Zarya-Unity Press Kit

Launch of the
International Space Station:

Zarya and Unity
Launch of the International Space Station: Zarya and Unity
National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Canadian Space Agency; European
Space Agency; National Space Development Agency of Japan; Russian Space Agency
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL OVERVIEW........................................................................... Page 2
SECTION I – THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
The International Space Station: An Overview............................................ Page 4

Overview of Early Assembly Flights............................................................Page 9
International Space Station Assembly: A Construction Site in Orbit............ Page 14
Flight Control of the International Space Station: Zarya and Unity.............. Page 21
SECTION II – ZARYA
The Zarya Control Module: First Station Component to Launch................. Page 24

The Proton Rocket: A Russian Booster for Early Station Components....... Page 27
Zarya/Proton Launch and Ascent Summary.................................................Page 30
Zarya Orbital Events Summary................................................................... Page 34
SECTION III – UNITY AND SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION STS-88
Space Shuttle Mission STS-88: Launching a New Era in Earth Orbit......... Page 36
STS-88 Flight Day Summary...................................................................... Page 38
Zarya Rendezvous and Capture on STS-88................................................. Page 39
Unity Connecting Module: Cornerstone for a Home in Orbit...................... Page 40
STS-88 Spacewalks, Unity and Zarya Interior Activities............................. Page 42
STS-88 Crew Responsibilities..................................................................... Page 44
STS-88 Crew..............................................................................................Page 45
MEDIA ASSISTANCE INFORMATION.................................................. Page 47
MEDIA CONTACTS................................................................................. Page 50
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION VIDEO........................................ Page 53
NASA CSA ESA NASDA RSA
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FIRST STATION MODULES LAUNCH NEW ERA OF SPACE

EXPLORATION
Launched from opposite sides of the world, the first International Space Station
components, Zarya and Unity, will begin a new era of exploration as 16 nations band
together in space to improve life on Earth and extend the reach of the human race.
The International Space Station will allow humankind to harness as never before one of
the fundamental forces of nature – gravity – to perform research that may result in new
medicines, materials and industries on Earth. When completed, the station will provide
more than 60 times as much power to scientific research as was available on the Russian
Mir space station. The station's scientific studies, performed in six state-of-the-art
laboratories, may even lead to a new understanding of the fundamental laws of nature
while they pave the way for the future human exploration of deep space.
Even before its launch, the International Space Station has opened new frontiers on Earth
by overcoming barriers of language, culture and technical differences worldwide. Partners
in the United States-led station include Canada, 11 member nations of the European Space
Agency, Japan and Russia. Italy and Brazil also are contributing. As the first truly
international space program, the station fulfills a promise from the Apollo Program, which
left a plaque on the moon saying "We came in peace for all mankind."
Assembling the station will be an unprecedented task, turning Earth orbit into an ever-
changing construction site. More than 100 elements will be joined over the course of 45
assembly flights using the Space Shuttle and two types of Russian rockets. An
international cast of astronauts and cosmonauts will do much of the work by hand,
performing more space walks in just five years than have been conducted throughout the
history of space flight. They will be assisted by a new generation of robotic arms, hands
and perhaps even free-flying robotic "eyes".
From just the station's orbital construction, the world will learn many lessons that will
apply to future efforts in space. As the station takes shape, a new star – eventually to
become one of the brightest objects in the night sky -- will become ever more visible from
Earth.
The Zarya module, named with a Russian word meaning "Sunrise" to symbolize the dawn
of a new era in space, is owned by the U.S. but built by Russia. It will be launched on a
three-stage Russian Proton Rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakstan, on Nov.
20 to begin the station's assembly.
Less than two weeks later, the Space Shuttle Endeavour will launch on Shuttle mission
STS-88 with an international crew to carry aloft the U.S.-built Unity connecting module.
The Unity module was named for its basic function and for the station program's spirit of
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global cooperation and achievement. Unity, a six-sided module, will be the basic building
block to which all future U.S. modules will attach. Unity will be attached to Zarya to begin
the station's orbital assembly.
Astronaut Robert D. Cabana (Col., USMC), 48, a veteran of three space flights, will
command Endeavour. First-time space flyer Frederick Sturckow (Capt., USMC), 35, will
serve as pilot. Serving as mission specialists aboard Endeavour will be Nancy J. Currie,
Ph.D. (Major, USMC), 38, a two-time space veteran; Jerry L. Ross (Col., USAF), 49, a
five-time Shuttle flyer and four-time space walker; James H. Newman, Ph.D., 40, a two-
time space flyer and veteran space walker; and Russian Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, 40,
who has flown once on the Shuttle and twice on the Russian Mir space station,
accumulating more than one year, three months in orbit and conducting seven space
walks.
Cabana will steer Endeavour to a rendezvous with Zarya on the third day of the flight, and
Currie will use the Shuttle's robotic arm to capture the Russian-built spacecraft and join it
to Unity. Ross and Newman will then perform three space walks on later days to finish
connections between the two components. When Endeavour departs to return home, it
will leave a new, as yet unpiloted, space station in orbit. Endeavour's mission will be an
image of many flights to come, where large station components will be attached using
robotic equipment before final connections are made by space walking astronauts.
Next year, five more flights to assemble the station will follow, bringing a Russian- built
and launched living quarters, two Space Shuttles filled with interior supplies, an early
exterior framework and the first huge U.S. solar arrays to provide power to the growing
station. In January 2000, a permanent human presence aboard the station begins with the
launch of an international crew of three.
The assembly in orbit is scheduled to be completed in 2004. The final, football field-sized
station will have a mass of more than 1 million pounds and over an acre of solar panels. it
will include a U.S. laboratory, two Russian research modules, a European laboratory, a
Japanese laboratory and a Canadian station robotic arm.
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SECTION I – THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
The International Space Station: Overview
The International Space Station is the largest and most complex international scientific
project in history. And when it is complete just after the turn of the century, the
International Space Station will represent a move of unprecedented scale off the home
planet. Led by the United States, the International Space Station draws upon the scientific
and technological resources of 16 nations: Canada, Japan, Russia, 11 nations of the
European Space Agency and Brazil.
More than four times as large as the Russian Mir space station, the completed
International Space Station will have a mass of about 1,040,000 pounds. It will measure
356 feet across and 290 feet long, with almost an acre of solar panels to provide electrical
power to six state-of-the-art laboratories.
The station will be in an

orbit with an altitude of
250 statute miles with an
inclination of 51.6
degrees. This orbit allows
the station to be reached
by the launch vehicles of
all the international
partners to provide a
robust capability for the
delivery of crews and
supplies. The orbit also
provides excellent Earth
observations with
coverage of 85 percent of
the globe and over flight
Artist's concept of the completed International Space Station of 95 percent of the
population. By the end of this year, about 500,000 pounds of station components will be
have been built at factories around the world.
The United States has the responsibility for developing and ultimately operating major
elements and systems aboard the station. The U.S. elements include three connecting
modules, or nodes; a laboratory module; truss segments; four solar arrays; a habitation
module; three mating adapters; a cupola; an unpressurized logistics carrier and a
centrifuge module. The various systems being developed by the U.S. include thermal
control; life support; guidance, navigation and control; data handling; power systems;
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communications and tracking; ground operations facilities and launch-site processing

facilities.
The international partners, Canada, Japan, the European Space Agency, and Russia, will
contribute the following key elements to the International Space Station:
• Canada is providing a 55-foot-long robotic arm to be used for assembly and

maintenance tasks on the Space Station.
• The European Space Agency is building a pressurized laboratory to be launched on the
Space Shuttle and logistics transport vehicles to be launched on the Ariane 5 launch
vehicle.
• Japan is building a laboratory with an attached exposed exterior platform for
experiments as well as logistics transport vehicles.
• Russia is providing two research modules; an early living quarters called the Service
Module with its own life support and habitation systems; a science power platform of
solar arrays that can supply about 20 kilowatts of electrical power; logistics transport
vehicles; and Soyuz spacecraft for crew return and transfer.
In addition, Brazil and Italy are contributing some equipment to the station through
agreements with the United States.
Canadian Robotics ESA Columbus Lab Japanese Lab Russian Segment
The Shuttle-Mir Program

