Generalization of Schwarzschild Metric

By Azzam AlMosallami

Malaya University

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Email: az_almosallami@yahoo.com

Abstract
In this paper I’ll introduce a generalized solution for Schwarzschild metric. This
solution is considered as a general solution to describe the weak gravitational
field and the strong. Schwarzschild Metric is a good approximation to the
gravitational field of a slowly rotating body like the Earth or Sun. but in the case
of a strong gravitational field the general relativity theory will fail to describe
what is happing inside. We can derive the Schwarzschild Metric from my new
metric, that is in the case of weak gravitational field where both of them give
the same results. But in the case of strong gravitational field my new metric
gives accurate results which are different from the Schwarzschild Metric.

Introduction
The Schwarzschild Metric is given by

 2m  2
ds  1   dt 
2 dr 2

 r 2 d 2  sin 2  d 2 
 r   2m  (1)
1  
 r 

GM 2GM
Where m  2 . Thus from that we get
g tt  1 2 .
C C r

Now if there is clock located in a gravitational field at distance r from the center
of mass M, then the reading of this clock for an observer far away from the
gravitational field is given as in the equation

1
 2GM
t '  1  t (2)
C 2r

Where, t is the reading of the observer from his clock that is far away from the
gravitational field and t ' is the reading of the same observer from the clock on
the gravitational field.

From the metric given in (1), the Schwarzschild radius rs is given as

2GM
rs  (3)
C 2r

The Schwarzschild solution to Einstein’s equations gives exact solution in the

case of weak gravitational field, but in the case of strong gravitational field the
Schwarzschild solution disable to describe what happened accurately, where the
laws of physics stop there according to his solution.

Theory: Generalisation of Schwarzschild Metric

According to my paper (THE RELATIVISTIC QUANTIZED FORCE:
NEWTON'S SECOND LAW,INERTIAL AND GRAVITATIONAL)
published in the General Science journal:
http://www.wbabin.net/physics/azzam.pdf

I discovered that there is a term lost in the Schwarzschild solution in his metric.
This term has no effect in the case of weak gravitational field, so we can neglect
it. But in the case of strong gravitational field the effect of this term is clear and
we can’t neglect it, where this term plays the fundamental rule to form the
space-time in the strong gravitational field.

My general metric which is describing the space-time of the gravitational field

(weak or strong) is given as

2
 m 2 dr 2
ds  1   dt 
2
 r 2 (d 2  sin 2  d 2 )
 r 2
 m
1  
 r

2
 2
 m
g tt  1   . Now when
2
GM  GM 
And m  2 , we get g tt  1  2  . By
 r C  C r
squaring we get

2GM G 2 M 2
g tt  1   4 2 (4)
C 2r C r

Equation (4) illustrates the lost term in the Schwarzschild solution where it is

G2M 2
. This term has no effect in the case of the weak gravitational field where
C 4r 2
it is too small to be perceived. So, in this case we can neglect it and the metric
will take the Schwarzschild form. But in the case of the strong gravitation field
we can’t neglect this term. Now according to my solution we can generalize
equation (2) to be

 GM 
t '  1  2 t (5)
 C r

Equation (5) is a general formula that describes the time dilation in a strong or
weak gravitational field. This equation is in agreement with equation (35) in my
paper in http://www.wbabin.net/physics/azzam.pdf , and it is easy to show that
equation (5) takes the form of equation (2) in the case of weak gravitational
G2M 2
field where the term 4 2 is neglected. The Schwarzschild radius is given as in
C r
equation (5) as
GM
rs  (6)
C2

We see equation (6) is different from equation (3) by the factor of 2. Equation
(6) is in agreement with quantum when deriving the Schwarzschild radius.

If we look carefully to my metric, we’ll see that it takes the form of flat
Minkowski space

ds 2  dt 2  dr 2  r 2 (d 2  sin 2 d 2 ) (7)

3
That is when

2GM G 2 M 2
 4 2 (8)
C 2r C r

This happened when r  rA where

GM
rA  (9)
2C 2

1
From that we get rA  rs , ( rs given in equation (6)). And from equation (5),
2
when r  rA then t '  t .

Figure (1): illustrates  1 factor versus the radius r (m) that a constant mass of
10 26 kg compressed. The upper red line is for  1 factor derived by my metric

where  1  1 
GM 
2 
and the lower green one is for  1 factor derived by
 C r
2GM
Schwarzschild metric where  1  1 . We find from the figure, at weak
C 2r
gravitational field when r is very large (weak gravitational field), the two metric
give the same results, but when r takes smaller (the gravitational field be
stronger) the two lines are spreading out and the given results are different. The
2GM
green line stops at the point rs  which is the Schwarzschild radius derived
C2
GM
by Schwarzschild metric. Whereas, the red line passes the r axis at rs  2 , as
C
GM
well,  1  1 at rA  2 where the metric takes the form of flat Minkowski
2C
space.

