163
full-time to guard Ota (the zoo claimed The New York Times also covered
this was to protect him) as he was "al- the way in which Ota Benga was put
ways in danger of being grabbed, yank- on display in the zoo in order to
ed, poked, and pulled to pieces by the demonstrate evolution. The defense
mob." 162
issued by the Darwinist zoo director
The 17 September 1906 edition of was lacking in all conscience:
The New York Times emphasized The exhibition of an African pygmy in
that although this was all done in or- the same cage with an orang outang at
der to prove evolution; it was actual- the New York Zoological Park last
ly a great injustice and act of cruelty: week stirred up considerable criticism.
Further, many of the ministers op- Some persons declared it was an at-
posed the theory of evolution, conclud- tempt on the part of Director
ing that "the exhibition evidently aims Hornaday to demonstrate a close rela-
to be a demonstration of the tionship between Negroes and mon-
Darwinian theory of evolution." keys. Dr. Hornaday denied this. "If the
little fellow is in a cage," said Dr.
These men, without thought and intel-
Hornaday, "it is because he is most
ligence have been exhibiting in a cage
comfortable there, and because we are
of monkeys, a small human dwarf from
at a loss to know what else to do with
Africa. Their idea, probably, was to in-
him. He is in no sense a prisoner, ex-
culcate some profound lesson in evolu-
cept that no one would say it was wise
tion.
to allow him to wander around the city
As a matter of fact, the only result without some one having an eye on
achieved has been to hold up to scorn him." 164
the African race, which deserves at
They claim that the panda's alleged imals have evolved from any other
ancestors used these features against class. Evolutionists speculate on the
other animals. Yet the panda's only basis of similarities alone, and disa-
enemy is man; among other animals, gree with one another because their
it has no enemies. Its powerful teeth conjectures are sheer fantasy.
and jaws are for breaking off and Of the panda's thumb not being
chewing bamboo stems. Its strong perfect, being the work of chance:
claws serve for climbing up bamboo Evolutionists say that the panda's
stems. Therefore, there is not the thumb is not perfect, but still serves
slightest evidence that pandas— a purpose.
which generally eat bamboo and In fact, this sixth finger is a kind
fruit and other plants from time to of bone known as the radial sesamoid
time—evolved from carnivorous bone, which generally facilitates
forerunners. movement at the joints and prevents
Evolutionists have been unable to the tendons from tearing. This struc-
agree on which animal the panda ture, emerging from the wrist, is ac-
might have evolved from. Some evo- tually no finger at all, but a support
lutionists place the panda in the that helps the other fingers grip onto
same category as bears; others in the bamboo stalks. 174
same category as raccoons, because Evolutionists maintain
no findings suggest that these an- that this bone devel-
oped in place of a finger, but does Aristotle maintained that one part of
not serve as one—saying, for exam- all the cells in the body came togeth-
ple, that it cannot strip shoots. er to form the egg and sperm. He al-
However, they also say that it is suf- so suggested that all the changes tak-
ficiently developed for grasping. ing place in the body throughout an
That is in any case the job of this organism's life could be passed
sixth finger, and the panda has along to later generations.
enough other fingers to perform oth- This idea was taken up by
er tasks perfectly.175 The idea that this Lamarck and Darwin in the 19th
structure's ideal shape would be that century, although it was eventually
of a complete finger is a groundless, shown to be false. Reproductive cells
based on evolutionist prejudices. are not a product of the body's cells,
The bone is perfectly suitable in its and changes in them do not affect
present state. the ovum and spermatazoa. (See
One study published in Nature Lamarck's Evolution Scenario.)
magazine in 1999 shows that in the
panda's natural habitat, its thumb is
highly efficient. The study, carried PANSPERMIA THEORY, THE
out by four Japanese researchers and Faced by the fact that amino acids
performed using computerized to- cannot form by chance, evolutionists
mography and magnetic resonance looked for a new explanation of how
imaging, concluded that the panda's life might have arisen spontaneously
thumb is "one of the most extraordi- under the conditions of the primeval
nary manipulation systems in mam- world. According to their new
malia." 176 claims, amino acids in meteors fall-
Evolutionists look for incompati- ing to Earth reacted with organic
bility or flaws in nature only to find substances and thus gave rise to life.
evidence for denying Allah's immac- According to this view, the first
ulate creation. Yet these efforts have organic substance originated beyond
always proved fruitless. The panda's the Earth, on another planet. The
thumb is yet another instance of this. spores or seeds of these organisms
were then carried to Earth by mete-
ors, and life thus began. In the light
PANGENESIS THEORY, THE of our current knowledge, however,
The ancient Greek philosopher it doesn't appear possible for spores
9 and this was then launched into evolution independently of one an-
space. Examinations revealed that other.
these micro-organisms all died within According to evolutionists, these
seven hours. Yet according to this hy- living things developed in parallel to
pothesis, the bacteria that supposedly one another and came to possess
gave rise to life must have traveled for
similar organs; however this might
many years. 178
have come about. To cite one exam-
The crystal-clear fact that emer- ple, the structure of the eye in squid
ges is that it is impossible for micro- and vertebrates is identical, though
organisms to reach Earth from outer no attempt is made to construct an
space. However, even if large quan- evolutionary relationship among
tities of amino acids had come from these creatures. Evolutionists
space, and even if the entire surface claimed parallel evolution to ac-
of the primitive Earth world was count for the origin of these organs.
covered with them, this would still However hard it is to explain how
not account for the origin of life. It such developed organs came into ex-
would be impossible for amino acids istence once, it's quite impossible to
to combine randomly and haphaz- account for how they might have
ardly and form an exceedingly com- come into being twice, and inde-
plex, three-dimensional protein; for pendently.
proteins to form the organelles in Briefly, the only difference be-
cells; and then for these organelles to tween parallel evolution and other
produce the miraculous structure of forms of evolution is that the former
the cell itself. needs even more chances to come
about. The more flawless structures
appear in living things, the less sci-
PARALLEL EVOLUTION entific appear evolutionists' scenari-
IMPASSE, THE os.