The first phase of the International Space Station, the Shuttle-Mir Program, began in 1995
and involved more than two years of continuous stays by astronauts aboard the Russian
Mir Space Station and nine Shuttle-Mir docking missions. Knowledge was gained in
technology, international space operations and scientific research.
Seven U.S. astronauts spent a cumulative total of 32 months aboard Mir with 28 months
of continuous occupancy since March 1996. By contrast, it took the U.S. Space Shuttle
fleet more than a dozen years and 60 flights to achieve an accumulated one year in orbit.
Many of the research programs planned for the International Space Station benefit from
longer stay times in space. The U.S. science program aboard the Mir was a pathfinder for
more ambitious experiments planned for the new station.
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For less than two percent of the total cost of the International Space Station program,
NASA gained knowledge and experience through Shuttle-Mir that could not be achieved
any other way. That included valuable experience in international crew training activities;
the operation of an international space program; and the challenges of long duration
spaceflight for astronauts and ground controllers. Dealing with the real-time challenges
experienced during Shuttle-Mir missions also has resulted in an unprecedented
cooperation and trust between the U.S. and Russian space programs, and that cooperation
and trust has enhanced the development of the International Space Station.
Research on the International Space Station

The International Space Station will establish an unprecedented state-of-the-art laboratory
complex in orbit, more than four times the size and with almost 60 times the electrical
power for experiments — critical for research capability — of Russia's Mir. Research in
the station's six laboratories will lead to discoveries in medicine, materials and fundamental
science that will benefit people all over the world. Through its research and technology,
the station also will serve as an indispensable step in preparation for future human space
exploration.
Examples of the types of U.S. research that will be performed aboard the station include:
• Protein crystal studies: More pure protein crystals may be grown in space than on
Earth. Analysis of these crystals helps scientists better understand the nature of
proteins, enzymes and viruses, perhaps leading to the development of new drugs and a
better understanding of the fundamental building blocks of life. Similar experiments
have been conducted on the Space Shuttle, although they are limited by the short
duration of Shuttle flights. This type of research could lead to the study of possible
treatments for cancer, diabetes, emphysema and immune system disorders, among
other research.
• Tissue culture: Living cells can be grown in a laboratory environment in space where
they are not distorted by gravity. NASA already has developed a Bioreactor device
that is used on Earth to simulate, for such cultures, the effect of reduced gravity. Still,
these devices are limited by gravity. Growing cultures for long periods aboard the
station will further advance this research. Such cultures can be used to test new
treatments for cancer without risking harm to patients, among other uses.
• Life in low gravity: The effects of long-term exposure to reduced gravity on humans
– weakening muscles; changes in how the heart, arteries and veins work; and the loss
of bone density, among others – will be studied aboard the station. Studies of these
effects may lead to a better understanding of the body’s systems and similar ailments
on Earth. A thorough understanding of such effects and possible methods of
counteracting them is needed to prepare for future long-term human exploration of the
solar system. In addition, studies of the gravitational effects on plants, animals and the
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function of living cells will be conducted aboard the station. A centrifuge, located in
the Centrifuge Accommodation Module, will use centrifugal force to generate
simulated gravity ranging from almost zero to twice that of Earth. This facility will
imitate Earth’s gravity for comparison purposes; eliminate variables in experiments;
and simulate the gravity on the Moon or Mars for experiments that can provide
information useful for future space travels.
• Flames, fluids and metal in space: Fluids, flames, molten metal and other materials
will be the subject of basic research on the station. Even flames burn differently
without gravity. Reduced gravity reduces convection currents, the currents that cause
warm air or fluid to rise and cool air or fluid to sink on Earth. This absence of
convection alters the flame shape in orbit and allows studies of the combustion process
that are impossible on Earth, a research field called Combustion Science. The absence
of convection allows molten metals or other materials to be mixed more thoroughly in
orbit than on Earth. Scientists plan to study this field, called Materials Science, to
create better metal alloys and more perfect materials for applications such as computer
chips. The study of all of these areas may lead to developments that can enhance many
industries on Earth.
• The nature of space: Some experiments aboard the station will take place on the
exterior of the station modules. Such exterior experiments can study the space
environment and how long-term exposure to space, the vacuum and the debris, affects
materials. This research can provide future spacecraft designers and scientists a better
understanding of the nature of space and enhance spacecraft design. Some experiments
will study the basic forces of nature, a field called Fundamental Physics, where
experiments take advantage of weightlessness to study forces that are weak and
difficult to study when subject to gravity on Earth. Experiments in this field may help
explain how the universe developed. Investigations that use lasers to cool atoms to
near absolute zero may help us understand gravity itself. In addition to investigating
basic questions about nature, this research could lead to down-to-Earth developments
that may include clocks a thousand times more accurate than today’s atomic clocks;
better weather forecasting; and stronger materials.
• Watching the Earth: Observations of the Earth from orbit help the study of large-
scale, long-term changes in the environment. Studies in this field can increase
understanding of the forests, oceans and mountains. The effects of volcanoes, ancient
meteorite impacts, hurricanes and typhoons can be studied. In addition, changes to the
Earth that are caused by the human race can be observed. The effects of air pollution,
such as smog over cities; of deforestation, the cutting and burning of forests; and of
water pollution, such as oil spills, are visible from space and can be captured in images
that provide a global perspective unavailable from the ground.
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• Commercialization: As part of the Commercialization of space research on the

station, industries will participate in research by conducting experiments and studies
aimed at developing new products and services. The results may benefit those on Earth
not only by providing innovative new products as a result, but also by creating new
jobs to make the products.
Assembly in Orbit
By the end of this year, most of the components required for the first seven Space Shuttle
missions to assemble the International Space Station will have arrived at the Kennedy
Space Center. The first and primary fully Russian contribution to the station, the Service
Module, is scheduled to be shipped from Moscow to the Kazakstan launch site in
February 1999.
Orbital assembly of the International Space Station will begin a new era of hands-on work
in space, involving more spacewalks than ever before and a new generation of space
robotics. About 850 clock hours of spacewalks, both U.S. and Russian, will be required
over five years to maintain and assemble the station. The Space Shuttle and two types of
Russian launch vehicles will launch 45 assembly missions. Of these, 36 will be Space
Shuttle flights. In addition, resupply missions and changeouts of Soyuz crew return
spacecraft will be launched regularly.
The first crew to live aboard the International Space Station, commanded by U.S.
astronaut Bill Shepherd and including Russian cosomonauts Yuri Gidzenko as Soyuz
Commander and Sergei Krikalev as Flight Engineer, will be launched in early 2000 on a
Russian Soyuz spacecraft. They, along with the crews of the first five assembly missions,
are now in training. The timetable and sequence of flights for assembly, beyond the first
two, will be further refined at a meeting of all the international partners in December 1998.
Assembly is planned to be complete by 2004.
U.S. components near complete, from left: truss section; interior of laboratory; airlock
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Overview of Early Assembly Flights

