Stepwise Restoration of Distribution Network under Cold

Load Pickup: A New Approach

Vishal Kumar1, Rohith Kumar H.C., I. Gupta, and H.O. Gupta
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.

Abstract—An approach for stepwise restoration of a power distribution network under

cold load pickup (CLPU) is presented in this paper. The steps used in restoration process
are evaluated from the distributed load-points considered on the CLPU profile. For each
of these steps, optimal locations for load restoration are determined, and hence resulting
in the optimal switching sequence for entire network restoration. The optimization is
performed to achieve multiple objectives of maximum utilization of the existing system
and minimum switching operations subjected to the satisfaction of system constraints.
Genetic algorithm has been adopted for searching the optimum solution. The approach
has been successfully applied to two networks with different topologies, including a
practical distribution network.
Keywords—Cold Load Pickup, Distribution system restoration
NOMENCLATURE
α Time constant for CLPU model STotal Total connected load
Transformer maximum loading-limit
∆T Delay in the delayed exponent model STV
violation
σi Decision variables ( 1=ON and 0=OFF) SU Un-diversified value of a load in p.u.
aij Participation factor of Lj at step i SW Number of switching operations at a step
Sum of the ratios of branch-current violations to
IV {SW(Lj)} Set of load locations restored at step j
their thermal limit
KTM Transformer maximum loading factor Tm0 Initiation of restoration in CLPU model
Total number of distinct load-points considered Time instant for start of diversity in CLPU
m Tm1
on CLPU profile model
Total no. of branches in the network, and {.} is
Nbr Ti Time instance of step i
the set of branches
Total no. of buses in the network, and {.} is the
Nbu u(t) Unit step function
set of buses
Sum of the ratios of bus-voltage violations to
Ri Total restored load up to ith step VV
the voltage limit
Load demand for time t ≥ Tm0 as per CLPU
S(t) WIV Weight for IV
model
Weight for ratio of un-restored load to
Lj Total load restored (diversified) in step j WLoad
connected load
SD Diversified value of a load in p.u. WSW Weight for SW
SUnrestored Load un-restored during current step WTV Weight for STV

1
Corresponding author and; presently, is with EED, IET Lucknow, India- 226 021.
ST Substation transformer rating WVV Weight for VV
NP Population size [A](m x m) Participation factor matrix for aij
Pc Crossover probability [R](m x 1) Matrix for Ri
Pm Mutation probability [L](m x 1) Matrix for Lj