One of the subjects that pose the
worst dilemmas for evolutionists is
those organs with exceedingly com- PASTEUR, LOUIS
plex structures. Evolutionists claim As a result of lengthy research
that living things with very complex and experiments, the famous French
organs in common but with no com- biologist Louis Pasteur concluded
mon ancestor must have undergone that: "Never will the doctrine of
H H H H
O C
H H N C C
N C C
C C
H R H R
H H C H
C
H N C C C C C
C
H R H R
Dipeptide molecule
bonds, but proteins can emerge only ing attached in a wrong way makes
from amino acids attached to one an- the whole car functionless. In the
other by peptide bonds. same way, if just a single amino acid
To use analogy, imagine that all in a protein molecule is attached by
the components of an automobile some other bond than a peptide
are present, and in just the right bond, the entire molecule will be
place. However, let one of the useless.
wheels be attached by a coil of wire Research has revealed that ran-
rather than by bolts. No matter how dom bonding of amino acids results
powerful or how technologically ad- in 50% peptide bonds at most, the
vanced that car's engine may be, that rest being attached by bonds that are
car will still be unable to cover any not found in proteins. Therefore, in
distance. Everything else appears to calculating the probability of a pro-
be in order, yet one of the wheels be- tein coming into being by chance, we
Canlı grupları olan filumların tamamına yakını, Kambriyen devri olarak bilinen jeolojik
dönemde, hiçbir sözde evrimsel ataya sahip olmadan aniden ortaya çıkmışlardır. Bu,
evrim teorisini çürüten, yaratılışı destekleyen önemli bir delildir.
160 Phylum (Plural: Phyla)
AN ORANGUTAN JAW
TO A HUMAN SKULL
The Piltdown Man fossil
that deceived the world
of science for some 40
years was actually a fraud
concocted by evolutionists
putting together bones of a
man and an ape.
tive artifacts
found alongside
the fossils were
mere reproductions,
Paleoanthropology Department made with modern steel
sought permission to perform a new implements. 183
dating technique, the fluoride test, With the detailed analyses per-
on some old fossils. When it was car- formed by Weiner, this fraud was
ried out on the Piltdown Man fossil, definitively revealed in 1953. The
it was revealed that the jawbone skull was 500 years old and human,
contained no fluoride. This showed and the jaw belonged to a newly
that it had been underground for no dead orangutan! The teeth had been
more than a few years. The skull added later, and their joints abraded
contained a low level of fluoride, to give the impression they were hu-
making it only a few thousand years man. Later, all the parts had been
old. stained with potassium dichromate
Subsequent chronological inves- to give them an aged appearance.
tigations based on the fluoride meth- When the bones were placed in acid,
od confirmed that the skull was only the stains disappeared.
a few thousand years old. It was also Le Gros Clark, a member of the
realized that the teeth had been arti- team that uncovered the fraud, was
ficially abraded, and that the primi- unable to mask his astonishment:
means that from a single resistant but is far more complex. With its
bacterium, a resistant bacterial colo- own unique movements, the platy-
ny can emerge in a very short time. pus sets up an electrical current in
However, nothing about this the river waters and uses this to de-
mechanism provides evidence for termine the river surface.
evolution, because the genes that en- The platypus is a mosaic animal.
dow resistance in bacteria are not However, if it became extinct and if
formed as the result of mutations. traces of it were later found in the
All that occurs is the transmission of fossil record, evolutionists would
genes already existing among bacte- not hesitate to suggest that it was an
ria. intermediate form between reptiles
and mammals. All the supposed in-
termediate forms cited today are in
PLATYPUS fact the result of such distortions.
The platypus, a member of the
marsupial family that lives in
Australia, is an excellent example
PLEIOTROPIC EFFECT, THE
that invalidates evolutionist claims. One of the proofs that mutations
Despite being a mammal, covered in inflict only harm on living things is
fur and possessing milk glands, the the coding of the genetic code. In de-
platypus also lays eggs. More inter- veloped animals, almost all the
estingly, it has a bill like a duck. known genes contain more than one
Since this creature has mammali- piece of information about that or-
an, avian and reptilian features, evo- ganism. For example, a single gene
lutionists point to it as a simple ani- may control both height and eye col-
mal and as an intermediate form. Yet or.
the truth is very different. The molecular biologist Michael
So highly developed is the platy- Denton describes this feature,
pus that it possesses a literal sixth known as genes' pleiotropic effect:
sense. Since it lives in muddy wa- The effects of genes on development are
ters, it has been equipped with a often surprisingly diverse. In the house
mechanism that allows it to move by mouse, nearly every coat-colour gene
use of electrical signals. This electro- has some effect on body size. Out of
receptor system bears no similarity seventeen X-ray-induced eye colour
to the systems found in certain fish, mutations in the fruit fly Drosophila
1- Wings do not
3 energe.
2- The feet are of
normal size, but
their ends fail to
1 develop fully
3- The is no soft-
4
feather tissue.
4,5- The is no lung,
despite the pres-
5
ence of a respiato-
7 ry tract.
6,7- There is no ur-
6
nary tract and no
way for the kidneys
to develop.
On the left can be seen normal development in a domestic chicken, and on the right,
the harmful effects caused by a pleiotropic gene mutation. Close inspection shows that
a mutation in a single gene can damage several organs at the same time. Even if we were
to admit that mutations did have a positive effect, the pleiotropic effect would eliminate
this advantage by damaging several different organs at once.
"It is doubtful whether any genes that than individuals—and that individ-
are not pleiotropic exist in higher or- uals within that population were
ganisms." 186 nothing more than gene-carrying ve-
Due to this characteristic in living hicles—brought population genetics
things' genes, any defect occurring to the fore.
in any gene in the DNA as a result of
a chance mutation will affect more
than one organ. Thus the mutation PRE-ADAPTATION MYTH,
will have more than one destructive THE
effect. Even if one of these effects is Evolutionists' efforts to account
hypothesized to be beneficial, as the for the origin of species in terms of
result of an extremely rare coinci- transition from water to land, and
dence, the other effects' inevitable from land to the air, require wide-
damage will cancel out any advan- ranging changes. Consider, for in-
tage. (See Mutation: An Imaginary stance, how a fish emerging from
Mechanism.) water might adapt to dry land.
