BTEC Higher National Certificate in Civil

Engineering
Unit 3: Applied Mathematics for Construction and the Built
environment

Assignment Two: Applied Mathematics for Construction and the Built

Environment.

Student name: Daniel Cryer

Tutor Name: Roger Kendall

1
Contents

Introduction Page 3

Trigonometry and
Trigonometric Functions Page 4-7
Simpson and Trapezium rule Page 7-10
Task 1 Page 11-12

Task 2 Page 13

Task 3 Page 14-15

Task 4 Page 16-18

Task 5 Pages 19-21

Task 6 Page 22-25

Task 7 Pages 26

Task 8 Pages 27-28

Task 9 Page 29

Conclusion Page 30

Appendix Pages 31-33

Bibliography Page34

2
Introduction

As the training officer for Land Surveys UK Ltd; we carry

out land and building surveys together with setting out for
construction and civils contracts. It is my task to prepare a report
covering certain tasks. This report will be given to new employees
in preparation for the individual to progress onto a formal
qualification.
They should be able to apply analytical methods to
surveying and setting out procedures, these methods will include
trigonometry, irregular areas and volumes and there applications.

3
Trigonometry and Trigonometric Functions
‘’Trigonometry: From Greek trigōnon meaning triangle and metron
meaning measure is a branch of mathematics that studies
triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles
between the sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric
functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability
to cyclical phenomena, such as waves. The field evolved during
the third century B.C. as a branch of geometry used extensively for
astronomical studies

If one angle in the triangle is 90 degrees and one of the other

angles is known, the third is thereby fixed, because the three
angles of any triangle add up to 180 degrees. The two acute
angles therefore add up to 90 degrees: they are complementary
angles. The shape of a right angled triangle is completely
determined, up to similarity, by the angles. This means that once
one of the other angles is known, the ratios of the various sides
are always the same regardless of the overall size of the triangle.
These ratios are given by the following trigonometric functions of
the known angle A, where a, b and c refer to the lengths of the
sides in the accompanying figure:

• The sine function (sin), defined as the ratio of the side

opposite the angle to the hypotenuse.

• The cosine function (cos), defined as the ratio of the adjacent

leg to the hypotenuse.

• The tangent function (tan), defined as the ratio of the

opposite leg to the adjacent leg.

The hypotenuse is the side opposite to the 90 degree angle in a

right triangle; it is the longest side of the triangle, and one of the
two sides adjacent to angle A. The adjacent leg is the other side
that is adjacent to angle A. The opposite side is the side that is
opposite to angle A. These functions are named the cosecant (csc

4
or cosec) the inverse functions are called the arcsine, arccosine,
and arctangent, respectively. There are arithmetic relations
between these functions, which are known as trigonometric
identities.

With these functions it is possible to answer virtually all questions

about arbitrary triangles by using the law of sines and the law of
cosines. These laws can be used to compute the remaining angles
and sides of any triangle as soon as two sides and an angle or two
angles and a side or three sides are known. These laws are useful
in all branches of geometry, since every polygon may be described
as a finite combination of triangles. Certain equations involving
trigonometric functions are true for all
angles and are known as trigonometric
identities. Some identities equate an
expression to a different expression
involving the same angles. In the
following identities, A, B and C are the
angles of a triangle and a, b and c are the
lengths of sides of the triangle opposite
the respective angles.

The law of sines (also known as the "sine rule") for an arbitrary
triangle states:

Where R is the radius of the circumscribed circle of the triangle:

Another law involving sines can be used to calculate the area of a

triangle. Given two sides and the angle between the sides, the
area of the triangle is:

The law of cosines (known as the cosine formula, or the "cos rule")
is an extension of the Pythagorean Theorem to arbitrary triangles:

5
or equivalently:

The law of tangents:

In mathematics, the inverse trigonometric functions or cyclometric

functions are the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions,
though they do not meet the official definition for inverse functions
as their ranges are subsets of the domains of the original
functions. Since none of the six trigonometric functions are one-to-
one (by failing the horizontal line test), they must be restricted in
order to have inverse functions.