I. INTRODUCTION

Prolonged outages cause severe problems during restoration of the power

distribution network. The key cause for this severity is the loss of diversity among the
connected loads [1]-[2], as it leads to additional power demand from the system. This
condition arises due to presence of thermostatically controlled load, and is known as Cold
Load Pickup (CLPU). The significant rise in the amount of thermostatically connected
loads has elevated the CLPU problem, owing to the fact that these loads lose their
diversity, leading to heavy loading condition during the post outage restoration period.
The types of load connected, duration of outage, local weather conditions and users living
habits affect the severity of CLPU condition. As evident from literature [3]-[6], CLPU
condition is characterized by a transient stage followed by an enduring stage. Transient
stage is primarily due to the inrush current in motors and transformer magnetization
current, hence it vanishes within few seconds. However, the enduring stage is largely due
to the loss of load diversity and extends for much longer duration causing excessive
loading on the network interconnecting elements. The permissible loading limits of one
or more interconnecting elements will be reached even if a portion of total load is
restored [7]-[10]. Further hindrance in the restoration is caused due to the violation of
steady state operational limits (i.e. permissible voltage and current limits of buses and
branches respectively) during enduring stage. Therefore utilities prefer to sub-divide the
entire network into sections and restore it in steps, because the network gradually regains
its diversity with time.
The consideration of CLPU problem dates back to 1952, and researchers
considered it be an inrush phenomenon and suggested remedies such as change of relay
settings, and usage of very inverse type relays [11]-[12]. However, in recent years the
dominant load behavior has forced the researchers to recommend better techniques to
tackle CLPU problem. Usage of adaptive relaying scheme and optimal designing of the
network to accommodate CLPU are the few eminent ones of these suggestions [2], [6],
[9], [10], [13], [14]. However, a clear insight into the literature reveals that CLPU is site
specific and is more likely an operational problem than a design problem. Therefore for
an already operational system, picking up of loads in steps/sections becomes the only
viable solution [5], [7].
Literature reveals several distinctive efforts of researchers to restore the network
optimally. Optimal sequence for restoration of sections was determined by Ucak and
Pahwa [7] such that total restoration time gets minimized, besides minimizing customer
interruption duration. Further refinement of work was done by using the adjacent pair-
wise method to minimize Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) [8].
Wakilesh and Pahwa [9] dealt the CLPU problem from the design point of view and
performed a minimization of total annual cost function comprising cost of transformer,
energy interruption, sectionalizing switches and transformer overloading. Further they
extended the work by applying Genetic Algorithms (GA) to a compensated real-life
distribution feeder [10]. Researchers have also utilized GA [3] and ant algorithms [15]
proficiently to determine the sequence of switching for restoration under CLPU
condition. In a recent paper by Gupta and Pahwa [14], authors have exploited voltage
drop based approach to optimally design and expand the network. Consequently, it is
evident that extensive amount of work has been carried out for optimally designing the
network. However, steady state operational constraints need further attention as CLPU
problem introduces severe voltage violations in the network. Further, in the section-wise
restoration, the precedence constraint has been used by the researchers [3],[7]-
[10],[14],[15] to determine the optimal placement and operation of the sectionalizing
switches, however this constraint limits the total load getting restored owing to
subsequent loading effects. In the proposed approach the load-wise restoration has been
performed which means loads restored at a step may not be in the form of a section of the
network instead these may be at dispersed locations i.e. free from precedence constraint.
The initial concept for restoration of distribution network with the use of proposed
approach has been given in [16]. Certain assumptions were made in [16] these are:
participation factors for loads switched ON at different steps were neglected and delays
associated to CLPU model were not considered in steps beyond staring step. However,
the present paper proposes a realistic approach of step-wise restoration using optimal
sequencing of operation of load-switches to achieve maximum utilization of the existing
system. The approach selects several distinct load-points on the CLPU load profile as per
CLPU model [17], and discrete time steps corresponding to these load-points are
determined. The load corresponding to these steps are evaluated, and are used in
determining the switching locations. The GA is applied at each of these steps to
determine the optimal set of loads to be restored; consequently the optimal sequence of
restoration is obtained. The applicability of the proposed approach is illustrated on a 33-
bus system taken from literature [18], and also on 41-bus practical distribution system
[19].

II. METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION OF STEPS

Numerous varieties of CLPU model are available in the literature [20]-[25].

However, most of these models can be characterized equivalent to a delayed exponential
model for the sake of mathematical and analytical simplicity [17]. Mathematically, such a
model can be synthesized as (1), [14].
-α ( t -Tm )
S (t ) = [ S D + ( SU - S D )e 1
]u (t - Tm1 )+ SU [1- u (t - Tm1 )]u (t - Tm0 ) (1)
Few assumptions are made in the proposed approach these are listed below:
1. The network is operating in normal condition at the given load for a long
duration; therefore load diversity is well established before occurrence of outage.
2. All loads in the network follow similar CLPU model [17] at their restoration
following an extended outage.

A. Load-point evaluation
In the proposed approach several distinct load-points are considered on the CLPU
load profile. These points are used as steps for stepwise restoration. The loads that can be
restored at each of this point are determined for step-by-step restoration. Since all the
loads follow the same CLPU model, loading produced by loads restored in different steps
would be different. However, the restored load and expected load at each of load-points
and their subsequent time instants can be evaluated and is done as follows:
From (1) after shifting origin:

−α (Tn −∆T )
S (Ti ) = S i = [ SD + (SU − SD )e ]u(t − ∆T ), ∀n ≥ 1...m (2)
From (2)
1 ⎡⎛ S i − S D ⎞⎤
Ti = − ln ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ + ∆T , ∀ n ≥ 1...m (3)
α ⎢⎣ ⎝ S U − S D ⎠ ⎥⎦
The discrete time instants Ti, determined from (3), are timing corresponding to
load-point i and these are used as steps during restoration process. The restored load Li at
a step i is given by the summation of loads restored at that particular step i. Consequently
as per assumption-2, loads restored at different steps contribute to the total load
depending on their step of restoration. This contribution is referred as participation factor
a (i.e. ratio of load at a step to its diversified value). The aij explains the contribution of
each load restored at step j in the total restored load Ri at step i, and set {SW(Li)} gives
the load locations of restored loads at step i. Therefore evaluation of participation factors
for various step-points needs to be performed, and is done as follows.
The restored load (R0) corresponding to {SW (L0)} at the initiation of restoration of
network (i.e. step-0) is given by (4).
SU
R0 = * L0 = a 00 L0 (4)
SD
Similarly, for an ith step (i.e. at Ti instant), the set of loads restored up to this step is given
by (5) and the total load restored up to this step is given by (6).