Therefore, it is impossible for liv- Unless it undergoes rapid changes in
ing things to have undergone evolu- its respiratory system, excretory
tion, because no mechanism exists mechanism and skeletal structure, it
that can cause them to evolve. will inevitably die. A series of muta-
tions must immediately endow the
fish with lungs, elongate its fins into
POPULATION feet, bestow kidneys on it, and give
Populations are aggregations of a its skin a water-retaining property. It
single species whose members often is essential that this entire string of
display considerable genetic variety. mutations takes place within the life-
The individuals in any population span of only a single animal.
determine that population's genetic No evolutionist biologist propos-
structure. In ecological terms, a pop- es such a chain of mutations, since
ulation is defined as a society con- the idea is too nonsensical and illog-
sisting of members of the same spe- ical. Instead, they refer to the con-
cies, spread over a specific area. cept of pre-adaptation. By this, they
The realization that hereditary mean is that fish underwent changes
features affected populations more necessary for them to live on land
while they were still living in water.
that the mixture of gasses that Miller Geologists now think that the primor-
has assumed to have constituted the dial atmosphere consisted mainly of
primeval atmosphere did not reflect carbon dioxide and nitrogen, gases
the actual state of affairs. It was real- that are less reactive than those used in
ized that carbon dioxide and nitro- the 1953 experiment. And even if
Miller's atmosphere could have exist-
gen, present in the primitive atmos-
ed, how do you get simple molecules
phere, were not chemically suited to
such as amino acids to go through the
forming amino acids and other or-
necessary chemical changes that will
ganic compounds. An article titled
convert them into more complicated
"Life's Crucible" in the February compounds, or polymers, such as pro-
1998 edition of the well-known evo- teins? Miller himself throws up his
lutionist publication Earth admitted hands at that part of the puzzle. "It's a
this: problem," he sighs with exasperation.
168 Primeval Earth, The
PROTEIN
Proteins are giant molecules consisting of
Proteins are giant molecules con- specific numbers and types of smaller mol-
sisting of specific numbers and types ecules, known as amino acids, set out in
particular sequences. This structure of the
of smaller molecules, known as ami-
protein is a big deadlock for evolutionists.
no acids, set out in particular sequen-
ces. The simplest proteins consist of
average-sized protein molecule, may
around 50 amino acids, while others
be set out in 10300 ways. (This is the
may contain thousands.
astronomical figure of 1 followed by
The absence of even a single ami-
300 zeros.) However, only one of all
no acid in the protein structure or
these sequences can gives rise to the
one amino acid changing place, or
protein. All the remaining sequences
the addition of one amino acid too
are meaningless strings of amino ac-
many to the chain will make that
ids that are either useless, or may
protein a useless collection of mole-
even be harmful.
cules. For that reason, every amino
Therefore, the chances of just the
acid must be in exactly the right
"right" protein molecule forming by
place and in exactly the right order.
chance are 1 in 10300. In practical
The theory of evolution, however,
terms, this cannot happen. (In math-
suggests that life came into being by
ematics, any probability smaller
chance. In the face of this regularity,
than 1050 is regarded as zero proba-
it's in a hopeless position. So extraor-
bility.)
dinary is this regularity that it can-
Moreover, a protein consisting of
not possibly be explained in terms of
288 amino acids can be regarded as a
chance. Simple probability calcula-
rather humble structure, compared
tions easily show that proteins' func-
with giant proteins consisting of
tional structure can never come into
thousands of amino acids found in
being as the result of coincidences.
many living things. When the same
For instance, the 288 amino acids
probability calculations are applied
of 12 different kinds contained in an
The illus-
tration
shows the
three-dimensional
structure of the myo-
globin protein and the
peptide groups among the
atoms. Such a flawless struc-
ture cannot be explained in
terms of chance.
decades, a different model was born: ture. 197 (See The Macro-Mutation
punctuated evolution. Deception.) According to the theory,
This model began with great fan- certain terrestrial animals might
fare by two American paleontolo- have turned into giant whales as a
gists, Niles Eldredge and Stephen result of sudden and comprehensive
Jay Gould, in the 1970s. These two changes, within a single generation.
evolutionist scientists were aware These claims conflict with all known
that the claims of neo-Darwinian genetic, biophysical and biochemical
theory were totally refuted by the laws, and were about as scientific as
fossil record. Fossils proved that liv- tales of princes turning into frogs.
ing things had not appeared on But some evolutionist paleontolo-
Earth through gradual evolution, gists, troubled by the crisis facing
but had appeared suddenly and per- the claims of neo-Darwinism, clung
fectly formed. Neo-Darwinists were to this theory even though it was
living with the hope that the fossils even more nonsensical than neo-
they sought would one day be Darwinism itself.
found—which indeed is still the case This theory's sole aim of was to
today. But Eldredge and Gould real- account for the fossil gaps that the
ized that this hope was unfounded. neo-Darwinist model was unable to
Since they were unwilling to aban- explain. However, it is completely ir-
don the dogma of evolution, they rational to explain away the fossil
therefore proposed a new model; gaps by claims along the lines that
punctuated evolution, the claim that "Birds suddenly emerged from rep-
evolution occurred not with small, tile eggs." For any species to evolve
gradual changes, but in very large into another, there must be a very
sudden ones. large and beneficial change in its ge-
This was actually a fantasy mod- netic data. Yet no mutation can devel-
el. For example, Otto Schindewolf op genetic information or add any
who had preceded Eldredge and new data to it. Mutations lead solely
Gould, had given a conjectural ex- to a loss of, or damage to, existing
ample of punctuated evolution, data. The wholesale mutations imag-
claiming that the first bird in history ined by the adherents of punctuated
emerged from a reptile egg through evolution would actually represent
a gross mutation—some giant, ran- reductions and defects in genetic in-
dom mutation in its genetic struc- formation.
EVOLUTIONISTS'
SOURCE OF
INSPIRATION WAS A
SINGLE JAWBONE!
parts. You can with equal facility mod- in the media and in academic sour-
el on a Neanderthaloid skull the fea- ces. Evolutionists may draw and
tures of a chimpanzee or the linea- paint imaginary beings, but the lack
ments of a philosopher. These alleged of any fossils belonging to those
restorations of ancient types of man creatures is a major stumbling block
have very little if any scientific value
for them. One of the methods often
and are likely only to mislead the pub-
used to resolve this problem has
lic… So put not your trust in recon-
been to manufacture whatever fos-
structions. 201
sils they have been unable to find.
The biased interpretation of fos-
Piltdown Man, a major scandal in
sils and the production of fantastic
the history of science, is one in-
drawings are evidence of how inten-
stance. (See Piltdown Man Fraud,
sively evolutionists resort to decep-
The.)
tion. Yet compared with the various
concrete frauds that have been per-
petrated over the past 150 years, REDUCTIONISM
these pale into insignificance.