(Note: assembly sequence after first two flights under review, not final until December)
1. Space Tugboat: Zarya control module –

To be launched Nov. 20, 1998, by a Russian
Proton Rocket from the Baikonur
Cosmodrome, Kazakstan, Zarya is essentially
an unpiloted space "tugboat" that will
provide early propulsion, steering and
communications for the station's first months Zarya
in orbit. Later, Zarya becomes little more than a station passageway, docking port and fuel
tank. Zarya was built by Russia under contract to the U.S. and is owned by the U.S.
2. Building Block: Unity connecting module (Shuttle

Mission STS-88) – To be launched Dec. 3, 1998,
aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour from the Kennedy
Space Center, FL, the Unity module is a six-sided
connector for future station components. This will be
the first of about 36 planned Space Shuttle flights to
assemble the station. Endeavour's crew will rendezvous
Zarya/Unity
with the already orbiting Zarya module and attach it to
Unity. The shuttle crew will then finish the connections during three days of spacewalks.
The crew also will enter the interior of Unity and Zarya to complete assembly work. Unity
provides six attachment ports, one on each side, to which all future U.S. modules will join.
When Endeavour detaches and returns home, Unity and Zarya will be fully linked together
in orbit to form the as yet unpiloted International Space Station.
3. Cargo Flight: Space Shuttle Logistics Flight (Shuttle Mission STS-96) – Tentatively
planned for launch in May 1999 from the Kennedy Space Center, Fl., the Shuttle
Discovery will rendezvous and dock with the new station carrying supplies to be
transferred to the interior. This will be the second Space Shuttle flight to assemble the
station. Discovery's crew will bring supplies for the next component to launch, the Russian
Service Module, as well as additional equipment for the Unity and Zarya modules. When
Discovery leaves, the station will remain unpiloted, with no crew in residence onboard.
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4. Living Quarters: Service Module – To be

launched in July 1999 on a Russian Proton
Rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome,
Kazakstan, the Service Module is the first
fully Russian station contribution and the
core of the Russian station segment.
Launched without people aboard, it will dock Service Module attached
with the orbiting Zarya and Unity by remote
control. The Service Module provides living quarters, life support, navigation, propulsion,
communications and other functions for the early station. Its guidance and propulsion
systems take over those functions from the Zarya module, which now becomes a
passageway from Unity to the Service Module.
5. Second Cargo Flight: Space Shuttle Logistics Flight (Shuttle Mission STS-101) – To be
launched in August 1999 from the Kennedy Space Center, FL, the Space Shuttle Atlantis
will dock with the station carrying supplies to be transferred to the interior. This will be
the third Shuttle flight for station assembly. The shuttle crew will be the first people to
ever enter the orbiting Service Module as the astronauts transfer supplies from the docked
Shuttle to the space station. The station will remain unpiloted after the shuttle undocks.
6. Gyroscopes: First Exterior Framework

(Shuttle Mission STS-92) – To be launched in
October 1999 from the Kennedy Space
Center, FL, the Space Shuttle Discovery will
carry the first exterior framework for the
station, a piece of the girder-like station
truss, and an additional, conical station
docking adapter. This will be the fourth Framework, docking adapter added
Shuttle mission for assembly of the station.
The framework houses critical electronic equipment, including gyroscope systems that
eventually will replace thrusters to maintain the station's stability and communications
equipment. Although attached on this flight, these systems will not be usable until later in
assembly. The shuttle's robotic arm will be used to attach the framework, called a Z-1
Truss, and docking adapter. Afterward, astronauts will perform four days of spacewalks.
Discovery will leave the station uninhabited.
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7. Solar Power: First U.S. Solar Panels

(Shuttle Mission STS-97) – To be launched in
December 1999 from the Kennedy Space Center,
FL, the Space Shuttle Atlantis will carry the first
giant solar arrays and batteries for the station.
This will be the fifth Shuttle flight to assemble the
station. Eventually, four such sets of solar panels
will be on the station with a total acre of surface
First solar arrays attached to station
area. Endeavour's crew will conduct two
spacewalks to complete connections of the solar arrays. After this mission, the station will
be ready for arrival of its first crew. Power from this first set of arrays sets the stage for a
major expansion, arrival of the first laboratory.
8. First International Space Station Crew – To be launched in January 2000, the first
International Space Station crew will travel to the station aboard a Russian Soyuz
spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakstan. The three-person crew is
commanded by U.S. Astronaut Bill Shepherd, and includes two Russian cosmonauts,
Soyuz Commander Yuri Gidzenko and Flight Engineer Sergei Krikalev. They will dock
with the station two days after launch and begin a stay of about five months. Their
mission, designated Expedition 1, is a test flight and checkout of the new station, assisting
with the continuing assembly. During their stay, the crew will conduct two spacewalks,
using a Service Module compartment as an airlock, to continue outfitting. The crew will
return to Earth on a Shuttle, but the Soyuz that launched them will remain at the station
for six months as an emergency "lifeboat."
9. Research Lab: U.S. Laboratory Module

(Shuttle Mission STS-98) – To be
launched in February 2000, from the
Kennedy Space Center, FL, the Shuttle
Endeavour will carry the first station
laboratory, built by the U.S. and the
centerpiece of future research activity on
the International Space Station. This will
be the sixth Shuttle flight to assemble the U.S. Laboratory attached
station. Discovery will use its robotic arm to maneuver the new laboratory into position on
the station. Discovery's crew will then perform three spacewalks to finish the installation.
10. Third Cargo Flight: Space Shuttle Logistics Flight (Shuttle Mission STS-102) – To be
launched in March 2000 from the Kennedy Space Center, FL, the Space Shuttle Discovery
will dock with the station carrying interior supplies and equipment racks housed in an
Italian-built logistics module. This will be the seventh Space Shuttle flight to assemble the
station. The equipment will outfit the U.S. Laboratory.
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11. Robot Arm: Lab Equipment and Canadian Robotic Arm (Shuttle Mission STS-100) –
To be launched in April 2000 from the Kennedy Space Center, FL, the Shuttle Atlantis
will carry two foreign-built station components aloft: a new station robotic arm built by
Canada and the Italian Leonardo logistics module. This will be the eighth Shuttle mission
to assemble the station. The new station arm will be attached during the mission. The
logistics carrier will be attached to the station, unloaded and then returned to Earth on
Atlantis. The logistics carrier will bring equipment to finish the interior construction of the
U.S. laboratory. The Canadian robotic arm will assist with most future assembly activities.
12. Station Airlock: Early Assembly