For example, just as the square root function is

2
defined such that y = x, the function y = arcsin(x) is defined so
that sin(y) = x. There are multiple numbers y such that sin(y) = x;
for example, sin(0) = 0, but also sin(π) = 0, sin(2π) = 0, etc. It
follows that the arcsine function is multivalued: arcsin(0) = 0, but
also arcsin(0) = π, arcsin(0) = 2π, etc. When only one value is
desired, the function may be restricted to its principal branch. With
this restriction, for each x in the domain the expression arcsin(x)
will evaluate only to a single value, called its principal value. These
properties apply to all the inverse trigonometric functions. The
principal inverses are listed in the following table.

Range of Range of
Domain of usual usual
Usual
Name Definition x for real principal principal
notation
result value value
(radians) (degrees)
y= −π/2 ≤ y ≤ −90° ≤ y ≤
arcsine x = sin y −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
arcsine x π/2 90°
y= 0° ≤ y ≤
arccosine x = cos y −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0 ≤ y ≤ π
arccos x 180°
y= all real −π/2 < y < −90° < y <
arctangent x = tan y
arctan x numbers π/2 90°
y= all real 0° < y <
arccotangent x = cot y 0<y<π
arccot x numbers 180°
arcsecant y= x = sec y x ≤ −1 or 0 ≤ y < π/2 0° ≤ y < 90°

6
 or π/2 < y or 90° < y ≤
arcsec x 1≤x
≤π 180°
−π/2 ≤ y < -90° ≤ y <
y= x ≤ −1 or
arccosecant x = csc y 0 or 0 < y 0° or 0° < y
arccsc x 1≤x
≤ π/2 ≤ 90°

If x is allowed to be a complex number, then the range of y applies

only to its real part.

The notations sin−1, cos−1, etc. are often used for arcsin, arccos,
etc., but this convention logically conflicts with the common
semantics for expressions like sin2(x), which refer to numeric
power rather than function composition, and therefore may result
in confusion between multiplicative inverse and compositional
inverse.

In computer programming languages the functions arcsin, arccos,

arctan, are usually called asin, acos, atan. Many programming
languages also provide the two-argument atan2 function, which
computes the arctangent of y / x given y and x, but with a range of
(−π, π].’’

(Articles taken from ‘Wikipedia’, Inverse trigonometric functions

and Trigonometry.)

Simpson and Trapezium rule

Simpson's rule can be derived in various ways.

Quadratic interpolation

One derivation replaces the integrand f(x) by the quadratic

polynomial P(x) which takes the same values as f(x) at the end
points a and b and the midpoint m = (a+b) / 2. One can use
Lagrange polynomial interpolation to find an expression for this
polynomial,

An easy (albeit tedious) calculation shows that

[1]

7
This calculation can be carried out more easily if one first observes
that (by scaling) there is no loss of generality in assuming that a =
− 1 and b = 1.

Averaging the midpoint and the trapezoidal rules

Another derivation constructs Simpson's rule from two simpler

approximations: the midpoint rule

and the trapezoidal rule

The errors in these approximations are

respectively. It follows that the leading error term vanishes if we

take the weighted average

This weighted average is exactly Simpson's rule.

Using another approximation (for example, the trapezoidal rule

with twice as many points), it is possible to take a suitable
weighted average and eliminate another error term. This is
Romberg's method.

[edit] Undetermined coefficients

The third derivation starts from the ansatz

The coefficients α, β and γ can be fixed by requiring that this

approximation be exact for all quadratic polynomials. This yields
Simpson's rule.

8
Error

The error in approximating an integral by Simpson's rule is

where ξ is some number between a and b.[2]

The error is asymptotically proportional to (b − a)5. However, the

above derivations suggest an error proportional to (b − a)4.
Simpson's rule gains an extra order because the points at which
the integrand is evaluated are distributed symmetrically in the
interval [a, b].

Note that Simpson's rule provides exact results for any polynomial
of degree three or less, since the error term involves the fourth
derivative of f.