Reductionism is the idea that
No concrete fossil evidence sup-
things that do not appear material
ports the picture of the ape-man
can be explained in terms of materi-
constantly propagated
al effects. The materialist philosophy
underlying the theory of evolution
assumes that everything that exists
consists solely of matter. (See
Materialism.) According to this phi-
losophy, matter has existed for all
time, and nothing exists apart from
matter. Materialists employ a logic
known as reductionism to support
these claims.
For example, the human mind
cannot be touched or seen. In addi-
FALSE tion, the mind is not centered any-
where in the human brain. This inev-
Reconstructions re- itably leads us to conclude that the
flect only the imagi-
mind is a super-material concept. In
nation of evolution-
ists, not the scientif-
ic facts. The Evolution Impasse II
Regulatory Gene 181
damage the mutated individual, and tured through the reading of these
that it is clearly inconsistent for the codes, the ribosome to which the
proponents of punctuated evolution mRNA with the code will go and
to expect any such great successes bind to for production, a transporter
from mutations. RNA that carries the amino acids to
be used in production to the ribo-
some, and the exceedingly complex
RIBOSOME enzymes that ensure the countless
Proteins are produced as the re- other intermediate processes in the
sult of highly detailed processes in- same environment. Bear in mind
side the cell, with the assistance of that such a controlled environment
many enzymes, in an organelle needs to be completely isolated and
called the ribosome. The ribosome it- also to contain all the requisite ener-
self consists of proteins. This there- gy sources and raw materials, and
fore brings with it an unrealistic hy- the invalidity of the claims of chance
pothesis that the ribosome came into can be seen only too clearly.
being by chance. Even Jacques
Monod, a Nobel prize-winner and
well-known advocate of the theory
RIGHT-HANDED (DEXTRO)
of evolution, describes how protein
AMINO ACIDS
synthesis cannot be reduced solely — See Left-Handed Amino Acids
to information in nucleic acids:
The code [in DNA or RNA] is mean-
ingless unless translated. The modern RNA WORLD SCENARIO,
cell's translating machinery consists THE
of at least 50 macromolecular compo- Asked how the first cell came in-
nents, which are themselves coded in to being, evolutionists since the ear-
DNA: the code cannot be translated
ly 20th century have offered various
otherwise than by products of transla-
theories. The Russian biologist
tion themselves… When and how did
Alexander Oparin proposed the first
this circle become closed? It is exceed-
evolutionist thesis on this subject,
ingly difficult to imagine. 204
suggesting that proteins formed first
The genetic system requires the
with a number of random chemical
enzymes to read this code from the
reactions on the primeval Earth, and
DNA, the mRNA to be manufac-
val valine
cys cycteine
ala alanine
184 RNA World Scenario, The
ceed in doing so? Where did it find expecting a car to assemble itself.
the nucleotides it would use while This production cannot take place in
copying itself? the absence of a factory and workers.
The evolutionist biologists Dr. Leslie Orgel, a well-known
Gerald Joyce and Leslie Orgel state evolutionist biochemist and also
the hopelessness of the situation: known as one of the founding fa-
Our discussion has focused on a straw thers of the 'RNA world' hypothesis,
man: the myth of a small RNA mole- uses the term scenario for the chances
cule that arises de novo and can repli- of life beginning with RNA. Orgel
cate efficiently and with high fidelity sets out the features this RNA would
under plausible prebiotic conditions. need to possess, and the impossibili-
Not only is such a notion unrealistic in ty thereof, in an article titled "The
light of our current understanding of Origin of Life on Earth," in the
prebiotic chemistry, but it should
October 1994 edition of American
strain the credulity of even an opti-
Scientist:
mist's view of RNA's catalytic poten-
This scenario could have occurred, we
tial. 206
noted, if prebiotic RNA had two prop-
3- Even assuming that an RNA
erties not evident today: A capacity to
capable of copying itself did appear replicate without the help of proteins
in the primeval world, and infinite and an ability to catalyze every step of
amounts of all varieties of amino ac- protein synthesis. 207
ids that the RNA needed were avail- As you can plainly see, only evo-
able in the environment—if all these lutionist imagination and prejudice
impossibilities were somehow over- could expect these two complex
come, this is still not enough to form processes, which Orgel describes as
a single protein molecule. Because indispensable, from a molecule like
RNA is solely information about RNA. Scientific facts reveal that the
protein structure. Amino acids, on RNA World thesis, a new version of
the other hand, are raw materials. the claim that life was born by
Yet there is no mechanism here to chance, could never come true.
produce protein. Viewing the exis-
tence of RNA as sufficient for pro-
tein production is as nonsensical as
throwing the thousands of compo-
nents of a car onto a blueprint and
If you abandon a car to natural conditions, it will age, rust and decay. In the same way,
in the absence of a conscious order, all systems in the universe tend towards chaos.
This is an inescapable law of nature.
You can not think of a high-end car that you find among trees to be the outcome of the
randomly coming together of the various elements in the forest in millions of years.
Since the sudden and perfect appearance of a complex structure is a sign that it is cre-
ated by a conscious willpower.
190 The Second Law of Thermodynamics (The Law of Entropy)
At all events we should say, in sum- est recesses of the atom, we encounter
ming up, that, according to everything order. . . Central to the idea of a very
taught by the exact sciences about the special, orderly Universe is the concept
immense realm of nature in which our of information. A highly structured
tiny planet plays an insignificant role, system, displaying a great deal of or-
a certain order prevails—one inde- ganised activity, needs a lot of infor-
pendent of the human mind. Yet, in so mation to describe it. Alternatively, we
far as we are able to ascertain through may say that it contains much infor-
our senses, this order can be formulat- mation.
ed in terms of purposeful activity.