Phase Completed (Shuttle mission STS-
104) – Launched from the Kennedy
Space Center, FL, in July 2000, the
Space Shuttle Endeavour will carry aloft
the U.S.-built International Space
Station airlock on the ninth Shuttle
assembly mission. After it is attached,
the airlock will enable the station crew Station airlock attached
to conduct spacewalks on their own, without a
Shuttle present, using either U.S. or Russian spacesuits. The addition of the airlock signals
the completion of the early phase of station assembly in orbit, and means that the orbiting
station has taken on a degree of self-sufficiency and capabilities for full-fledged research in
the attached laboratory module. The final phase of assembly will continue until 2004. The
station crew size will expand to seven. Other elements that will be added to complete
assembly are a Japanese Laboratory, European Laboratory, Centrifuge Module and a U.S.
X-38 Crew Return Vehicle.
Assembly in orbit
completed, 2004:
Wingspan – 360 feet

Length – 262 feet
Mass – 1,040,000 lbs.
Crew size – up to 7
Laboratories – 6
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International Space Station Assembly: A Construction Site in Orbit
With precise grace, an overhead crane swings a 10-ton building block into position. Then,
workers move in, climbing on to the structure and using hand and power tools to bolt the
pieces together. It is a workaday scene that could be found on almost any city street
corner, but this construction site is 250 miles
up – in the airless reaches of space, where
conditions alternate hourly between freezing
and searing. The construction workers are
astronauts, the cranes are a new generation of
space robotics and the skyscraper taking
shape is the International Space Station.
To assemble the 1-million pound International

Space Station, Earth orbit will become a day-
to-day construction site for five years
beginning in 1998. Humankind will begin a
move off of the planet Earth of unprecedented
scale. Astronauts will perform more
spacewalks in those years than have been
conducted since space flight began, more than
twice as many. They will be assisted by an
"inch-worming" robotic arm; a two-fingered
"Canada hand;" and even a free-flying robotic
"eye" that may be used to circle and inspect
the station. Before the station's assembly is
completed, more than 100 different
components launched on about 45 space
Astronaut Mark Lee test flies a jet- flights – using three different types of rockets
pack "life jacket" for spacewalkers – will have been bolted, latched, wired,
during a 1994 Shuttle mission, one of plumbed and fastened together.
a dozen past missions where
spacewalking tests were conducted to Because of the unprecedented complexity,
prepare for International Space NASA expects to encounter surprises during
Station assembly the orbital construction work. But to prepare
for the challenges, engineers and astronauts
have been methodically practicing procedures, preparing tools, testing equipment and
building experience during more than a decade of spacewalking flight tests. A total of 34
Space Shuttle missions are scheduled to assemble, outfit and begin research use of the
station from 1998 to 2004. Approximately 850 clock hours of spacewalks will be
performed during that time to assemble and maintain the station. Since astronaut Ed White
stepped out of an orbiting U.S. Gemini spacecraft in 1964 to become the first American to
walk in space, NASA has conducted about 377 hours of spacewalks.
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A cooperative effort among 16 nations, the International Space Station will provide living
quarters and science labs for long-term stays by up to seven astronauts. In building,
operating, and performing research on the station, humanity will garner essential
experience for future travels beyond Earth orbit.
Preparing for Hands-On Construction in Space

Recognizing the challenge and complexity of building the International Space Station,
NASA has made a concerted effort for more than a decade to develop and flight test the
spacewalk equipment needed; refine spacewalk training procedures; and build spacewalk,
or extravehicular activity (EVA), experience among astronauts, engineers and flight
controllers.
Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory: Dress Rehearsal for Spacewalking -- The 6.5-million-gallon Neutral
Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) pool is the primary facility used to train spacewalkers for station assembly.
Neutral buoyancy means an object, or person, neither floats nor sinks, imitating weightlessness. Opened
in 1997 at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, the NBL replaced a smaller facility which could not
hold the giant station components. But even at 202 feet long, 102 feet wide and 40 feet deep, the new pool
still cannot hold a fully assembled International Space Station mockup.
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Since 1991, more than a dozen

"practice" spacewalks have been
conducted during Space Shuttle flights
as part of NASA's preparations. In
addition, two servicing missions for
the Hubble Space Telescope have
helped prepare for the intricate work
needed to build the station. Many of
the astronauts who gained experience
during these "practice" spacewalks
will bring that knowledge to bear
during future spacewalks as the
station's orbital assembly begins. The
flight-testing of EVA equipment
designed for use aboard the
International Space Station began on
the first spacewalk NASA conducted
after the Space Shuttle's return to flight
CETA cart flight-tested on STS-37 in 1991
following the Challenger accident. On
Shuttle mission STS-37 in April 1991, astronauts Jerry Ross and Jay Apt performed a
spacewalk to test a Crew and Equipment Translation Aid (CETA) cart designed for use in
assisting astronauts to move about the football field-long truss of the completed station.
Two such carts are now planned for launch to the station during its assembly, and Ross is
in training to be the lead spacewalker on the first station assembly mission, Shuttle mission
STS-88. Since 1991, other spacewalks have evaluated new tethers, tools, foot restraints,
handling large masses, a jet pack "life jacket," spacesuit enhancements and even the
planned station lettering and toolboxes.
To prepare for International Space Station

assembly in earnest, NASA announced the
first International Space Station EVA
assembly crew, Ross and Jim Newman on
STS-88, in August 1996. In June 1997, five
more crews of station assembly
spacewalkers were named to complete the
first six Shuttle assembly missions, some of
them more than two years ahead of their
scheduled mission, much earlier than is
traditional. The early naming of crew
members has allowed the astronauts
additional time to train for their complex
and crucial missions. "Crane" for handling large staton pieces
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Taking a Walk: Working Outside the International Space Station

During the first nine Shuttle assembly
missions, there is no U.S. capability for
spacewalks to be conducted from the
station without the Space Shuttle present.
The Russian Service Module provides a
capability for station-based Russian
spacewalks using only Russian spacesuits,
but the U.S. capability will not be available
until the Joint Airlock Module is attached
to the station during the ninth Space
Shuttle assembly mission, STS-104.
The Joint Airlock Module, which has the
capability to be used by both Russian and
Station airlock under construction U.S. spacesuit designs, consists of two
sections, a "crew lock" that is used to exit the station and begin a spacewalk and an
"equipment lock" used for storing gear. The equipment lock also will be used for
overnight "campouts" by the crew, during which the pressure in the Joint Airlock Module
is lowered to 10.2 pounds per square inch (psi), while the rest of the station remains at the
normal sea level atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi.
The night spent at 10.2 psi in the Airlock purges
nitrogen from the spacewalkers' bodies and
prevents decompression sickness, commonly called
"the bends," when they go to the 4.3 psi pure
oxygen atmosphere of a spacesuit. Station crew
members could perform a spacewalk directly from
the 14.7 psi cabin atmosphere, but they would have
to go through a several hours-long prebreathe of
pure oxygen first. The Airlock "campout" shortens
the pure oxygen prebreathe time to only minutes
for the crew. The protocol is similar to a procedure
commonly used in advance of Space Shuttle
spacewalks in which the Shuttle's cabin pressure is
lowered to 10.2 psi at least a day ahead of the Swiveling foot platform for spacewalkers
EVA.
After the Joint Airlock Module is operational, the philosophy of spacewalk training will
shift due to the increasing complexity of the station and the ability of the station crew to
perform spacewalks. Rather than attempting to train station crew members for every EVA
task they may be called upon to perform during a mission, training will increasingly aim
toward providing crew members with a general suite of EVA skills. The station's growing
size and complexity will make it virtually impossible for astronauts to train for every
possible contingency and maintenance EVA, as is the case in training for Shuttle missions.
17
Workclothes for Orbit: Spacesuit Enhancements for the International Space Station
In addition to new spacewalking tools and philosophies for assembly of the International
Space Station, spacewalkers will have an enhanced spacesuit. The Shuttle spacesuit, or
Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) as it is technically called, is designed for sizing and
maintenance between flights by skilled specialists on Earth, a difficult if not impossible
requirement for astronauts aboard the station. The International Space Station spacesuit
will be stored in orbit and be certified for up to 25 spacewalks before it must be returned
to Earth for refurbishment. It will be able to be adjusted in flight to fit different astronauts
and be easily cleaned and refurbished between spacewalks onboard the station. In addition,
assembly work on the station will be done in much colder temperatures than most Space
Shuttle spacewalks. Unlike the Shuttle, the station cannot be turned to provide the most
optimum sunlight to moderate temperatures during an EVA.
Enhancements to the suit to better prepare it for assembly and use aboard the station
include: easily replaceable internal parts; reusable carbon dioxide removal cartridges; metal
From more warmth to the ability to alter sizes, spacesuits have been redesigned for assembly work
18
sizing rings that allow in-flight suit adjustments to fit different crew members; new gloves
with enhanced dexterity; a new radio with more channels to allow up to five people to talk
at one time; warmth enhancements such as fingertip heaters and a cooling system shutoff;
new helmet-mounted flood and spot lights; and a jet-pack "life jacket" called SAFER to
allow an accidentally untethered astronaut to fly back to the station in an emergency.
A New Generation of Space Robotics