⎡⎣{SW ( L0 )} ∪ {SW ( L1 )} ∪ ... ∪ {SW ( Li )}⎤⎦ (5)

Ri = ⎡⎣ai0L0 + ai1L1 +... + aii Li ⎤⎦ (6)

From (6) Ri = ∑a
j=0
ij Lj (7)

Therefore, the total restored load sequence for m such steps can be expressed in matrix
form as [R](m+1) x1 and is formulated as in (8).

[ R ]( m ×1 ) = [A]
(m×m )
[ L ]( m ×1 ) (8)

Participation matrix A gives the contribution of each set of load at step i which
was restored at step j. Since the loads at load-locations {SW (Lj)} restored at step j follow
the considered delayed exponent model, the contribution of these loads at step i can be
calculated from (1) by applying the appropriate value of time instants. However, the
contribution of a load will always be zero before it is restored, hence [A] is a lower
triangular matrix and rest of the elements of [A] can be determined from (9).

⎧ ⎛ − α ⎡⎢Ti − ( T j −∆ T ) ⎤⎥
⎪1+ ⎜ SU −1 ⎞⎟e ⎣ ⎦ ∀ j =1...i −1
⎪ ⎜S ⎟
⎪ ⎝ D ⎠
⎪ (9)
⎪ SU
a ij = ⎨ i= j
⎪ SD
⎪
⎪0 ∀ j >i +1,...m
⎪
⎪⎩

The [L] is a column matrix with each element representing the load restored at the
corresponding step. A set of evaluated timing instances of switching along with their
corresponding participation matrix for six step-points used during this research work has
been presented in Table A-I.
The total expected load at a step is the total load in case if all the un-restored loads
prior to that step get restored at that step, and is given by (10).
i
RiE = ∑ aij L j (10)
j =0

j
∀i ≠ j, L is total load restored in step j
j
∀i = j, L is total load remained un - restored before step j −1

III. PROPOSED APPROACH

Most of the previous methods are cost based optimizations [7]-[10], and they do
not take into account the utility voltage limits and feeder thermal constraints. On the
other hand here an approach for step-wise restoration through consideration of load-
points on CLPU profile is proposed. The optimization in this proposed approach aims at
maximally utilizing the existing capacities with all the operational constraints being met.
In this load-point based approach evaluation of sufficient number of load-points (m) is
carried out initially, and corresponding to each of these load-points, discrete time steps
are determined. At each of these steps GA is applied to determine the optimal load for
restoration with no considered network constraint being violated. Consequently
application of GA for all such steps yields the entire sequence of restoration in step-by-
step manner.

A. Problem Formulation
The objective of utilizing GA for search is to obtain best utilization of the existing
system while meeting all network constraints. Therefore entire search is oriented towards
finding the minimum load rejection along with minimum switching operation. The
problem under study is a case of non-linear multi-objective constrained optimization.
This multi-objective problem is converted into a single objective problem form with
suitable penalties as to reflect the relative importance of associated elements, and this
given in (11).
SUnrestored
Min f =WLoad × +WIV IV +WVVVV +WTV STV +WSW SW (11)
STotal
Nbu
Where, SUnrestored = ∑ Si σ i (12)
i =1

Nbu
STotal = ∑ Si (13)
i =1

Objective function (11) is subjected to system operational constraints and they all need to
be satisfied. These constraints are given as follows:
1) Thermal constraint

Ii ≤ Ii
r a te d
∀i ∈ {N b r } (14)

Where, Ii is the current in the branch i, Iirated is the rated current of branch i.
2) Bus Voltage constraint
Bus voltage at all buses of the network must be within permissible limit.

