Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. GENERALLY
The foul drainage and sewer line system shall be carried out strictly in
accordance with the relevant by-laws and if the work fails to satisfy the
Local Authority concerned, the Contractor shall rectify the defects at his
own expense. The Contractor shall provide suitable qualified personnel to
do the section of the work.
The pipes shall be laid to even falls to gradients shown on the drawings.
2. MATERIALS
Cement, sand, aggregates, steel reinforcement and piles to be as
previously described under the appropriate trade specification sections.
Joints between cast iron pipes and fittings shall be with molten lead and
tarred yarn wound round and well caulked in unless otherwise stated
elsewhere.
Pipes shall be laid with the sockets leading up-hill and shall rest on solid
and even foundations for the full length of the barrel.
5. PIPELINE
Setting out
Before any work commences the sewer trace shall be set out. The
manhole centres shall be marked by a centre peg whose location shall be
tied to 3 pegs situated outside the working area.
Sight rails shall be set up painted black and white to mark the centre line
of the sewer, and boning rods shall be used to give the distance from the
sight rails to the invert of the sewer. It is desirable that no fewer than 3
sight rails be set up on each line so that if one is disturbed it would be
obvious. The maximum distance between sight rails should be 23m.
The Contractor shall maintain the setting up of pipelines not less than
460m in advance of pipelying and shall carry such exploratory excavation
as may be required by Employer.
For the length of the pipelines which are curved on plan or in elevation the
curve shall be obtained by deflecting the pipes at each joint.
The bedding for the pipes shall be thoroughly compacted. The pipes shall
be laid evenly on the barrel at the required level. There should be no
hollows, voids or foreign material under the pipe. Any concrete blocks or
wedges should be removed on completion of bedding. The bedding
should be completed to the correct profile as shown in the drawing.
The concrete bed foundation and Type Section for the pipes shall consist
of the concrete or reinforced concrete as shown in details on the Contract
drawings.
In all cases the concrete shall be well rammed or vibrated and worked
under and around the pipes. No concrete shall be placed around the
pipes until the pipe joints have been inspected and approved.
8. HANDLING PIPES
9. PIPELAYING
All pipes shall be carefully brushed out inside and shall be tested for
soundness before being laid. The pipes shall be laid separately to true
inverts, straight lines and falls, each pipe being separately boned between
sight rails and bearing evenly upon the solid ground or concrete for its full
length.
Where pipes are laid without a concrete bed, holes shall be cut in the
bottom of the trench os such size and depth as to allow the joints to be
properly made and the barrel of the pipe to bear evenly on the solid
ground for its full length.
Where pipes are to be laid on rock formation the excavation shall be taken
down to 1.2 m below bed level and great care shall be taken to ensure
that there are no projecting pieces of rock on which the pipe will ride. The
bed will then be made up to its true line and level by refilling with either
100mm of consolidated selected material from the excavation well
rammed, and watered if necessary, or with 100 mm of concrete 1:3:6 or
as per contact drawings.
The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that all blocks and
wedges are of sufficient size and strength to prevent settlement of the
pipes.
The excavation of the bottom 150mm of the trench and laying of screed
or any other surface preparation shall be done immediately in advance of
pipe laying but no pipes shall be laid until a distance of at least 10m along
the trench has been prepared and bottomed up to the receive the pipes.
The trenches and joint holes shall be kept free from water until the pipes
are laid, jointed and surrounded with concrete. No water from the
trenches shall be allowed to endter the new pipes and no re-filling of
trenches will be allowed until the joints of the pipes have been tested,
inspected and approved.
Properly fitted stoppers shall be provided and constantly used to close the
ends of all uncompleted pipe lines. The stoppers are only to be removed
when necessary.
11.MANHOLE
The chamber and shaft rings may be supplied in different lengths and
each section will be provided with lifting holes. The joints between the
sections shall be of an ogee joint with cement mortar to form a watertight
joint. Before completion of the manhole all the lifting holes, ogee and
other joints shall be neatly pointed.
The reinforced concrete slabs covering the chambers and the shafts of the
manholes shall be set and pointed in cement mortar to form watertight
joints.
The reinforced concrete slabs covering the chambers and the shafts of the
manholes shall be set and pointed in cement mortar to form watertight
joints.
At all points where pipes are built into walls, or floors, great care shall be
taken that the joint is watertight joint. If found to be otherwise, the
concrete shall be cut away and replaced with concrete, to make a
watertight joint.
Tumbling bay backdrop pipes are to be built in the walls of the man hle by
cutting a neat hole in the precast concrete rings sufficient for building in
the pipes and pointed in cement mortar. The joint shall be finished flush
with the inside of the manhole and neatly splayed on the outside to form a
watertight joint.
The manhole covers and frames shall be of the cast iron machines type
and of approved size, weight and pattern. The heavy duty type shall be
used in roadways and paved area.
Manhole covers and frames shall comply with BS 497 and be of the
standard type and size and shall be accordance with the drawings. The
cover and frame shall be cast from a mixture of cast iron scrap and a
suitable grade of pig iron. The mixture of the resultant metal shall be free
from air and sand holes and from cold shuts. They shall be neatly dressed
and carefully fettled. All casting shall be free from voids, whether due to
shrinkage, gas inclusion or other causes.
After the sewers have been laid they shall be inspected by the Employer
for grade, line and level and appearance of inner surface. Any sewers
inaccurately laid to grade, line and depth, or if the interior shows open
joints, ragged edges or protruding mortar, or which are not alignment,
shall be made good and relaid so as to conform to the drawings and
specification and at the Contractor’s expenses.
Sewers shall then be subjected to water or air test, at the discretion of the
Employer, for which the Contractor shall provide all necessary testing
apparatus, including expanding plugs, flexible bag stoppers, smoke
cartridges, etc. together with any other apparatus and labour which may
be required for the proper testing of the sewers. These tests shall be
carried out before backfilling and again after completion of backfilling and
reinstatement.
Sewer with caulked joints shall not be tested until at least 24 hours after
jointing.
Water test
A test pressure of 1.2m head above the soffit of sewer or drain shall be
applied at the high end but no more than 2.4m at the low end. Steeply
graded sewers or drains shall be tested in stages where the above
maximum head would be exceeded if the whole section were tested at
once.
Should the pressure not be maintained for the required time a smoke test
shall applied for the purpose of locating the fault.
After testing of the pipelines as specified, the interior of the pipelines shall
be inspected to ascertain that the pipes are entirely clear of obstruction
and that the invert is smooth.
In the case of pipes which cannot be inspected from the inside, generally
under 600mm in diameter, a loose plug shall be passed through each
pipeline to ensure that the pipes are entirely clear of obstruction and that
the invert is smooth. The loose plug shall be in the form of a cylinder with
solid ends made of timber not less than 25mm in thickness.
The outside diameter of the ends of the plug shall not be smaller than
25mm less than the diameter of the pipe through which it is to be passed
and its length shall not less than its diameter.
16.FRACTURE OF PIPE
In the event of pipes being fractured after properly laid whether due to
imperfect beds having been formed or the material for refilling having
been improperly selected or to any other causes, the Contractor in every
instance, will be held responsible and he will be called upon to replace
such defective pipes at his won cost, if such defect appears before the
expiration of the period of maintenance.