To build and maintain the International Space Station, spacewalking astronauts will work
in partnership with a new generation of space robotics. The Space Shuttle's mechanical
arm and a new Space Station arm will operate both as "space cranes" to precisely
maneuver large modules and components and also as space "cherry pickers" to maneuver
astronauts to work areas.
The Shuttle's Canadian-built mechanical arm has been enhanced with a new "Space Vision
System" (SVS) that will help the operator literally see around corners. Tested on past
Space Shuttle missions STS-74, STS-80 and STS-85, the SVS uses video image
processing and a series of markings on the objects being maneuvered to develop a
graphical laptop computer display to assist the arm operator. It allows the Shuttle arm to
be operated with great precision even when visibility is obstructed, and the system will be
used operationally during the first assembly mission as astronaut Nancy Currie, with her
view partially obstructed, attaches the first station component, the Zarya control module,
to the second component, the Unity connecting module.
Canada also is building the new station mechanical arm. Called the Space Station Remote
Manipulator System (SSRMS), the 55-foot-long arm will be launched in 1999, early in the
Space Station Remote Manipulator System: a new generation of space robotics
19
station's assembly sequence. The station arm will have the new capability to move around
the station's exterior like an inchworm, locking its free end on one of many special
fixtures, called Power and Data Grapple Fixtures (PDGF), placed strategically around the
station, and then detaching its other end and pivoting it forward. In addition, the station
arm eventually will be able to ride on a Mobile Servicing System (MSS) platform that will
move on tracks along the length of the station's 360-foot truss, putting much of the station
within grasp of the arm.
Canada also is providing a new robotic "Canada Hand" for the station, called the Special
Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM), scheduled to be launched in 2002. The "hand"
consists of two small robotic arms that can be attached to the end of the main station arm
to conduct more intricate maintenance tasks.
Two other robotic arms will be on the International Space Station. A European Robotic
Arm (ERA) built by the European Space Agency will be used for maintenance on the
Russian segment of the station and the Japanese laboratory module will include a Japanese
robotic arm that will tend exterior experiments mounted on a "back porch" of the lab.
In addition to mechanical arms, other robotics that may be used aboard the station include
a free-flying robotic camera, a prototype of which was tested during a 1997 Space Shuttle
mission, may be used to inspect the exterior of the station, including the acre of solar
panels. Called the AERCam, more flight tests may be planned on future Shuttle missions.
20
Flight Control of the International Space Station: Unity and Zarya
Flight control of the Zarya module and the International Space Station following assembly
with Unity will be conducted from locations in both the United States and in Russia, with
the primary oversight for all operations resting with NASA. Beginning with the launch of
Zarya, a new NASA International Space Station Flight Control Room will be utilized.
This new Mission Control Center at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, will
become permanently staffed beginning with the launch of Unity on Dec. 3, about two
weeks after Zarya's launch.
The primary command and control functions for Zarya, will be at the Zarya flight control
room located in Korolev, Russia, using the Russian communications system. The Zarya
flight control room is located in the same control center as the Mir flight control room has
been located.
NASA flight control operations will maintain oversight and approve all plans while the
Russian flight control team will direct real-time ISS operations based on the approved
plans. The station flight control team in Houston also will support Russian flight
controllers as they perform command and control over the US systems. After Shuttle
mission STS-98 in February 2000, when the U.S. Laboratory module is delivered along
with the primary U.S. communications system, Station Flight Control in Houston will
assume the direction of real-time flight operations activities as well and will have primary
command and control functions.
A small NASA flight control team, designated the Houston Support Group, also will be
stationed at the Korolev control center to facilitate communications and information
exchange between Houston and Korolev.
When fully staffed, the NASA station flight control room in Houston will contain about a
dozen flight controllers, led by an International Space Station flight director. At times
during early station operations, when there are no highly dynamic activities planned,
staffing in the Station Flight Control room may be reduced. Following Shuttle mission
STS-97 in December 1999, however, the Mission Control Center will be permanently
staffed - by a full Flight Control Team when required, and by a Duty Officer at other
times. The station flight control room is located just down the hall from the Space Shuttle
flight control room in JSC's Mission Control Center.
Flight controller positions and their call signs in the International Space Station flight
control room, Houston, include:
21
Flight Director (Flight)

Primary decision-making authority for station operations. Leads flight control team. May
not be on duty during some quiescent station operations, but will be on call at all times to
be available when determined necessary by the station duty officer.
Assembly and Checkout Officer (ACO)

The Station Assembly and Checkout Officer is responsible for integration of assembly and
activation tasks for all ISS systems and elements and coordinating with station and shuttle
flight controllers on the execution of these operations.
Attitude Determination and Control Officer (ADCO)

The Station Attitude Determination and Control Officer works in partnership with Russian
controllers to manage the station’s orientation, controlled by the onboard Motion Control
Systems. This position also plans and calculates future orientations and maneuvers for the
station.
Communication and Tracking Officer (CATO)

The Station Communication and Tracking Officer (CATO) console position is responsible
for management and operations of the U.S. communication systems, including audio,
video, telemetry and commanding systems.
Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)

The Station Environmental Control and Life Support Systems Officer is responsible for
the assembly and operation of systems related to atmosphere control and supply,
atmosphere revitalization, cabin air temperature and humidity control, circulation, fire
detection and suppression, water collection and processing and crew hygiene equipment,
among other areas.
Extravehicular Activity Officer (EVA)

The Station Extravehicular Activity Officer is responsible for all spacesuit and
spacewalking-related tasks, equipment and plans.
Onboard, Data, Interfaces and Networks (ODIN)

The Station Command and Data Handling Systems Officer is responsible for the U.S.
Command and Data Handling System, including hardware, software, networks, and
interfaces with International Partner avionics systems.
Operations Support Officer (OSO)

