ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

THE CELL

• Cell

- The basic functional and structural unit of an organism.

Basic parts:

• Nucleus

- contains the DNA and is the control center of the cell

• Cytoplasm

- the site of cellular activities

Cytosol – composed of fluids. A fluid medium where cell metabolic reaction occurs

Organelles – organs/ machinery of the cell that carry out specific functions

• Plasma membrane

- Defines cell boundary

The Cell Cycle

A cell undergoes mitosis. Mitosis is the common method of cell replication for tissue growth and
regeneration among all multi-cellular organisms.

FUNCTION OF CELL DIVISION

- To produce more cells for growth and repair processes.

- The DNA is duplicated to produce the same identical cell.

Events of Cell Division

1st – Mitosis – division of nucleus

2nd – Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm

Cell Cycle

• Interphase

A. G1 - cell is active, making cell components that will be contributed to the cell division.
B. S phase - synthesis of new DNA occurs, as well as synthesis of many cell proteins.

C. G2 - continued cell growth and protein synthesis.

• Mitosis

- Prophase - Metaphase

- Anaphase - Telophase

D. G0 – exit from cell cycle

** Cytokinesis – Division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided.
 The Reproductive System

FUNCTION:
 • Production of new individuals and the passing of genetic material to the new generation.

• To manufacture male gametes called sperm.

• To deliver sperms into the female reproductive tract.

PARTS:

• Testes

- Sperm- forming factories

- Produces and male sex hormone testosterone

• Duct system

Epididymis – coiled tube about 6m long that caps the superior part of the testis. Provides
a temporary storage site for the immature sperm

Ductus deferens – to propel live sperm from their storage sites, the epididymis and the
distal part of the deferens connects into the urethra

Urethra – carries both urine and sperm to the body exterior; thus, it serves both the
urinary and reproductive systems

• Accessory Glands and Semen

Seminal vesicle – at the base of the bladder, produces about 60% of the fluid volume of
semen. Sperm and seminal fluid enter the urethra together during ejaculation.

Prostate gland – a single gland that is about the size and shape of a chestnut. It encircles
the upper part of the urethra, below the urinary bladder. Its secretion is a milky fluid that
plays a role in activating sperm.

Bulbourethral glands – are tiny pea sized glands inferior to the prostate. They produce a
thick, clear mucus that drains into the penile urethra. This secretion is the first to pass
down the urethra when a man becomes sexually excited. It is believed to cleanse the
urethra of traces of acidic urine and serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.

Semen – a milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretion.
The liquid provides a transport medium and nutrients and contains chemicals that protect
the sperm and aid their movement. the amount of semen propelled out of the male duct
system during ejaculation is only 2 – 5 ml but has around 50 – 130 million sperm in each
ml.
 • External Genitalia

Scrotum – hangs loosely from its attachments, providing the testes with a temperature
that is below body temperature. The scrotum provides a temperature of about 3 degree
Celsius that is necessary for the production of healthy sperm.

Penis – designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract.

THE PROSTATE GLAND

The prostate is a small gland, about the size of a
horsechestnut or walnut, which only exists in men. It
produces secretions which are part of sperm. That is
its only function. Unlike the liver (which is required
in order to live) the prostate isn't an essential gland.
It can therefore be removed under circumstances
without danger to life.

Problems related to the prostate tend to arise due to

its anatomical location which means that its removal
can often cause urinary or sexual problems.

The Central and Peripheral

Prostate
. The prostate is composed of two parts:

• The central prostate (sometimes known as the

cranial prostate or transition zone) which
surrounds the urinary duct, which compresses
 the prostate as urine volume increases. It's in this region that adenoma develops. This has
nothing to do with cancer and is never cancerous.

• The peripheral prostate (sometimes known as the caudal prostate or peripheral zone)
which surrounds the central prostate. It is here that cancer can arise, never adenoma.