Composite Simpson's rule

If the interval of integration [a,b] is in some sense "small", then

Simpson's rule will provide an adequate approximation to the exact
integral. By small, what we really mean is that the function being
integrated is relatively smooth over the interval [a,b]. For such a
function, a smooth quadratic interpolant like the one used in
Simpson's rule will give good results.

However, it is often the case that the function we are trying to

integrate is not smooth over the interval. Typically, this means that
either the function is highly oscillatory, or it lacks derivatives at
certain points. In these cases, Simpson's rule may give very poor
results. One common way of handling this problem is by breaking
up the interval [a,b] into a number of small subintervals. Simpson's
rule is then applied to each subinterval, with the results being
summed to produce an approximation for the integral over the
entire interval. This sort of approach is termed the composite
Simpson's rule.

Suppose that the interval [a,b] is split up in n subintervals, with n

an even number. Then, the composite Simpson's rule is given by

9
where xj = a + jh for j = 0,1,...,n − 1,n with h = (b − a) / n; in
particular, x0 = a and xn = b. The above formula can also be written
as

The error committed by the composite Simpson's rule is bounded

(in absolute value) by

where h is the "step length", given by h = (b − a) / n.[3]

This formulation splits the interval [a,b] in subintervals of equal

length. In practice, it is often advantageous to use subintervals of
different lengths, and concentrate the efforts on the places where
the integrand is less well-behaved. This leads to the adaptive
Simpson's method.

10
Task 1

B a

C
Forest

23/12/50 203/12/48 287/56/22 107/56/20

124.567m Face Right Lake

136.356m

167/40/50
148.256m
Face Left
A
347/40/46 D

Using the cosine rule a²=b²+c²-2bcCosA it will be possible to

determine the missing line measurements for these triangle.
We must first use the face left and face right bearings to calculate
the average angles in this problem.

So 287/56/22 - 203/12/34 = 84/43/34 Face right

107/56/20 – 23/12/50 = 84/43/30 Face left

Average 84/43/34 + 84/43/30 = 84/43/32 BAC

2

And 347/40/46 – 287/56/22 = 59/44/24 Face right

167/40/50 – 107/56/20 = 59/44/30 Face left

Average 59/44/24 + 59/44/30 = 59/44/27 CAD

2

11
Using these angle and the Cosine rule a²=b²+c²-2bcCosA to get
length ‘a’

So
a² = 136.356²+124.567²-(2*136.356*124.567cos84/43/32)
a² = 18592.95874+15516.93749-(33970.9157*cos84/43/32)
a² = 34109.89623-3122.825908
a² = 30987.07032

a = √30987.07032 = 176.031447 m Through Forest

Then
a² = 136.356²+148.256²-(2*136.356+148.256*cos59/44/27)
a² = 18592.95874+21979.8415-(40431.19027*cos59/44/27)
a² = 40572.80024-20373.769
a² = 20199.03124
a = √20199.03124 = 142.123296 m Through Lake

Then we must find the height difference B and C; as these will both
be right angled triangles we can use trigonometry to find these
heights and calculate the differences.

As we know the angle and the adjacent side of the right angled
triangle we must use the formula;
tanA = opposite
adjacent

so to find the height the formula can be rearranged to give

opposite = tanA*adjacent

A to B = tan12/24/56*124.567 = 27.423 m

A to C = tan15/45/32*136.356 = 38.479 m

Therefore the height difference = 38.479-27.423 = 11.056 m

12
Task 2

SC 2

A B

Building

SC 1

D C

SC = Station coordinate, WCB = Whole Circle bearing,

ΔE = Difference in eastings, ΔN = Difference in northings
QB = Quadrant bearing

tan(QB)= ΔE so QB= tan-1ΔE

ΔN ΔN

Distance =√ΔE²+ΔN²

Q1=+ve E, +ve N
so WCB = Quad Brng
Q2=+ve E, -ve N
So WCB= 180-Quad Brng
Q3=-ve E, -ve N
So WCB= 180 + Quad Brng
Q4= -ve E, +ve N
So WCB = 360 – Quad Brng