The Station Operations Support Officer is the console operator that is charged with those
logistics support funtions that address on-orbit maintenance, support data and
documentation, logistics information systems, maintenance data collection and
maintenance analysis.
22
PHALCON - Power, Heating, Articulation, Lighting Control Officer

The Station Electrical Power Systems Officer manages the power generation, storage, and
power distribution capabilities.
Robotics Operations Systems Officer (ROSO)

The Station Robotics Systems Officer is responsible for the operations of the Canadian
Mobile Servicing System, which includes a mobile base system, station robotic arm,
station robotic hand or special purpose dexterous manipulator. The ROSO officer
represents a joint Canadian Space Agency-NASA team of specialists to plan and execute
robotic operations.
Thermal Operations and Resources (THOR)

The Station Thermal Operations and Resource Officer is responsible for the assembly and
operation of multiple station subsystems which collect, distribute, and reject waste heat
from critical equipment and payloads.
Trajectory Operations Officer (TOPO)

The Station Trajectory Operations Officer is responsible for the station trajectory. The
TOPO works in partnership with Russian controllers, ADCO, and the U.S. Space
Command to maintain data regarding the station's orbital position. TOPO plans all station
orbital maneuvers.
Operations Planner (Ops Planner)

The Station Ops Planner leads the coordination, development and maintenance of the
station's short-term plan, including crew and ground activities. The plan includes the
production and uplink of the onboard station plan and the coordination and maintenance
of the onboard inventory and stowage listings.
Ground Controller
Responsible for MCC systems and coordination with the ground to space communications
network.
23
SECTION II -- ZARYA
The Zarya Control Module: First Station Component to Launch
The Zarya control module, also known by the technical term Functional Cargo Block and the
Russian acronym FGB, will be the first component launched for the International Space
Station and provide the station's initial propulsion and power. The 44,000-pound pressurized
module is scheduled to be launched on a Russian Proton rocket on Nov. 20 1998 from the
Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakstan.
Quick Look Facts: Zarya
Length (end-to-end) 41.2 feet

Width (at widest point) 13.5 feet
Gross launching weight (with shroud, etc.) 53,020 pounds
Mass in orbit 44,088 pounds
Launch vehicle Three-stage Proton rocket
Launch site Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakstan
Operational lifetime in orbit 15 years
Inclination of orbit 51.6 degrees
Preliminary orbit after launch 115 x 220 statute miles
Orbit at Space Shuttle rendezvous 240 statute miles circular
Zarya control module: early propulsion, power and automated rendezvous, docking
24
The U.S.-funded and Russian-built Zarya, which means Sunrise when translated to English, is
a U.S. component of the station although it will be built and launched by Russia. The module
was built by the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center (KhSC) in Moscow
under a subcontract to The Boeing Co. for NASA. Less than two weeks after Zarya reaches
orbit, the Space Shuttle Endeavour will rendezvous with it and attach the U.S.-built Unity
connecting module.
Zarya will provide orientation control, communications and electrical power attached to
Unity for several months before the launch of the third component, a Russian-provided crew
living quarters and early station core known as the Service Module. The Service Module will
enhance or replace many functions of the Zarya. Later in the station's assembly sequence, the
Zarya module will be used primarily for its storage capacity and external fuel tanks.
Zarya's solar arrays and six nickel-cadmium batteries can provide an average of 3 kilowatts of
electrical power. Each of the two solar arrays is 35 feet long and 11 feet wide. Using the
Russian Kurs system, the Zarya will perform an automated and remotely piloted rendezvous
and docking with the Service Module in orbit. Its docking ports will accommodate Russian
Soyuz piloted spacecraft and unpiloted Progress resupply spacecraft. The module has been
modified to allow it to be refueled by a Progress vehicle docked to its down-facing port if
necessary.
Zarya under
construction
at the Khrunichev
State Research and
Production Space
Center, Moscow,
Russia. The module
was shipped to the
Baikonur
Cosmodrome,
Kazakstan, to begin
launch preparations
in January 1998
25
Zarya's 16 fuel tanks combined can hold more than 6 tons of propellant. The attitude control
system for the module includes 24 large steering jets and 12 small steering jets. Two large
engines are available for reboosting the spacecraft and making major orbital changes.
Construction of the Zarya module began at KhSC in December 1994. It was shipped to the
Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakstan, launch site to begin launch preparations in January 1998.
Launched by a three-stage Proton rocket, some of the module's systems will be active and
some in an idle, or standby, mode and not fully activated until reaching orbit.
After reaching the initial elliptical orbit and separating from the Proton's third stage, a set of
preprogrammed commands will automatically activate the module's systems and deploy the
solar arrays and communications antennas. On ensuing days after several operational tests,
the module will be commanded to fire its engines and circularize its orbit at an altitude of
about 240 statute miles, the orbit at which Endeavour will rendezvous and capture the
spacecraft using the Shuttle's robotic arm.
The module was named Zarya in tribute to the new beginning in space that will be ushered in
by the its launch as the first component of the International Space Station. The module,
funded by the United States but built and launched by Russia, also is symbolic of the dawn of
a new era of joint space flight between all of the station's international partners. In orbit, the
module will see 16 new sunrises every 24 hours, one on each revolution of Earth. On the
ground, its launch will be the dawn of a new era of human space flight, the beginning of an
international venture of unprecedented scale.
26
The Proton Rocket: A Russian Booster for Early Station Components
The three-stage Russian Zarya Proton Launch Profile