We are therefore presented with a curi-
There is evidence of an intelligent or-
ous question. If information and order
der of the universe. 211
always has a natural tendency to dis-
Materialism, which maintains appear, where did all the information
that the universe has existed for ever that makes the world such a special
and has never been ordered in any place come from originally? The
way, is today in an impasse in the Universe is like a clock slowly running
face of the universe's great equilibri- down. How did it get wound up in the
um. The well-known British physi- first place? 212
cist Paul Davies says: Einstein said that the order in the
Everywhere we look in the Universe, universe was something unexpected
from the far-flung galaxies to the deep- and stated that it needed to be re-
garded as a miracle:
Well, a priori one should expect that
the world would be rendered lawful
that at first sight, the behavior of liv- straight stretch of sand along the
ing things may appear to be deliber- seaside. The wind produces sand
ate. But in fact, living things engage dunes large and small. This is an or-
in such behavior unconsciously, not dering process. Yet that same wind
in a manner directed towards a par- cannot make a sandcastle. If you see
ticular objective, but because they a sandcastle, you can be are sure that
are programmed to do so. Yet the somebody has made it, because a
genes proposed as the source of this castle is an organized system, pos-
programming consist of coded pack- sessing information organized in a
ages of information, with no ability specific form. It has been made by
to think. Therefore, if an animal's someone with advanced planning.
genes possess an instruction that Complex and organized systems
predisposes it to altruistic behavior, can never come about through natu-
then the source of that instruction ral processes. Even if simple order-
cannot be the gene itself. That a liv- ing does occur from time to time,
ing thing is programmed to engage this never exceeds certain specific
in altruistic behavior to transmit its bounds.
genes on to subsequent generations Yet evolutionists say that self-or-
clearly shows the existence of a dering phenomena emerging spon-
Power possessed of reason and taneously as a result of natural proc-
knowledge to program those genes ess are significant evidence of evolu-
in such a way, and therefore clearly tion and are examples of self-organi-
demonstrates the existence of Allah. zation. (See The Self-Organization
Nonsense.) They then suggest that
living systems can come into being
SELF-ORDERING ERROR, as a result of natural phenomena
THE and chemical reactions.
Evolutionist claims and concepts But while ordered systems fea-
are generally employed in a decep- ture simple sequences and repeated
tive manner. One of these misrepre- structures, organized systems con-
sentations is the deliberate confusion tain exceedingly complex and inter-
of the concepts of "ordered" and "or- related structures and processes.
ganized." Consciousness, information and or-
To clarify this, imagine a long, ganization are essential for them to
The two famous advocates of the punctuated model of evolution; Stephen Jay Gould
and Niles Eldredge.
ment proceed for a year and see how mechanism of almost every major step,
many of those [vital] 2,000 enzymes from chemical precursors up to the
have appeared … I will give the an- first recognizable cells, is the subject of
swer, and so save the time and trouble either controversy or complete bewil-
and expense of actually doing the ex- derment. 220
periment. You would find nothing at Yet evolutionists insist on advo-
all, except possibly for a tarry sludge
cating such an unscientific scenario
composed of amino acids and other
as the self-organization of matter.
simple organic chemicals. 219
Their motive for this lies hidden in
The evolutionist biologist materialist philosophy, the basis of
Andrew Scott admits the same the theory of evolution. Materialist
thing: philosophy, accepting only the exis-
Take some matter, heat while stirring tence of matter, therefore must pro-
and wait. That is the modern version of duce an explanation for life based on
Genesis. The "fundamental" forces of matter alone. The theory of evolu-
gravity, electromagnetism and the
tion was born of that need and, no
strong and weak nuclear forces are pre-
matter how much it may violate sci-
sumed to have done the rest . . . But
entific findings, it is advocated sole-
how much of this neat tale is firmly es-
ly for the sake of that requirement.
tablished, and how much remains
hopeful speculation? In truth, the
Robert Shapiro, a professor of
chemistry and DNA expert from
SEYMOURIA
SHAPIRO, ROBERT
The creature that was long pro-
Robert Shapiro, a New York
posed as the ancestor of reptiles was
Evolutionists once claimed that the Seymouria fossil above was an intermediate form
between amphibians and reptiles. According to this scenario, Seymouria was the prim-
itive ancestor of reptiles. But subsequent fossil discoveries proved that reptiles were liv-
ing on Earth 30 million years before Seymouria. This meant that evolutionists were
forced to withdraw their claims regarding Seymouria.
The shape and function of red blood cells are distorted in sickle cell anemia. Their abil-
ity to transport oxygen is thus impaired.
Britain, and then from that in the You will readily believe how much in-
wider Western world. The imperial- terested I am in observing that you ap-
ists, capitalists and other materialists ply to moral and social questions anal-
delighted in a theory that scientifi- ogous views to those which I have used
cally justified the political and social in regard to the modification of species.
It did not occur to me formerly that my
order they had established, and lost
views could be extended to such wide-
no time in supporting it.
ly different, and most important, sub-
In a very short time, the theory of
jects. 229
evolution became the sole criterion
With the adoption of the idea that
in every field of concern to human
the conflicts in nature also existed in
societies, from sociology to history
human societies, in the forms of ra-
and from psychology to politics. The
cism, fascism, communism and im-
basic idea in all spheres was the slo-
perialism, the powerful nations' at-
gan "survival of the fittest," and na-
tempts to crush those they regarded
tions, political parties, administra-
as weaker acquired a supposedly
tions, businesses and individuals all
scientific justification. Those who
began behaving in light of them.
carried out barbaric slaughter, who
Since the ideologies that dominated
began wars, who denigrated others
society had lined up behind
because of their race, who caused
Darwinism, open and covert
businesses to close due to unfair
Darwinist propaganda appeared in
competition, and those who refused
all fields, from education to art and
help the poor were now not to be
from politics to history.
criticized or restrained—because
Attempts were made to link ev-
they acted in conformity with a law
erything to Darwinism and to ac-
of nature.
count for everything in Darwinian
terms. As a result, even if people This new, supposedly scientific theory
were ignorant of Darwinism, socie- assumed the name of Social
Darwinism.
ties that lived the kind of life it fore-
saw began to emerge. The American paleontologist
Darwin himself approved moral Stephen Jay Gould, one of the lead-
conceptions based on evolution and ing present-day advocates of the the-
their application to the social scien- ory of evolution, admits as much:
ces. In a letter to H. Thiel written in Subsequent arguments for slavery, co-
1869, he wrote: lonialism, racial differences, class
struggles, and sex roles would go forth mingled with political philosophy
primarily under the banner of science. around the turn of the century to form
230
the vague ideology known as "social
In his book Darwin, Marx, Darwinism," it played into the hands
of racists, fascists, and the most heart-
Wagner, the professor of history
less sort of capitalists. 232
Jacques Barzun analyzes the scientif-
ic, sociological, and cultural reasons
for the terrible moral collapse in the
modern world. These comments in
SPECIATION
Barzun's book are noteworthy in —See Allopatric Isolation.
