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Since the color of ink is due to a mixture of dyes, it is necessary to separate the dyes from
one another in order to characterize the ink. These dyes are large organic molecules
having a variety of functional groups which give them different properties and allow
them to be resolved by thin-layer or paper chromatography. As an example of this, the
separation of the dyes in the inks in some common pens. With their Rf value in the
solvent system used in the thin-layer chromatography part of this experiment, is
illustrated in Table 1.
Equipment:
Chromatography jar Ruler
Capillary tubes Tweezers
Test tubes: 10x75 mm, 15x100 mm Developing solvent:
Scissors For TLC: mixture of n-butyl
Water bath alcohol: ethyl alcohol: water:
TLC plates or chromatography paper acetic acid: :60:10:20:0.5
Suspect pens For paper chromatography:
Ransom note Acetic acid, 5%
Ethanol, 95% Small vial or tube
Methanol Pencil
Paper Pasteur pipette
Safety:
Always wear safety goggles.
Wear gloves and wash thoroughly with soap and water if you get solvent on you.
Only shine the UV lamps toward the tabletops. UV light is harmful to eyes and skin.
Procedure:
Preparing the samples:
1. Prepare a developing chamber by adding about 0.5 cm of developing solution to
the chamber, and closing the jar until needed.
2. Remove the appropriate sections from the suspect document with a pair of
scissors, cutting them into a few pieces and placing them in a 10x75 mm test tube.
If variations of ink on one document are suspected, be sure to keep the different
sections separate and well labeled.
3. Extract (remove) the ink from the paper using 2-3mL of methanol. The test tubes
can be heated in a water bath (a beaker with water placed on the hotplate; don’t let
the water get too hot or all of the methanol will evaporate) to increase the
solubility of the ink. To aid the removal of the ink from the pieces of the paper,
squirt the hot methanol over the pieces of the paper using a Pasteur pipette.
4. When the methanol solution is fairly dark from the ink, transfer the ink solution
from the test tubes to a small vial or small tube.
5. Evaporate most of the methanol with a stream of N2 to concentrate the ink
sample. If all of the methanol is evaporated, redissolve the ink residue in a few
drops of methanol.
Clean-up
1. Dispose of all liquids as instructed by the teacher.
2. Wash your hands with soap and water.
Data:
s o l v e n t
f r o n t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
N a m e o f M e d ic a tio n
Analysis and Calculations:
1. Calculate the Rf for each spot by dividing the distance the spot traveled by the
distance the solvent traveled. The Rf value is characteristic of each substance and
may be used for identification of the substance.
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2. What causes the inks to move at different rates?
3. Which ingredient has the strongest attraction for the stationary phase? Which has
the weakest?
4. Compare the results of the suspect ink samples to the results of the ransom note
ink. What do the results indicate about the ransom note ink?