13
Task 3
(a)

11.411 12.235
10.022 10.453
4

12.035 12.265
10.882 10.343 11.111
4 4

11.621 12.035
11.311 10.302 10.413
4

12.035 10.474 11.311

10.091
4 4

10.000m
m

11.611 12.035
10.342 10.473
4

10.000m
m

A weighted average calculation is a method of assigning a

quantity to be averaged a weight. These weightings determine the
relative importance of each quantity on the average. Weightings
are the equivalent of having that many like items with the same
value involved in the average.
If we us this diagram to create a table for the weighted average it
is possible to come up with a very accurate method of quantifying
an areas volume for purposes of excavation.

If we look at the example above we can see that there are 13

squares each one being 100m² giving a total ground area of
1300m²
From the table below (table 1.1) we can see that the total
weighting is 52
Also the total product is 464.889
This means that 464.889/52 = 8.940 average

So we can see that 8.940*1300m² = 11622.23m² will be the total

volume to be excavated.

(b) Refer to table 1.2

14
Table 1.1
Reduced Dip/
Spot Height Level Difference Weighting Product
10.022 2 8.022 1 8.022
10.453 2 8.453 2 16.906
11.411 2 9.411 2 18.822
12.235 2 10.235 1 10.235
12.035 2 10.035 1 10.035
10.882 2 8.882 3 26.646
10.343 2 8.343 4 33.372
11.111 2 9.111 4 36.444
12.265 2 10.265 2 20.53
11.311 2 9.311 2 18.622
10.302 2 8.302 4 33.208
10.413 2 8.413 4 33.652
11.621 2 9.621 3 28.863
12.035 2 10.035 1 10.035
12.035 2 10.035 2 20.07
10.091 2 8.091 4 32.364
10.474 2 8.474 4 33.896
11.311 2 9.311 2 18.622
10.342 2 8.342 1 8.342
10.473 2 8.473 2 16.946
11.611 2 9.611 2 19.222
12.035 2 10.035 1 10.035

15
Task 4

a²+b²=c²

Angle at A is 35º , so using the cosine rule a² = b²+c²-2bccosA

1/ We can use this to determine the length BC

a² = 6.0²+4.7²-(2*6.0*4.7*cos34)
a² = 36+22.09-(56.4*0.860742027)
a² = 58.09-46.75771909
a² = 11.33228091
a = √11.33228091
a = 3.36645334 m

2/ Using the sine rule we can find the angle ABC and BCA

Sine rule a = b = c .
sin sin sin

So 6 = 3.366 ; 6 = 3.366*sin 2 ;
sin sin34 Sin34

6*sin34 = sin 2 ; 2 = sin-¹(6*sin34)

3.366 3.366

Sin-¹ *(3.355) ; sin-¹0.99673202614379084

3.366

2 = 85.3666º so If all angle in a triangle must equal 180 º then it

is possible to calculate the angle 1.

So 1 = 180 – (34+85.3666) = 60.6334º

16
It is possible to check this answer using the sine rule as all the
answers should be the same.

So a, 3.366 = 6.019 b, 6 . = 6.019 c, 4.7 . =

5.393
Sin34 sin85.3666 sin60.6334

This shows that the above answer cannot be correct as the values
for the above calculation are not the same in all three.

This incorrect answer is due to a default setting in calculators

using the sine and inverse sine rule. The default setting is because
of the way the sine function works the calculator is unable to
determine which side of 90º the function is, so the calculator goes
to the lower default setting, this as we can see is not always
correct.

Another way of demonstrating this is to use your calculator and

enter the sum

Sin95º = 0.9961946981

The inverse sine function this number

Sin-¹0.9961946981 = 85º

As we can see from this calculation the calculator has

automatically gone to the lower answer.
If we redo this but use 85º
Then
Sin85º=0.9961946981
And
Sin-¹ = 85º

17
With this in mind we should always calculate the angle that is
furthest from 90º

So
4.7 = 3.366 . ; 1 = sin-¹( 4.7*sin34) = 51.33480325º
sin 1 sin34 3.366

so 2 = 180 – (34+51.33480325) = 94.66519675º

Again we can use the sine rule to check on this result.