V m in ≤ Vi ≤ V m ax ∀ i ∈ {N bu } (15)

3) Substation transformer loading constraint

Total demand supplied by substation transformer has to be within maximum
loading limit of transformer for short durations so that there is no additional loss of
transformer life (16).
 Maximum Transformer Loading: S ≤ K S (16)
TM AX T T

Loading limit of the forced air-cooled transformer corresponding for a delayed

exponential CLPU model for different outage-duration, and pre-outage and post-outage
loading conditions has been presented in [7]. The maximum supplying limits for one-
hour outage with different pre and post outage load conditions have also been determined
[7], [26].
4) Power flow constraint
The network power flow equations must be satisfied to ensure a stable steady
state operation.

B. Proposed Algorithm
Computational steps involved in determination of the optimal restoration
sequence of network using the participation factor approach is given following the next
sub-section. In this algorithm binary decision variables are used as the chromosome, and
they represent the status of the load connected at each of the bus. The fitness value
evaluated for each of this chromosome represents superiority of these probable candidate
solutions.

C. Genetic Algorithm
GA is a stochastic search technique based on the principle of natural evolution
[27]. GA works with a set of probable solutions/candidates rather than a single point and
is believed to acquire more likely a global optimum point. The fitness function acts as a
measure of evaluation of quality of the solution. The genetic operators such as crossover
and mutation are applied on these set of probable candidates, thereby allowing candidate
solutions to explore further in the search space. The binary encoded GA with each bit
representing the status of load connected to that bus is employed. GA here comprises an
elite preserving mechanism with two point crossover and swap type mutation to optimize
(11).
 Step 1 : -
SU
Input m,a00 = ;
SD
set j = 0,LC = N bu ;
Generate : random population Pj;
Step 2 : -
Evaluate : Ti for i = 0 to m by (3);
Step 3 : -
if j ≤ m
Then compute participation fact ors of
{SW(Lk )} for k = 0 to m using (9);
set i = 1;
Else network is not restored in 'm' steps;
Step 4 : -
if j = 0 //Initiation of restoration
Then go to next step;
k
Else retain all{SW(L )} for k = 0 to j- 1 in
i
chromosomes of Pj ;
Step 5 : -
i
Evaluate : fitness of each chromosome in Pj
using (11);
Step 6 : -
i
Apply : genetic operators Pj ;
set i = i + 1;
Step 7 : -
if i ≤ Ge MAX // End of step j
Then go to Step 4 ;
Else
j
LC = LC - ∑ No. ofelements of{SW(Lk )} ;
k=0
Step 8 : -
if LC = 0; //Restoration compl ete
Then output the switching sequence;
Else j = j + 1 and go to Step 3 ;

Computational flow of the proposed approach.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The proposed approach is applied to two different network topologies including a

real network to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. The computation utilizes
following parameters, α= 1 hr-1, ∆T = 30 minutes= 0.5 hours and SU = 2.5 p.u., SD = 1
p.u.. The outage duration is considered as more than one hour, hence KTM=1.50 was
selected with no additional transformer loss of life. The number of steps m=6 (i.e. steps 0-
5) is used and corresponding time instances and participation matrix is presented in Table
A-I. The set of penalties/weights in the objective function for the present case-studies
[16], and the GA parameters used during the search for all the systems are given below.

Weights GA parameters
WLoad : 75.0 NP : 100
WIV : 500.0 Pc : 0.8
WVV : 10000.0 Pm : 0.05
WTV : 50.0 GeMAX : 100
WSW : 10.0