Proton rocket that will
be used to launch the Time Event Altitude Speed
T-0 Liftoff n/a n/a
first International Space
T+2:06 1st stage jettison 27 miles 3,700 mph
Station component, the T+3:03 Zarya fairing jettison 48 miles 4,700 mph
U.S.-owned, Russian- T+5:30 2nd stage jettison 86 miles 9,900 mph
built Zarya control T+9:47 3rd stage jettison 115 miles 16,900 mph
module, is a veteran
design that has Orbit at 3rd stage jettison: 115 x 220 statute miles
Orbit at Endeavour rendezvous: 240 x 240 statute miles
successfully flown more
than 200 times.
The Proton was originally introduced in 1965 as a booster for heavy military payloads and
for space stations. It was designed by the Salyut Design Bureau and is manufactured by
the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center in Moscow. The Proton is
among the most reliable heavy-lift launch vehicles in operation, with a reliability rating of
about 98 percent. In addition to Zarya, the three-stage Proton will be used to boost the
primary Russian station contribution, an early living quarters known as the Service
Module, into orbit in July 1999.
With the Zarya module, launch fairing and adapter in place atop the booster, the Proton
measures about 180 feet tall, 24 feet in diameter at its widest point and weighs about
1,540,000 pounds when fully fueled for launch. The engines use nitrogen tetroxide, an
The Zarya control module, technically known as the FGB, atop the Proton booster
27
oxidizer, and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, a fuel, as propellants. The first stage
includes six engines that are fed propellants from a single, center oxidizer tank surrounded
by six outboard fuel tanks. At launch, the first stage engines combined provide about 1.9
million pounds of thrust. The first stage, which measures about 68 feet long by 24 feet in
diameter, burns out and is jettisoned two minutes, six seconds after launch, when the
spacecraft is at an altitude of 27 statute miles and traveling more than 3,700 miles per
hour.
The Proton's second stage, 56 feet long by 13.5 feet in diameter, is powered by four
engines that can create 475,000 pounds of thrust. While the second stage is in operation,
the protective fairing covering Zarya for liftoff is jettisoned at three minutes, three seconds
into the flight. The second stage burns for a total of about three minutes, 28 seconds and
is jettisoned at about five and half minutes after launch. When the second stage is
jettisoned, the spacecraft is at an altitude of about 86 miles, traveling more than 9,900
miles per hour.
The Proton's third and final stage, 13.5 feet long by 13 feet in diameter, is powered by a
single engine that creates 125,000 pounds of thrust. The third stage is jettisoned nine
minutes, forty-seven seconds into the flight, when the spacecraft is at an altitude of 115
statute miles and traveling about 16,900 miles per hour. Zarya will then be in an elliptical
orbit with a high point of 220 statute miles and a low point of 115 statute miles. Firings of
Zarya's engines during the following days will raise the orbit to a circular altitude of about
240 statute miles for the rendezvous and capture by the Space Shuttle Endeavour.
28
ZARYA/PROTON LAUNCH AND ASCENT SUMMARY
Launch reference time is 01:40:27 a.m. EST (09:40:27 Moscow) Nov. 20, 1998
Countdown GMT EST CST EVENT
T-8 hrs 2240 05:40 p.m. 04:40 p.m. -- Power up Proton booster avionics & verify condition of
main avionics systems
T-7 hrs, 20 min 2320 06:20 p.m. 05:20 p.m. -- Power up ‘Zarya’ command & control system heaters
T-7 hrs 2340 06:40 p.m. 05:40 p.m. -- Power up ‘Zarya’ telemetry to verify onboard systems
-- Start data recorders
T-6 hrs, 30 min 0010 07:10 p.m. 06:10 p.m. -- Turn off telemetry system & power down electric buses
T-6 hrs 0040 07:40 p.m. 06:40 p.m. -- Begin loading Proton oxidizer (2 hrs, 40 min duration)
T-4 hrs, 20 min 0220 09:20 p.m. 08:20 p.m. -- Begin loading Proton propellant (1 hr, 10 min duration)
T-2 hrs, 40 min 0400 11:00 p.m. 10:00 p.m. -- Thermal conditioning of Proton and ‘Zarya’
T-1 hr, 10 min 0530 12:30 a.m. 11:30 p.m. -- Retract service umbilical
-- Ventilate & purge gas cavities of Proton propellant tanks
-- Activate ground system electrical bus
-- Set start time for launch sequence mechanism and
synchronize it with the universal time system
T-1 hr, 5 min 0535 12:35 a.m. 11:35 p.m. -- Adjust Proton booster trajectory
T-1 hr 0540 12:40 a.m. 11:40 p.m. -- Power up ground station data handling complex
-- Power up ‘Zarya’ electrical buses and telemetry systems
29
T-45 min 0555 12:55 a.m. 11:55 p.m. -- Zarya launch sequence initiated
T-40 min 0600 01:00 a.m. 12:00 a.m. -- Radiotelemetry system activated
T-35 min 0605 01:05 a.m. 12:05 a.m. -- Thermal control system activated
T-33 min 0607 01:07 a.m. 12:07 a.m. -- Motion Control System activated in pre-launch mode
T-32 min 0608 01:08 a.m. 12:08 a.m. -- Final alignment of gyroscopes for required liftoff
azimuth
T-30 min 0610 01:10 a.m. 12:10 a.m. -- Command and control system activated
T-25 min 0615 01:15 a.m. 12:15 a.m. -- Fine tuning of gyro-stabilized launch platform of the
Proton’s trajectory control system in the horizon plane
and line of the azimuth
T-20 min 0620 01:20 a.m. 12:20 a.m. -- Trajectory measurement system activated
T-18 min 0622 01:22 a.m. 12:22 a.m. -- Zarya telemetry system (Syrius) activated
T-15 min 0625 01:25 a.m. 12:25 a.m. -- Onboard telemetry monitoring system activated
-- Thermal monitoring of Proton booster engines
T-12 min 0628 01:28 a.m. 12:28 a.m. -- Initiate rotation of gyro-stabilized platform of Proton
trajectory control system
30
T-10 min 0630 01:30 a.m. 12:30 a.m. -- Ground systems ready
T- 9 min 0631 01:31 a.m. 12:31 a.m. -- Power switched from ground to Zarya onboard batteries
T- 8 min 0632 01:32 a.m. 12:32 a.m. -- Steering jets of all booster stages confirmed in ‘zero
position’
-- Ground command receives ‘control systems ready’
message
-- Ground command receives ‘auxiliary systems ready’
message
T-5 min 0635 01:35 a.m. 12:35 a.m. -- Final launch operation program initiated
T-4 min 0636 01:36 a.m. 12:36 a.m. -- Telemetry monitoring system switched to onboard power
supply
T-3 min, 30 sec 0636 01:36 a.m. 12:36 a.m. -- Zarya telemetry system recording activated
T-3 min 0637 01:37 a.m. 12:37 a.m. -- Power up of ground station recorders
T-2 min 0638 01:38 a.m. 12:38 a.m. -- Ground command receives ‘main block ready’ command
T-1 min 0639 01:39 a.m. 12:39 a.m. -- Ground station recorders activated
31
T-2.5 sec 0640 01:40 a.m. 12:40 a.m. -- Time launch sequence mechanism issues ignition
command for first stage engines
-- Proton control system switched to onboard power
supply
T-1.6 sec 0640 01:40 a.m. 12:40 a.m. -- Onboard system issues full-thrust command to engines
T Zero 0640:27 01:40:27 a.m. 12:40:27 a.m. -- LAUNCH
+2 min, 6 sec 0642 01:42 a.m. 12:42 a.m. -- First stage separation (27.1 miles, 43.6 km)
+3 min, 3 sec 0642 01:42 a.m. 12:42 a.m. -- Launch shroud jettison (48.5 miles, 78.2 kilometers)
(removal of Proton nose fairing)
-- Shroud panels deploy 2 folded command and control
antennae and the telemetry system antenna on Zarya
+5 min 0645 01:45 a.m. 12:45 a.m. -- Begin telemetry recording of Zarya module
+5 min, 34 sec 0645 01:45 a.m. 12:45 a.m. -- Second stage separation (86 miles, 138.3 km)
+5 min, 50 sec 0645 01:45 a.m. 12:45 a.m. -- Prepare Zarya propulsion system for operations (30 sec)
+9 min, 37 sec 0649 01:49 a.m. 12:49 a.m. -- Third stage main engine shutdown command initiated
32
Launch reference time is 01:40:27 a.m. EST (0940:27 Moscow) Nov. 20, 1998
+9 min, 47 sec 0650 01:50 a.m. 12:50 a.m. -- Third stage separation command (220 miles, 353 km)
-- Third stage steering jet is deactivated
-- Pyro locks securing Zarya to booster are released
-- Third stage solid body fuel jets fire to separate booster
from Zarya
+9 min, 49 sec 0650 01:50 a.m. 12:50 a.m. -- Zarya command and control system activated
-- External elements deployment program initiated
+10 min, 5 sec 0650 01:50 a.m. 12:50 a.m. -- Fire pyro pins to deploy ‘Kurs’ docking system antennae
+10 min, 9 sec 0650 01:50 a.m. 12:50 a.m. -- Deactivate telemetry system used during ascent
+10 min, 11 sec 0650 01:50 a.m. 12:50 a.m. -- Start spin-up of control system gyro motors
+10 min, 37 sec 0650 01:50 a.m. 12:50 a.m. -- Power up drives of ‘Kurs’ antennae deployment system
+12 min, 20 sec 0652 01:52 a.m. 12:52 a.m. -- Initiate trim of residual angular rates (27 sec)
+12 min, 47 sec 0652 01:52 a.m. 12:52 a.m. -- Power up docking system
+12 min, 52 sec 0653 01:53 a.m. 12:53 a.m. -- Initiate docking mechanism probe extension
-- Deativate Zarya control system
+13 min, 20 sec 0653 01:53 a.m. 12:53 a.m. -- Solar array deployment (2 min)
33
ZARYA ORBITAL EVENTS SUMMARY
Launch reference date is Nov. 20, 1998. Only flight days with significant orbital events planned are noted.
FLIGHT DAY DATE EVENT
Flight Day 1 Nov. 20 -- Launch, ascent, orbit insertion
-- Begin multi-axis spin for thermal control and to reduce fuel consumption
Flight Day 2 Nov. 21 -- Engine test burn (10 seconds duration, single engine)
-- Television camera test
-- Perigee raising burn (single engine)
-- Resulting orbit: 215 by 153 statute miles
Flight Day 4 Nov. 23 -- Perform two burns to raise orbit