3.366 = 6.019 ; 6 = 6.019 ; 4.7 = 6.019

Sin34 sin94.665 sin51.334

Therefore this result must be correct as all these answers are the
same.

So CAB = 34º ABC = 94.66º BCA = 51.33º

It should also be noted that rounding of all numbers should be left

until the end of the calculation as it can greatly affect the figure at
the end of the calculation.

18
 Task 5

4m 5m

2m 9m 3m

To calculate the total volume of this column we must split it into

three separate shapes, these being the two frustums on both ends
and the cylinder in the middle.

We can calculate the volume of a cylinder using the formula π d²h

4
Or π r²h, so π ∗4 ²∗9 = 144 = 113.097 m³
4 4

Then we must calculate the volume of both frustums using the

formula π h(R²+r+r²)
3

So volume of smaller frustum is

π *2*(2.5²+(2.5*2)+2
² )
3

= 2.094* 15.25 = 31.939m³

19
Larger frustum
π *3*(2.5²+(2.5*2)+2²)
3

3.141*15.25= 47.909m³

So the total volume of the column is

113.097+31.939+47.909=192.945m³

If we multiply this by 20 to give the volume required by all 20

columns
192.945m³ * 20 = 3858.9m³

We must then allow for the 2% volume of steel

So
3858.9 * 2 = 77.178m³ for all 20 columns
100

And 77.178 = 3.8589m³ for each column

20

So 192.945 – 3.8589 = 189.0861m³ required for each column

And 189.0861 * 20 = 3781.722m³ for all columns

As concrete usually gets batched in wagons with a capacity of 6

cubic meters it will be necessary to plan the pour for maximum
efficiency and safety.

So we can see that it will take

189.0861 = 31.51
6
So to pour just one column it will take nearly 32 truck loads to fill
each column. This is a large amount of concrete and it will not be
possible to pour the whole column in one go, as the shuttering
form work would not hold to such large pressures.
If we instead pour each column 48 cubic meters at a time which is
8 truck loads it will take approximately 4 separate pours to fill each
column. Obviously more than one column can be poured at once
but there will be a limit as to the number of concrete wagons that
can be available each day. If we pour 48 cubic meters in the first

20
10 column on day one, this will be 80 wagon loads. And could be
achieved using 10 wagons on turn around from the batching plant.
So day one will fill the first 48 m³ for the first 10 columns, day two
the first 48m³ for the last 10 columns, day three the second 48m³
from the first 10 column, day four the second 48m³ from the last 10
columns, day five the third 48m³ from the first 10 columns, day six
the third 48m³ from the last 10 columns, day seven the last 48m³
from the first 10 columns and finally on day eight the last 48m³
from the last 10 columns.
So to fill all 20 columns in this manner would take 10 concrete
wagons on an 80 load turnover a total of 8 days to complete the
job.

21
Task 6

A planimeter is a measuring instrument used to determine the area

of an arbitrary two-dimensional shape. There are several kinds of
planimeters, but all operate in a similar way. The precise way in
which they are constructed varies, with the main types of
mechanical planimeter being polar, linear and Prytz or "hatchet"
planimeters. The Swiss mathematician Jakob Amsler-Laffon built
the first modern planimeter in 1854, the concept having been
pioneered by Johann Martin Hermann in 1814. Many
developments followed Amsler's famous planimeter, including
electronic versions.

A linear planimeter on scrolls for the determination of stretched

shapes

They consist of a linkage with a

pointer on one end, used to trace
around the boundary of the shape.
The other end of the linkage is fixed
for a polar planimeter and restricted
to a line for a linear planimeter.
Tracing around the perimeter of a
surface induces a movement in
another part of the instrument and a
reading of this is used to establish the area of the shape. The
planimeter contains a measuring wheel that rolls along the drawing
as the operator traces the contour. When the planimeter's
measuring wheel moves perpendicular to its axis, it rolls, and this
movement is recorded. When the measuring wheel moves parallel
to its axis, the wheel skids without rolling, so this movement is
ignored. That means the planimeter measures the distance that it’s
measuring wheel travels, projected perpendicularly to the
measuring wheel's axis of rotation. The area of the shape is
proportional to the number of turns through which the measuring
wheel rotates when the planimeter is traced along the complete
perimeter of the shape.