A. Test System-1
A 33-bus, 12.66 kV, capacitor compensated test system with an assumed sub-
station transformer capacity of 5.0 MVA was extracted from [18], [28]. The network
details and single line diagram of the distribution system is made available in Table A-II
and Fig. A3 respectively. Even though the network is optimally compensated, it faces
severe under-voltage problems during CLPU condition. The buses from 4 to 18 and 23 to
33 are severely affected by under-voltage problem during CLPU condition. Therefore to
utilize the available permissible voltage limit the sub-station voltage is raised to 1.045
p.u. However, even after elevating the sub-station voltage, buses 6 to 18 and 26 to 33
continued to violate under-voltage permissible limit. Hence the simultaneous restoration
of network gets restricted largely due to voltage limit violation. Conversely, during step-
wise restoration of the network with the proposed approach a minimum voltage of
0.9531p.u. was observed, with a network loading of 7.1294 MVA at step-0. The Table I
summarizes few of the above mentioned findings.
TABLE I
Minimum voltage and percentage power loss in network during CLPU
Tail end voltage Percentage
in p.u. (i.e. V18) power loss
1. Sub-station voltage of 1.p.u. 0.7766 15.63
2. Sub-station voltage of 1.045p.u. 0.8364 13.71
3. Sub-station voltage of 1.045p.u. 0.9531 5.72
and at step-0 of restoration.
 The total restored load at each step and hence the entire restoration sequence is
presented in Table-II. The graphical view of such a stepwise restoration approach is
presented in Fig. 1. The entire network gets restored at step-5, with total restoration
duration of 234.07 minutes (i.e. ≈ 3 hr 54 minutes). Since, the capacitors are installed in
the network for reactive power compensation, the network was also tested against the
light loading condition for over-voltages, but no violations were observed.
TABLE II
Stepwise restoration sequence of 33-bus system

Total Expected Total Restored Switches

Step Loads to be restored
Load in MVA up to Load in MVA up operated at step
i after step i
step i to step i i
0 10.1321 7.1294 7,8,12,13,17,18,31-33 9
1 8.5819 6.8216 12,13,17,18,31-33 2
2 6.9298 5.7676 12,17,18,32 3
3 5.8184 4.9879 18,32 2
4 4.9220 4.8092 18 1
5 4.5026 4.5026 None 1

12

Expected Load
10
Restored Load

8
Load in MVA

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5

0
-20 30 80 130 180 230
Time in Minutes

Fig. 1. Stepwise restoration of 33-bus network.

B. Test System-2
Finally the proposed approach has been illustrated on a 33kV, 41-bus real
network of a part of Bhopal city, India [19] with sub-station transformer rated capacity of
30.0 MVA is considered for illustration of the proposed approach. All calculations were
carried out at a load factor of 40%. The restoration sequence and the restored load at each
of the steps are presented in Table-III. The network gets restored at step-4 with a total
restoration period of 192.48 minutes (i.e. ≈ 3 hr 13 minutes). Fig. 2 illustrates step-by-
step restoration corresponding to this network.
TABLE III
Stepwise restoration sequence of 41-bus system
Total
Total Restored Loads to be Switches
Expected
Step i Load in MVA up restored after operated at
Load in MVA
to step i step i step i
up to step i
0 35.456 27.957 7,16,30,32,41 5
1 29.838 23.535 7,41 3
2 24.125 19.351 41 1
3 21.039 16.106 41 0
4 18.577 18.577 None 1

40

35
Expected Load

30 Restored Load

25
Load in MVA

20

15

10

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

0
-20 30 80 130 180
Time in minutes

Fig. 2. Stepwise restoration of 41-bus real network.

C. Summary
The proposed approach has been demonstrated on two networks including a real
network. A brief summary of test systems is presented in Table-IV. Apparently major
portion of total load is restored during initial step of restoration; however the delay in
restoration is largely due to violation of operational voltage limits. In the proposed
approach, precedence constraint was relaxed and this leads to a higher percentage of load
restoration at the restarting of network. The GA convergence curve for test systems
during initial step (i.e. Step-0) of restoration is presented in Fig. A2.
TABLE IV
Summary of the test systems
Total
No. of steps Total no. of
Test restoration Percentage of restored
for switching
System time in load in the initial step
restoration operations
minutes
33-Bus 5 234.07 70.364 18

41-Bus 4 192.48 78.916 10

Since, the existing methods of stepwise restoration of network do not consider all the
constraints which have been incorporated in the proposed approach and none of the
methods performs dispersed loads switching, hence no direct comparison can be made
between the two.

V. CONCLUSION
The proposed approach presents a scheme for stepwise restoration of distribution
network through optimal sequence of restoration under CLPU condition. The load-points
based stepwise restoration methodology presented here utilizes the system capacity more
efficiently than restoring the network in terms of section. The methodology effectively
exploits the load-wise switching of the network rather than section-wise switching.
The issue presented in this paper is of high relevance to distribution companies
striving to improve the reliability in energy deficient countries through effective
utilization of existing system. The simplicity of the proposed approach would attract
attention from distribution companies.

