Chapter 10 Outline

Renaissance

• Growth of city-states

o Warring between papacy and Ghibelline leaves room for city growth

o Rich families unite under banner of one city and grow economically

o Merchants also have place in nobility

• Social Class and Conflict

o Grandi- old-rich social group that traditionally ruled cities.

o Popolo or Grosso- New-rich class of merchants, capitalists and

bankers

 The two competed for supremacy in oligarchy of city-states

o Popolo Minuto- the lower economic class

 Florence is sent into chaos and class conflict over BP and

class struggle

• Despotism and Diplomacy

o Cosimo de’Medici- Florentine banker and statesman who controlled

and manipulated the city behind the scenes to improve his own
power and create stability

 Grandson Lorenzo the Magnificent-rules Florence in

totalitarian fashion and is cautious after the assassination of
his brother Pazzi to rule with iron fist

o Despots come to power in Milan

 Visconti and Sforza families

o Through tough rule creativity flourishes and thought is provoked

 Promoted by Renaissance despots

 They could afford the art and culture

Humanism

• Petrarch, Dante, and Boccaccio

 o Francisco Petrarch- “Father of Humanism”

 Served Visconti family in Milan

 Aided in Roman revolt of Cola di Rienzo’s.

 Letters to the Ancient Dead (Livy, Vergil, Cicero and Horace)

 Africa- Tribute to Roman general Scipio Africanus

 Held “useless” learnings of Scholastics in contempt and

wove together Classical and Christian values

o Dante Alighieri- Divine Comedy-cornerstone of Italian vernacular

o Giovanni Boccaccio- Decameron- expose of social and economic

misconduct

• Lorenzo Valla

o Catholic who became Protestant hero due to beliefs in

predestination

o Proved that the Donation of Constantine could not have been

written when so claimed

o Remained faithful to Catholic Church, while pointing out

inaccuracies of past claims

o Began ideology to be ascribed with Martin Luther

• Civic Humanism

o Humanists claim traditional education is fundamentally useless

o Believed that proper education would lead to social virtue

o Cliques begin to form amongst civic humanists

 Intellectuals break off from mass of humanists

 Humanist historians (Machiavelli and Guicciardini) denote the

vernacular of the secular civic humanists in their
contemporary history works

Renaissance Art

• The rich assume the role of the educated and well cultured
 • People treasure more worldly and humanly pursuits than they had during
medieval Christian times

• Raphael

o Very loved amongst contemporaries and benefactors

o The School of Athens- portrays modern and classic great minds

• Michelangelo

o Famous for depiction of David- renaissance exemplar of praising of

human form

o Sistine Chapel-painted to near perfection and almost entirely by

Michelangelo himself

o He disagrees with High Renaissance art philosophy-believes art

should be more embodied and fully formed

Slavery in the Renaissance

• Thriving slave markets exist in the west

o Trade of captured Muslin slaves

• Demand for slaves sky rockets after BP wipes out much of the labor force

o Slaves come from more diverse areas

Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494-1527): The Treaty of

Lodi

• Only way Italians can resist Turkish invasions was by internal cooperation

o Political alliance known as Treaty of Lodi is constructed (1454-55)

o Brought together Milan and Naples into treaty with Florence

o Naples subsequently begins fighting with Milan in 1494 after peace

of treaty wears

o Ludovico il Moro did not recognize French threat to Milan

Charles VIII’s March Through Italy

• Charles is not placated by Piero di Medici’s (Florence) giving of territory

 o Savornola is put in charge of Florence, but soon loses it due to poor
handling of the people’s wants in their ruler