Figure (2): illustrates the  1 factor versus the mass density M. The upper red line

for  1  1 
GM  2GM
2 
, and the lower green one for  1  1 2 , r is constant
 C r C r
equals to 1 m. We find from the figure, the two lines are spreading out as the
C2
mass is getting larger. And the green line stops at M  . But the red line
2G
C2 2C 2
passes M axis at M  . And,   1 at M 
1
where the metric takes the
G G
form of flat Minkowski space.

4
Gravitational Light Bending According to my Metric

Einstein treated the problem in the weak field approximation, but according to
my solution I’ll reach to an accurate solution for the light bending in weak and
strong gravitational field. According to my metric we get
2 2
 m  m
ds  1   C 2 dt 2  1   dl 2
2
(10)
 r  r

dl  (dx 2  dy 2  dz 2 )1 / 2 . The speed of light in these coordinates is found by

setting ds  0 thus from my metric in (10) we get

 2m m 2 
2
dl  m 
V  1   C  1   2 C
dt  r  r r 

By setting in the equation above r  ( x 2  y 2 )1 / 2 , we get

 2m m2 

V  1  2  2 2 
C
 ( x  y 2 1/ 2
) ( x  y ) 

Now by differentiation the equation above with respect to y we get

dV  2my 2m 2 y 
  2  C
dy  ( x  y 2 ) 3 / 2 ( x 2  y 2 ) 2 

Now if the light is headed in the x-direction in the z = 0 plane, then the

transverse deflection develops according to

d 1 dV  2my 2m 2 y 
   2  
dx C dy  ( x  y 2 ) 3 / 2 ( x 2  y 2 ) 2 

Thus by integrating the equation above with respect to x we get


 2my 2m 2 y 
    2  2 dx
 ( x  y )
2 3/ 2
( x  y 2 ) 2 

 2    
  2my   2m 2 y 3 
2 
y   2y 

Thus we get

5
 4m  m 2
  (11)
y y2

By substituting y=R, where R is the distance of closest approach to the mass,

GM
and m  , we get
C2

4GM  G 2 M 2
  (12)
C2R C 4R2

Equation (12) is the general solution that describes the bending of light in
strong or weak gravitational field. We find from equation (12), in the case of
 G2M 2 4GM 4GM
weak gravitational field 4 2
<<< 2
, and then we can consider   2
C R C R C R
as in the equation produced by Einstein solution.

Conclusion
My metric is considered as a general and exact solution not only for
Schwarzschild metric, but also for the general relativity theory. It describes
carefully and accurately the space-time produced by the strong and weak
gravitational field. My metric is considered as the lost key to unifying between
quantum and relativity, or on the other words, between the micro and macro
world.

6
References
- Almosallami, A., THE RELATIVISTIC QUANTIZED FORCE: NEWTON'S SECOND
LAW,INERTIAL AND GRAVITATIONAL, The General Science Journal,
http://www.wbabin.net/physics/azzam.pdf
- Adler, R., Bazin M., and Schiffer, M., Introduction to General Relativity, 2d
ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975.
- Carlip, S., QuantumGravity in 2+1 Dimensions, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1998.
- Carrol, S.M., An Introduction to General Relativity Spacetime and Geometry,
Addison-Wesley, San Francisco, 2004.
- D’Inverno, R., Introducing Einstein’s Relativity, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 1992.
- Hughston, L.P. and Tod, K.P., An Introduction to General Relativity,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
- Misner, C.,Thorne, K., and Wheeler, J., Gravitation, Freeman, San Francisco,
1973.
- Peebles, P.J.E., Principles of Physical Cosmology, Princeton University Press,
Princeton, New Jersey, 1993.
- Penrose, R., Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities, Physical
Review Letters 14: 57, 1965.
- Stephani, H., Relativity: An Introduction to Special and General Relativity, 3d
ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004.
- Tylor, E.F., and Wheeler, J.A., ExploringBlack Holes: An Introduction to
General Relativity, Addison-Wesley, San Francisco, 2000.

7
  1

r (m)

Figure (1): illustrates  1 factor versus the radius r (m) that a constant mass of
10 26 kg compressed. The upper line is for  1 factor derived by my metric where
 GM 
 1  1  2 
and the lower one is for  1 factor derived by Schwarzschild
 C r
2GM
metric where  1  1 .
C 2r

8
  1

M (kg / m 3 )

Figure (2): illustrates the  1 factor versus mass density. The upper red line for
 GM  2GM
 1  1  2 
, and the lower green one for  1  1 2 , r is constant equals
 C r C r
to 1 m.