terms of Darwinism's impact on the
world:
. . . in every European country between
SPENCER, HERBERT
1870 and 1914 there was a war party Herbert Spencer was the main
demanding armaments, an individual- theoretician of Social Darwinism,
ist party demanding ruthless competi- who adapted Darwin's principles to
tion, an imperialist party demanding a the life of society. He wrote that if
free hand over backward peoples, a so- someone was poor, that was his own
cialist party demanding the conquest
fault: No one should help anyone
of power, and a racialist party demand-
else to improve themselves. If some-
ing internal purges against aliens—all
one is rich, even if he had acquired
of them, when appeals to greed and
that wealth immorally, that was due
glory failed, or even before, invoked
Spencer and Darwin, which was to
to his own talent. Therefore, while
say, science incarnate . . . Race was bi- the poor are eliminated, the rich live
ological, it was sociological, it was on. This view dominates just about
Darwinian. 231 all modern societies, and is the es-
Despite being an evolutionist, sence of capitalist morality. (See
Robert Wright, author of The Moral Social Darwinism.)
Animal, summarizes the disasters Spencer, an advocate of that mo-
that the theory of evolution inflicted rality, completed his study entitled
on the mankind: Social Statistics in 1850. In this he op-
posed all forms of state assistance,
Evolutionary theory, after all, has a
health-protection measures, state
long and largely sordid history of ap-
plication to human affairs. After being schools and compulsory vaccina-
tions. That was because, in the view
of Social Darwinism, the social order Had any evolution actually taken
was based on the principle of the place, then living things would have
survival of the fittest. Supporting the appeared on Earth through gradual
weak and keeping them alive to changes and should have continued
propagate was a violation of that to change. Yet the fossil records
principle. The rich were rich because demonstrate the exact opposite.
they were more fit, and some nations Different living classes emerged
governed others because they were suddenly with no ancestors even re-
superior. Some nations had come motely resembling them and re-
under the yoke of others because the mained in a state of stasis, undergo-
latter were more intelligent. ing no change at all, for hundreds of
Spencer strongly advocated the millions of years.
adaptation of this thesis to human
societies, summing up the Social
Darwinist view in these words: STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL,
If they are sufficiently complete to live,
THE
they do live, and it is well they should The fundamental assumption of
live. If they are not sufficiently com- the theory of natural selection is that
plete to live, they die, and it is best they every living thing thinks only of it-
should die. 233 self in the struggle to the death. In
proposing this idea, Darwin was in-
fluenced by the theories of Thomas
SPONTANEOUS Robert Malthus, a British economist.
GENERATION Malthus said that food resources in-
—See Abiogenesis. creased arithmetically, while the hu-
man population increased geometri-
cally—for which reason it was inevi-
STASIS table that humans should wage a
The fossil record shows that liv- constant fight for survival. Darwin
ing species emerged in a single mo- applied this concept to nature and
ment with all their different struc- claimed that the result of this strug-
tures fully formed, and that they re- gle was natural selection.
mained unchanged over very long Subsequent research, however,
geological periods of time. showed that there was no such
struggle for survival of the kind that
Australopithecus were found in digs that the Taung Child he had found
financed by National Geographic mag- was able to walk on two legs, since
azine in Kromdraai, Swartkrans and according to him, that part of the
Makapansgat in South Africa. Some spinal cord known as the magnum
of these ape fossils had a coarser was further back than that in hu-
structure, while others were smaller mans, but further forward than in
and finer. The coarser ones were monkeys. On the basis of this, Dart
bulkier and heavier than the others, then claimed that the animal was ca-
with a larger bottom jaw and bony pable of standing on its two hind
protrusions over the eyebrows being legs. This theory was not accepted
their most distinguishing features. by scientists at the time, but was
Although these are all typical ex- supported until the 1950s. However,
amples of gender differences be- no part of the skeleton that might
tween modern-day male and female permit an estimation of bipedalism
monkeys, scientists persisted in re- was available. The only specimens
garding them as separate species. consisted of the skull and a few frag-
After Dart presented the fossil mented thigh, hip and foot bones.
given the name Australopithecus afri- Yet evolutionists still insisted on
canus, he received substantial criti- their claims regarding bipedalism.
cism from scientists. Arthur Keith, Lord Solly Zuckerman had car-
one of the most prominent anato- ried out perhaps the most detailed
mists to comment on the fossil, said: studies of the Australopithecines fam-
[Dart's] claim is preposterous, the ily. Despite being an evolutionist,
skull is that of a young anthropoid ape Zuckerman thought that
. . . and showing so many points of af- Australopithecus was nothing more
finity with the two living African an- than an ape. Together with a four-
thropoids, the gorilla and chimpanzee, member team, Zuckerman used the
that there cannot be a moment's hesi- most advanced methods of anatomi-
tation in placing the fossil form in this cal investigation, which began in
living group. 237
1954 and lasted for several years. In
According to evolutionists, what the wake of these investigations, he
Australopithecines shared with hu- declared that these creatures had not
man beings was they had left the walked on two legs and were not an
trees and adapted to bipedalism intermediate form between humans
(walking upright). Dart concluded and apes. The concluding report by
Zuckerman and his team read: The protrusions over the eye-
For my own part, the anatomical basis brows, the most important feature
for the claim that the Australopithecines that led to Australopithecus africanus
walked and ran upright like man is so being described as a hominid, can be
much more flimsy than the evidence seen in young gorillas today. From
which points to the conclusion that their all this, it appears that the skull as-
gait was some variant of what one sees cribed to Australopithecus africanus
in subhuman Primates, that it remains by evolutionists did not belong to an
unacceptable. 238
ancestor of man but in all probabili-
These judgments, published by ty, to a young ape.
Zuckerman in the mid-1950s, were
confirmed by subsequent research-
ers. Dean Falk, a specialist in neuro- TAXONOMY
anatomy, declared that the Taung Biologists divide living things in-
skull belonged to a young monkey. to specific classes. This classification,
"In his 1975 article, Dart had claimed known as taxonomy, dates back to
that the brain of Taung was human- Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th centu-
like. As it turned out, he was wrong ry. The classification system that
about that. . . . Taung's humanlike Linnaeus constructed has been ex-
features were overemphasized," panded and revised, but is still in
claimed Falk, who went on to say: use today.