• Kingdom of Sicily, Venice and the papal states unify against France in Italy

o Milan switches sides after wanted invasion is self-threatening

o Charles retreats back after switch

Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family

• Alexander I is the most corrupt to ever be pope

o Uses Papal powers to est. political base of power in Romangna

o Venice begins to fight with papal states for loyalty

o Pulls papacy out of League of Venice which leaves Milan open for
French invasion

o Works marriages that increase the strength of the French military in

Romagna

o Names his son Duke of Romagna after imprisonment of conquest of

Romagna’s cities

Pope Julius II

• Suppresses the Borgia Family’s power after succeeding into Papacy

• Brings papacy to peak military strength of the Renaissance

• Criticized by Erasmus for his purported unworthiness to be allowed into

heaven

• Drives the Venetians out of Romagna in 1509

• Pushes French out of Italy with aid of the Swiss and Emperor Maximillian I

• French reinvade Italy and win dominance over French Clergy, which keeps
France Catholic during Protestant Reformation

Niccolo Machiavelli

• Powerful Humanist and admirer of Ancient Roman ways

o Criticized his countrymen for their lack of such patriotism

 • Scolded the Italian people for disunity and blamed them for their own self-
destruction

o Name now synonymous with political sternness and ruthless

expediency

o Put most of his faith in the Medici family, but Clement VII loses
Rome to the French invaders 1527

Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe

• Monarchies of the High Middle Ages

o Presided over vast loyalty of centralized powers

o Charter bailiffs and such to maintain subjugation of France, Britain

and Castile

o Monarchs hold standing national armies (1400’s)

 Mercinaries work better for feudal vassals on smaller scales

o Heavy taxes are levied by monarchs for fundraising

 Only on the lower classes as to not upset the nobility

• France

o Charles VII made king through virtue of great people around him

 Joan of Arc driving England out of France

 Jaques Couer makes French Economy great

o Cornerstones of the Nation

 Collapse of England in France during Hundred Years’ War

 Defeat of Charles the Bold and Duchy of Burgundy

• Burgundy dies with Charles the Bold in 1477

• Charles dies in the same battle

o Louis XI inherits debilitating foreign policy

 Loses battles with Habsburgs in first half of 16th century

o France meets same fate as England in 100 yrs war case

• Spain

o Marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand unites Castile and

Spain

 Money and land of Castile brought to Spain

o Accomplishments of the marriage

 Christianized all of Spain

 Ferdinand secures northern borders

 Won allegiance of Hermandad (league of powerful cities)

 Total control of the church

o Jews exiled from Spain and had properties taken

o Muslims are forced into conversion to Christianity

o Sponsored overseas adventures as sign of power/worldly influence

• England

o Great defeat at the Hundred Years’ War

o House of York and House of Lancaster fighting internally

 War of the Roses

o Edward IV (York) seized power for more than 20 years (1461)

 Temporarily interrupted by Henry VI (1470)

 Retaken by Edward and he increases power of the finances of

the monarchs

o Richard III takes the throne by force in 1483 by murdering Edward

IV’s sons

 Shakespeare’s play Richard III

 Henry Tudor (Lancaster) defeats Richard on Bosworth Field,

1485

• Ruled as Henry VII in new Tudor Dynasty

 • Managed to taken lands from nobles in order to Rule
w/o dependence on Parliament