Developments of the planimeter can establish the position of the

first moment of area (centre of mass), and even the second
moment of area.

The pictures show a linear and a polar planimeter. The pointer M

at one end of the planimeter follows the contour C of the surface S
to be measured. For the linear planimeter the movement of the

22
"elbow" E is restricted to the y-axis. For the polar planimeter the
"elbow" is connected to an arm with fixed other endpoint O.
Connected to the arm ME is the measuring wheel with its axis of
rotation parallel to ME. A movement of the arm ME can be
decomposed into a movement perpendicular to ME, causing the
wheel to rotate, and a movement parallel to ME, causing the wheel
to skid, with no contribution to its reading.

Principle of the linear planimeter

Principle of the
linear planimeter

The working of
the linear
planimeter may
be explained by
measuring the
area of a
rectangle ABCD
(see image). Moving with the pointer from A to B the arm EM
moves through the yellow parallelogram, with area equal to
PQ×EM. This area is also equal to the area of the parallelogram
A"ABB". The measuring wheel measures the distance PQ
(perpendicular to EM). Moving from C to D the arm EM moves
through the green parallelogram, with area equal to the area of the
rectangle A"DCB". The measuring wheel now moves in the
opposite direction, subtracting this reading from the former. The
net result is the measuring of the difference of the yellow and
green areas, which is the area of ABCD. There are of course the
movements along BC and DA, but as they are the same but
opposite, they cancel each other on the reading of the wheel.

23
Mathematical derivation

The operation of a linear planimeter can be justified by applying

Green's theorem onto the components of the vector field N, given
by:

Where b is the y-coordinate of the elbow E.

This vector field is perpendicular to the measuring arm EM:

and has a constant size, equal to the length m of the measuring

arm:

Then:

because:

The left hand side of the above equation, which is equal to the
area A enclosed by the contour, is proportional to the distance
measured by the measuring wheel, with proportionality factor m,
the length of the measuring arm.

Polar coordinates

The connection with Green's theorem can be understood in terms

of integration in polar coordinates: in polar coordinates, area is
computed by the integral where the form being integrated
is quadratic in r, meaning that the rate at which area changes with
respect to change in angle varies quadratically with the radius.

24
For a parametric equation in polar coordinates, where both r and θ
vary as a function of time, this becomes

Turning to a planimeter, for a wheel fixed at the end of a link,

rotating with respect to a point, the total rotation of the wheel is
proportional to as the rotation is proportional to the
distance travelled, which at any point in time is proportional to
radius and to change in angle, as in the circumference of a circle (
).

This last integrand can be recognized as the derivative of

the earlier integrand (with respect to r) shows that a
planimeter computes the area integral in terms of the derivative,
which is reflected in Green's theorem, which equates a line integral
of a function on a (1-dimensional) contour to the (2-dimensional)
integral of the derivative.

25
Task 7

TBM Original Correction Corrected level

SC1 110.234 0 110.234

SC2 111.324 2 111.326

SC3 112.774 4 112.778

SC4 113.994 6 114.000

SC5 114.034 8 114.042

SC6 116.004 10 116.014

SC7 117.444 12 117.456

SC8 117.199 14 117.213

SC9 118.221 16 118.237

SC10 119.204 18 119.222

SC11 120.344 20 120.364

The level error on sc1 and sc11 has been distributed across all the
TBM’s to effectively remove the error.

26
Task 8

1 Perimeter of paved area can be calculated by splitting the area

into it component shapes.