Like humans, [apes and monkeys] go This system of classification con-
through stages as they grow up. In his tains hierarchical categories. Living
analysis of Taung, Dart did not fully things are first divided into king-
appreciate that infant apes have not
doms, such as the animal and plant
had time to develop features of the
kingdoms. Kingdoms are then sub-
skull, such as thickened eyebrow ridges
divided into phyla, which are then
or attachment areas for heavy neck
further subdivided. Classification
muscles, that set adult apes apart from
human. Apparently he did not careful- takes the following form, in de-
ly consider the possibility that Taung's scending order:
rounded forehead or the inferred posi- kingdom
tion of the spinal cord might be due to phylum (plural phyla)
the immaturity of the apelike specimen class
rather than to its resemblance to hu- order
mans. 239 family
and cannot be repeated, and for The results of the recent studies show
these reasons, is therefore not a sci- that the hands of the theropod dino-
entific fact or theory. Neither is it an saurs are derived from digits I, II, and
evident scientific fact, as some circles III, whereas the wings of birds, al-
imagine or as they seek to portray though they look alike in terms of
structure, are derived from digits II,
it.244 On the contrary, when the theo-
III, and IV . . . The second study shows
ry of evolution is compared with sci-
that the theropod dinosaurs did not
entific findings, a great contradiction
possess the correct skeletal structure or
emerges. In terms of the origin of
lung structure to have evolved into
life, population genetics, compara- birds. The evolution of theropods into
tive anatomy, paleontology and bio- birds would have required the intro-
chemical systems, the theory of evo- duction of a serious handicap (a hole in
lution is in a state of crisis, as the fa- their diaphragm), which would have
mous biochemist Michael Denton severely limited their ability to breathe.
puts it. 245 As Dr. Ruben said, such a debilitating
mutation "seems unlikely to have been
of any selective advantage." 246
THEROPOD DINOSAURS There are other problems regard-
The theory of evolution claims ing the "Birds Are Dinosaurs" theo-
that birds evolved from a small, car- ry. In comparison with
nivorous reptile known as the thero- Archaeopteryx, theropods' front legs
pod dinosaur. In fact, however, a are very small in relation to their
comparison of birds and reptiles bodies. (See Archaeopteryx.) Bearing
shows that these classes are very dif- in mind the body weight of these an-
ferent from one another and that no imals, the development of any proto-
evolution can have taken place be- wing appears impossible. The ma-
tween them. (See The Origin of jority of theropod dinosaurs have no
Birds.) semilunatic wrist bone (which is
An examination of the anatomies found in birds), and possess other
and fossil records of birds and rep- wrist components that are absent in
tiles also shows no evidence that ev- Archaeopteryx. In all theropods, the
olution ever happened. In an article VI nerves leave the skull from the
titled "Demise of the ‘Birds Are side, together with various other
Dinosaurs' Theory," the American nerves. In birds, however, the same
biologist Richard L. Deem writes: nerves leave the skull through a
proves the exact opposite, and no thropology was in its infancy, was
such development ever took place in very interesting. According to
East Africa. 250 The plants observed in Klaatsch, hominid apes also attempted
the region have remained un- to become human, but theirs was ‘an
changed for millions of years. In unfortunate endeavour.' They were
unable to rise up in the process of evo-
short, the transition from jungle to
lution, and withdrew into the ‘protec-
the open plains never happened.
tive darkness of the jungles.' But then
Even when considered in logical
the question of ‘Why were apes unsuc-
terms, the theory in question about
cessful?' comes to mind. 251
the origin of bipedalism is unaccept-
There were a great many other
able. In the event of trees disappear-
questions apart from "Why were
ing, the most natural course would
apes unsuccessful?", and they are all
be for apes to migrate to another re-
unanswered
gion, or be wiped out with the elim-
ination of their natural habitat.
There is no basis for the theory that TRANSITION FROM LAND
monkeys adapted to living on the TO AIR MYTH, THE
ground.
Uluğ Nutku, who holds evolu- Since evolutionists believe that
tionist views, describes why the ac- birds evolved in some way, they
count based on the shrinking of the claim that they are descended from
jungles is insufficient: reptiles. One of the theories they
propose to account for the origin of
It may be suggested that the shrinking
flight is that reptiles developed
of the jungles was the factor that initi-
ated the phenomenon of humanization. wings while attempting to catch
This is a palaeontological fact. flies. In fact, however, birds have to-
Napier's thesis is compatible with this, tally different structures from those
but it leaves out the following ques- in terrestrial animals. No physical
tion: While one animal species was mechanism can be accounted for in
leaving the jungle and setting out on terms of gradual evolution.
the path to becoming human, why did First of all, the flawless structure
its closest relative, the ape, remain in of the wing, the evolutionary main
the jungle? The less speculation, the distinguishing feature of birds, rep-
harder it is to find an answer. The an- resents a major dilemma for evolu-
swer given by Hermann Klaatsch, in
tionists. The question of how the
the early part of the century, when an-
wing could have developed as the
Harun Yahya - Adnan Oktar
216 Transition from Sea to Land Thesis, The
FALSE
220 Transitional Forms, The (The Transitional Species)
TRILOBITES
Trilobites are one of the most in-
teresting living groups that sudden-
ly emerged in the Cambrian Period
and subsequently became extinct.
They belong to the phylum
Arthropoda, and are very complex
creatures with hard shells, segment-
ed bodies and complex organs. The
fossil records have allowed a great
The imaginary tree of life drawn up by the
deal of information to be obtained
evolutionist biologist Ernst Haeckel in
1866. regarding the trilobite eye. It consist-
ed of scores of tiny cells, each of
Some of these phyla then became ex- which contains a pair of lenses. This
tinct in the period that followed, and eye structure is a marvel of creation.
only a few phyla have survived Richard Fortey, an evolutionist
down to the present day. paleontologist from London's
The well-known evolutionist pa- Natural History Museum, says this
leontologist Roger Lewin refers to about the extraordinary number of
this extraordinary state of affairs lenses possessed by some trilobites:
that demolishes all the assumptions One of the most difficult jobs I ever at-
of Darwinism: tempted was to count the number of
The most important evolutionary lenses in a large trilobite eye. I took
The above fossils are trilobites, some of the highly complex invertebrates that appeared
suddenly in the Cambrian Period, some 500 million years ago. The most significant feature
in trilobites, and one that represents a major quandary for evolutionists, is their compound
eyes. These eyes, which are highly advanced and complex, possess a multi-cell system.