• Holy Roman Empire

o Germany and Italy do not develop at typical European pace

 Germans refuse to form one country

• Over 300 political entities in 15th century

o Golden Bull (1356)- est. seven member electoral college for

Emporer and German territories

 Elected the Emperor and worked in collaboration w/him

o Princes have more power than the emporer

o Reichstag-national assembly of 7 electors

 Non-electoral princes and reps from 65 cities and free cities

 Est. the Supreme Court of Justice in Holy Roman Empire

 Imperial Council of Regency to create imperial and internal

policies

o All of these surmount to substitutions for real national loyalty

Northern Renaissance

• Worked for humanist reform

o Schools and Religious reform in humanist way

• Brothers of the Common life (Netherlands) all men and women to

live shared religious life w/o making religious promises

• Northern Humanists have distinct culture

• Printing Press

o Number of Universites triples from 1300 to 1500

 Formerly painstaking process to create vellum

manuscripts

o Mainz in Germany becomes center for printing

  Operates in 60 different cities in Germany and 200 in
Europe

o Less credulous clergy and less docile laity due to more

freedom of thought

 Religious propaganda takes over

 Clergy produce pamphlets

• Erasmus

o Promoted accessibility of Ancient Christian sources and

edited the works of the Church Fathers

o Greek edition of the New Testament

o Erasmus’ books were forbidden by Roman Catholic church

 Version of the New Testament did not please Church

Humanism and Reform

• England

o Lectures of William Grocyn and Thomas Linacre

 Conservative Criticism of Contemporary society

 Erasmus and Thomas more are close friends and

both bash England

o Act of Supremacy (1534)-forcing sanction of Henry

VIII’s marriage

 Thomas More refuses to honor it

 Does not sanction marriage of Anne Boleyn

• France

o Italian learning penetrates France

 Creates Educational and Religious reform

o Jaques d’Etaples-leader of French Humanists

 Inspires Luther, Briconnet and Calivn

• Spain

o Spain does opposite of most of Europe and gives

service to Church

o Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros-leads “grand

inquisition”

 Strict orthodoxy of religion

 Wants to reform clergy life

 Reforms scholarly attitude of Spain to keep

Protestantism out of Spain in Reformation

Voyages of Discovery and the New Empire in the West

• The Spanish Empire in the New World

o 3 centuries of colonization by Europeans

 Taking over land for resources and

expansion

 Major role in religious and political

conflicts of age

o Spanish Mark

 Roman Catholicism

 Economic codependence

 Hierachial social structure

o Columbus lands in San Salvador in the Bahamas

 Thought he was in Japan

 First Globe Map produced by Martin

Behaim

• Conquered World

o Mayans

 Main city of Teotihuacan

 Great engineers
  Dominated lands of the Peruvian north
coast and Bolivia

 Worked elaborate irrigation systems,

canals, highways and complex metal
work

o Aztecs

 Inhabited Mexico

 Human sacrifice and heavy demand on

subjects for labor

 Cortes lands and is given gifts by Aztecs

out of fear

 Cortes captures Aztec leader and took

over Aztec Empire

o Incas

 Human sacrifice

 Inhabited Peru

 Attacked by Pizzaro who kills their leader

even though appeased with gold

 Spain claims Incan lands

• Church in Spanish America

o Philosophy of Christ brought to America

 Erasmus’s belief

 Tension btw conquistadors and

conversionist Friars of the Native
Americans

 Disliked the horrible conditions imposed

on natives

o Bartolome’ de Las Casas-argued that conquest

was not only way to convert local people
  New Royal regulations of conquest after
1550

 Stops inhumane treatment of natives

o Monasteries take on their own economic, social

and spiritual life in the new world

 Roman Catholic Church becomes most

conservative power in the Americas in the
late 18th century (end of the colonial era
in the Americas)

• Economy of Exploitation

o Colonial Colonies in Latin America have key

components:

 Mining-gold and silver (mid 16th

century)/most advocated by Spanish
crown

 Agriculture- haciendas owned by new

nobles, only by direct Spanish descent

• Produced Food and leather in

hacienda system

 Shipping-slaves and goods shipped both

ways

• Labor Servitude

o Econmienda-formal grant of the right to the

labor of a specific number of natives

 Demanded labor of the conquered people

o Laborers forced to buy from their employers to

be perpetually in debt

 Debt Peonage

o Black Slavery

 West Indies is heavily integrated with

Black Slaves
 o Disease and Famine cause many deaths in
Mexico (New Spain at the time)

• Impact of Europe

o People began to question old ides of religion,

politics, economics and freedom (18th century)

o Influx of new foreign products (metals and

spices) causes 2% inflation per yr

o New Wealth from inflated economy allows for

research and investment

 Printing, shipping, mining, textiles and

weapons

 New Capitalist regime in Italy in rich cities

• Owning means of production

• Interest on loans/collateral

• Medici Family (Florence) grew very

rich as the Pope’s bankers

o Industrial growth raises expectations of the poor

and heightened reactionary tendencies of the
wealthy

 Tension btw clergy and laity

o Tension made way for the Reformation of

Europe