The perimeter of a circle is calculated by 2 π r

So 2* π *2 = 12.56637061
In this example the shape is a semi circle so we must
divide this answer by 2
So 12.56637061 = 6.283m
2

For the perimeter of the small triangle we must use

trigonometry to find the missing side.
So tan opp = 3.278 = 0.8195
Adj 4.0

= tan-¹0.8195 = 39.33º

Then use this to find the length of the missing side

Hyp = Adj ; hyp = 4.0 . = 5.17m

CosA cos39.33

For the perimeter of the

larger triangle we must use
the same method

Tan = opp = 2.189 = 0.186

Adj 11.766

27
 = tan-¹0.186 = 10.54º

Hyp = adj = 11.766 = 11.968m

Cos cos10.54
So now we can calculate the whole perimeter by adding all the
values for the outside of the shape together.

15.04+5.17+2.655+11.968+6.844+6.283 = 45.964m

2. Area of the shape, this is achieved again by splitting it up into its

component pieces.

Area is given by ½ ch = 4.0*3.278 = 6.556m²

2

= ½ ch = 11.766*2.189 = 12.877m²
2

= lw= 11.766* 2.655 = 31.239m²

= 11.766*4.0- the area of the circle

= 40.781m²

If we add all these together we get the area for the entire shape

= 6.556+12.877+31.239+40.781 = 91.453m²

3. Paving stone required for are:

Stones are 500mm*500mm so 0.5*0.5 = 0.25m²
So 91.453/0.25 = 365.812 stones required

4. Number of paving stones to be purchased with 10% wastage

included so 365.812 * 10 = 36.581 stones wasted
100
So 365.812+36.581 = 402.393 = 403 stones required
5. The number of pack required will be
403/20 = 20.15 so 21 pack will be requires

28
 Task 9

Chainage 1+00 1+25 1+50 1+75 2+00 2+25 2+50 2+75 3+00 3+25 3+50 3+75 4+00

Area 3.23 3.23 3.51 2.96 2.95 2.66 3.33 3.49 3.55 3.66 3.55 3.22 3.13
(m2)

A suitable method for calculating the volume to be excavated will

be to use either the Simpson’s rule or the Trapezium rule.

Trapezium rule is given by:

Area = Strip width * [ ½ (sum 1st & last ordinate) + (sum remaining ordinates)]

A = 25* [ ½ (3.23+3.13)+(3.23+3.51+2.96+2.95+2.66+3.33+3.49+3.55+3.66+3.55+3.22)]

A = 25*[ ½ *(6.36)+(36.11)]

A = 3.18+36.11

A = 25*39.29

Area = 982.25m²

Simpson’s rule is given by:

Area = 1/3*strip width *[(sum 1st & last ordinate)+4(sum even)+2(sum odd)]

A = 1/3 * 25 *[(3.23+3.13)+4*(4

A = 1/3 *25 * [(3.23+3.13)+4* (19.22)+2*(16.89)]

A = 1/3 * 25 * [(6.36)+(76.88)+(33.78)]

Area = 975.167m²

The Simpson’s rule is generally more accurate due to the fact that
it has a definite integral

29
Conclusion
All these methods and calculations can be used to solve
surveying and setting out procedures in different circumstances
throughout engineering projects.

30
Appendix

Graphs showing relationship between sine, cosine, and tangent

functions.

31
Picture showing the unit circle, the values of any trigonometric
function for many angles other than those labelled can be
calculated without the use of a calculator by using the Sum and
Difference Formulas.

32
All of the trigonometric
functions of the angle θ can
be constructed geometrically
in terms of a unit circle
centred at O

33
Bibliography
Virdi, 2006. Construction Mathematics. Butterworth-
Heinemann.

Greer, 1989. BTEC National Nil I - Mathematics for

Technicians. 2nd ed. Nelson Thornes.

Taylor, 2004. BTEC National Mathematics for

Technicians. 3rd ed. Third Edition Nelson Thornes

Greer, 1982. BTEC First - Mathematics for Technicians.

2nd ed. Nelson Thornes.

Tourret, 1997. Applying Maths in Construction.

Butterworth-Heinemann.

http://en.wikipedia.org/

34