This system is identical to that found in modern spiders, bees, flies and other creatures.
The fact that such a complex structure emerged abruptly in creatures living 500 million
years ago demolishes evolutionist claims based on the idea of coincidence.
less known when Charles Darwin the lowest known fossiliferous stra-
wrote his book The Origin of Species. ta," and wrote the following about
It had been observed in the fossils the Silurian Period:
from that period that life emerged . . . I cannot doubt that all the Silurian
suddenly in the Cambrian, and that trilobites have descended from some
trilobites and certain other inverte- one crustacean, which must have lived
brates made a spontaneous appear- long before the Silurian age, and which
ance. That is why Darwin had to re- probably differed greatly from any
fer to the situation in his book. At known animal . . . Consequently, if my
that time, the Cambrian Period was theory be true, it is indisputable that
before the lowest Silurian stratum was
known as the Silurian Period. Darwin
deposited, long periods elapsed, as long
touched on the subject under the
as, or probably far longer than, the
heading, "On the sudden appear-
whole interval from the Silurian age to
ance of groups of allied species in
the present day; and that during these
vast, yet quite unknown, periods of
time, the world swarmed with living
creatures. To the question why we do
not find records of these vast primordi-
al periods, I can give no satisfactory
answer. 263
Fossils from the Cambrian
Period show that both trilo-
bites, with their complex bod-
ies, and other living things
with very different anatomy
all emerged suddenly, thus de-
molishing Darwin's conjec-
tures. In his book, Darwin wrote:
"If numerous species, belonging
to the same genera or families,
have really started into life all
UREY, HAROLD
Harold Urey was the teacher of
the American researcher Stanley
Miler at Chicago University. Because
of Urey's contribution to Miller's
1953 experiment on the origin of life,
this is also known as the Urey-Miller
Experiment. This experiment is the
only "proof" used to supposedly
confirm the molecular evolution the-
sis, which is put forward as the first
stage in the evolutionary process.
However, the experiment was never
able to offer any findings to support
evolutionist claims regarding the or-
igin of life. (See The Miller
Experiment.)
UREY-MILLER
EXPERIMENT, THE
—See Miller Experiment, The.
ing is always limited, and that there fly remains a fruit fly; a rose, a rose,
is a limit to the variations that any and so on. 269
one species can undergo. Variations and their various
Indeed, in the introduction to changes are restricted inside the
their book Natural Limits to Biological bounds of a species' genetic informa-
Change Professor of Biology Lane P. tion, and they can never add new ge-
Lester and the molecular biologist netic information to species. For that
Raymond G. Bohlin wrote: reason, no variation can be regarded
That populations of living organisms as an example of evolution.
may change in their anatomy, physiol- The Danish scientist W. L.
ogy, genetic structure, etc., over a peri- Johannsen summarizes the situation:
od of time is beyond question. What re- The variations upon which Darwin
mains elusive is the answer to the and Wallace placed their emphasis can-
question, How much change is possi- not be selectively pushed beyond a cer-
ble, and by what genetic mechanism tain point, that such variability does
will these changes take place? Plant not contain the secret of "indefinite de-
and animal breeders can marshal an parture." 270
impressive array of examples to dem-
The fact that there are different
onstrate the extent to which living sys-
tems can be altered. But when a breed- human races in the world or the dif-
er begins with a dog, he ends up with a ferences between parents and chil-
dog—a rather strange looking one, dren can be explained in terms of
perhaps, but a dog nonetheless. A fruit variation. Yet there is no question of
any new component being added to things had organs that were inherit-
their gene pool. For example, no ed from their ancestors, but which
matter how much you seek to enrich had gradually become smaller and
their species, cats will always remain even functionless from lack of use.
cats, and will never evolve into any Those organs were in fact ones
other mammal. It is impossible for whose functions had not yet been
the sophisticated sonar system in a identified. And so, the long list of or-
marine mammal to emerge through gans believed by evolutionists to be
recombination. (See vestigial grew ever shorter. The list
Recombination.) Variation may ac- of originally proposed by the
count for the differences between German anatomist R. Wiedersheim
human races, but it can never pro- in 1895 contain approximately 100
vide any basis for the claim that apes organs, including the human appen-
developed into human beings. dix and the coccyx. But the appendix
was eventually realized to be a part
of the lymph system that combats
VESTIGIAL ORGANS microbes entering the body, as was
THESIS, THE stated in one medical reference
One claim that long occupied a source in 1997:
place in the literature of evolution Other bodily organs and tissues—-the
but was quietly abandoned once it thymus, liver, spleen, appendix, bone
was realized to be false is the con-
cept of vestigial organs. Some evo-
lutionists, however, still imagine
that such organs represent major
evidence for evolution and seek to
portray them as such.
A century or so ago, the claim
was put forward that some living
marrow, and small collections of lym- end of the backbone, was seen to
phatic tissue such as the tonsils in the provide support for the bones
throat and Peyer's patch in the small around the pelvic bone and to be a
intestine—are also part of the lym- point of fixation for certain small
phatic system. They too help the body muscles.
fight infection. 271
In the years that followed, other
The tonsils, which also appeared organs regarded as vestigial were
on that same list of vestigial organs, shown to serve specific purposes:
were likewise discovered to play an The thymus gland activates the
important role against infections, es- body's defense system by setting the
pecially up until adulthood. (Like T cells into action. The pineal gland
the appendix, tonsils sometimes be- is responsible for the production of
come infected by the very bacteria important hormones. The thyroid
they seek to combat, and so must be establishes balanced growth in ba-
surgically removed.) The coccyx, the bies and children. The pituitary en-
It has now been realized that the appendix (below), which evolutionist
biologists imagined to be vestigial, plays an important role in the body's
immune system. The lowest bone in the spinal column, known as the
coccyx, is also not vestigial, but a point for muscles to attach to.
Appendix
Coccyx
These three totally different reconstructions based on the fossil Zinjanthropus are
an excellent example of how imaginatively evolutionists often interpret fossils.
FALSE
NOTES
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