APPENDIX
The time instances and their corresponding participation factor evaluated using
(3) and (9) for six step (0-5) restoration of network is given in Table A-I. The parameters
used during the evaluation are given in section-IV. The CLPU curve used for the
assessment of participation factors at different steps is given in Fig. A1.
 TABLE A-I
Sample time instances and corresponding participation factors
Time Participation factor for {SW(Lj)} restored at jth
Step instance
instance
(i)
(Ti) j=0 j=1 j=2 j=3 j=4 j=5
0 0 2.50 0 0 0 0 0
1 54.33 2.00 2.50 0 0 0 0
2 95.92 1.50 2.24 2.50 0 0 0
3 137.51 1.25 1.62 2.24 2.50 0 0
4 192.48 1.10 1.25 1.50 1.99 2.50 0
5 234.07 1.05 1.12 1.25 1.50 2.24 2.50

∆T
SU
Load S(Tn) with load-points

2.0

1.5

1.25
1.10
1.05

SD

Tout T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Outage Initiation of
occurs restoration Time (Steps)

Fig. A1. Evaluation of timing of steps and participation factors.

 45
33-Bus system
40 41-Bus system

35

Fitness value --------> 30

25

20

15

10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
No. of Generations --------->

Fig. A2. GA convergence curve for the test systems at the initial restoration step.

Table A-II Line and Loading details of 33-Bus, 12.66kV system (Base MVA=1 MVA)
Capacitors
Line From To Bus Resistance Reactance Pload in Qload in
Bus No added in
No Bus No No in ohm in ohm MVA MVA
MVA
1 1 2 0.0922 0.047 1 0.000 0.000 0
2 2 3 0.493 0.2511 2 0.100 0.060 0
3 3 4 0.366 0.1864 3 0.090 0.040 0
4 4 5 0.3811 0.1941 4 0.120 0.080 0
5 5 6 0.819 0.707 5 0.060 0.030 0
6 6 7 0.1872 0.6188 6 0.060 0.020 0
7 7 8 0.7114 0.2351 7 0.200 0.100 0
8 8 9 1.03 0.74 8 0.200 0.100 0
9 9 10 1.04 0.74 9 0.060 0.020 0.100
10 10 11 0.196 0.065 10 0.060 0.020 0
11 11 12 0.3744 0.1238 11 0.045 0.030 0
12 12 13 1.468 1.155 12 0.060 0.035 0
13 13 14 0.5416 0.7129 13 0.060 0.035 0
14 14 15 0.591 0.526 14 0.120 0.080 0.300
15 15 16 0.7463 0.545 15 0.060 0.010 0
16 16 17 1.289 1.721 16 0.060 0.020 0
17 17 18 0.732 0.574 17 0.060 0.020 0
18 2 19 0.164 0.1565 18 0.090 0.040 0
19 19 20 1.5042 1.3554 19 0.090 0.040 0.100
20 20 21 0.4095 0.4784 20 0.090 0.040 0
21 21 22 0.7089 0.9373 21 0.090 0.040 0.100
22 3 23 0.4512 0.3083 22 0.090 0.040 0
23 23 24 0.898 0.7091 23 0.090 0.050 0.100
24 24 25 0.896 0.7011 24 0.420 0.200 0.100
25 6 26 0.203 0.1034 25 0.420 0.200 0.100
 Capacitors
Line From To Bus Resistance Reactance Pload in Qload in
Bus No added in
No Bus No No in ohm in ohm MVA MVA
MVA
26 26 27 0.2842 0.1447 26 0.060 0.025 0
27 27 28 1.059 0.9337 27 0.060 0.025 0
28 28 29 0.8042 0.7006 28 0.060 0.020 0
29 29 30 0.5075 0.2585 29 0.120 0.070 0.200
30 30 31 0.9744 0.963 30 0.200 0.600 0.500
31 31 32 0.3105 0.3619 31 0.150 0.070 0.100
32 32 33 0.341 0.5302 32 0.210 0.100 0
33 0.060 0.040 0
Total
Load in 3.715 2.3 1.700
MVA

21 22

20

19

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Sub-station

26 12
23
27 13
24
28 14
25
29 15

30 16

31 17

32 18

33

Fig. A3. Single line diagram of 33-bus distribution network.

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