-- Resulting orbit: 238 by 190 statute miles
Flight Day 5 Nov. 24 -- Orbit raising burns to achieve Endeavour rendezvous orbit
-- Resulting orbit: 242 miles circular
Flight Day 6 Nov. 25 -- Onboard computer system test

-- Maneuver to test of Endeavour capture, docking orientation
-- Maneuver to assess solar array performance
Flight Day 8 Nov. 27 -- Maneuver to test of Endeavour capture, docking orientation

-- Assess solar array, battery charging performance
-- Begin multi-axis spin
Flight Day 14 Dec. 3 -- Endeavour launches on STS-88
Flight Day 17 Dec. 6 -- Zarya capture, berthing to Unity
34
ZARYA ORBITAL EVENTS SUMMARY
Launch reference date is Nov. 20, 1998
FLIGHT DAY DATE EVENT
Flight Day 24 Dec. 13 -- Endeavour undock, flyaround
Flight Days 25-34 Dec. 14-23 -- Systems checkout
During quiescent Zarya and Unity operations prior to the arrival of the Service Module in July 1999, and aside from the May 1999
docking of Atlantis on STS-96 carrying logisitics and supplies, the International Space Station will normally be in a multi-axis spin to
provide optimal thermal control and moderate fuel consumption. Periodically, about one day each week, the station will be commanded
to stop the spin and maneuver into a position to test the operation of Zarya's Motion Control System and other functions.
35
SECTION III – UNITY AND SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION STS-88
Space Shuttle Mission STS-88: Launching a New Era in Earth Orbit
Launch Date/Site: 3:59 a.m. EST Dec. 3, 1998/Kennedy Space Center - Pad 39B
Orbiter: Endeavour - 13th Flight
Orbit/Inclination: 240 statute miles/51.6 degrees
Mission Duration: 11 days
Cargo Bay Payloads: Unity module with two pressurized mating adapters
(International Space Station Assembly Flight 2A)
IMAX Cargo Bay Camera (ICBC)
Mightysat 1 (deployed after ISS activities completed)
Scientific Applications Satellite-A (SAC-A)
Flight Crew: Robert D. Cabana (Col., USMC), Commander
Frederick Sturckow (Major, USMC), Pilot
Nancy Currie (Major, USA), Mission Specialist
Jerry Ross (Col., USAF), Mission Specialist (EV crewmember)
Jim Newman, Ph.D., Mission Specialist (EV crewmember)
Sergei Krikalev, Mission Specialist
STS-88 Overview
Space Shuttle mission STS-88 will begin the largest, international cooperative space
venture in history as it
attaches together in orbit the
first two modules of the
International Space Station.
The Space Shuttle
Endeavour will carry the
Unity connecting module,
the first U.S.-built station
module, and two mating
adapters into orbit.
Endeavour’s launch will
follow the launch of the first
element of the station – the
Zarya control module –
STS-88 cargo bay layout: docking system forward, Unity aft scheduled for Nov. 20,
1998.
36
Zarya will be boosted into orbit by a Russian Proton rocket from the Baikonur
Cosmodrome in Kazakstan. Funded by the U.S. but built in Russia, Zarya will act as a
type of space tugboat for the early station, providing propulsion, power, communications
and the capability to perform an automated rendezvous and docking with the third
module, the Russian-provided Service Module, an early living quarters. After Zarya
achieves orbit, it will await the arrival of Endeavour and Unity. Unity will serve as the
main connecting point for later U.S. station modules and components.
Astronaut Robert D. (Bob) Cabana (Col., USMC) will command STS-88. Joining Cabana
on the flight deck of Endeavour will be pilot Frederick "Rick" Sturckow (Major, USMC).
Rounding out the crew are Mission Specialists Nancy Currie (Major, USA), Jerry Ross
(Col., USAF), Jim Newman, Ph.D., and Sergei Krikalev, a Russian cosmonaut. Ross and
Newman also are designated extravehicular activity (EVA) crewmembers and will perform
three spacewalks during the mission.
STS-88 marks Cabana's fourth flight in space. He served as chief of the Astronaut Office
at JSC from 1994 until his selection for the STS-88 crew. Currie and Newman each will
be making their third flight into space. Ross will be making his sixth space flight.
Sturckow will be making his first space flight. Krikalev has flown in space three times,
twice on the Mir space station and once on the Shuttle. Krikalev also is a member of the
first crew that will live aboard the new station in mid-1999.
37
STS-88 Flight Day Summary
Flight Day 1 Launch
Flight Day 2 Check out Shuttle robotic arm, inspect Unity and cargo bay using
arm television cameras, checkout spacesuits, checkout space vision
system alignment aid for robotic arm operations, depressurize
Endeavour crew cabin to 10.2 pounds per square inch to prepare
for spacewalks
Flight Day 3 Install Unity module vertically onto the shuttle's Orbiter Docking
System, in place for rendezvous, capture and attachment of Zarya
Flight Day 4 Rendezvous, capture Zarya with Shuttle arm, attach to Unity
Flight Day 5 First spacewalk: connecting umbilicals for data and power between
Unity and Zarya
Flight Day 6 Opportunity to reboost Unity and Zarya combination; pressurize

mating adapter that links Unity to Zarya; check ground
commanding ability
Flight Day 7 Second spacewalk: install U.S. early communications system

antennas and external cabling
Flight Day 8 Crew enters Unity and Zarya; installs interior components of early
communications system and checks its operation inside the station;
transfers spare equipment to the station
Flight Day 9 Crew makes final exit from Unity and Zarya, closes hatches
Flight Day 10 Third spacewalk: preparations for future station assembly

spacewalks; set up spacewalker tool boxes on exterior; install
handhold at aft end of Zarya; perform tethered test of SAFER jet
backpack
Flight Day 11 Undock from International Space Station; flyaround,

separation from station vicinity; SAC-A satellite deploy
Flight Day 12 MightySat deploy; secondary experiment operations; preparations

and control systems checks for entry and landing
Flight Day 13 Landing
38
Zarya Rendezvous and Capture on STS-88
The Shuttle’s rendezvous with Zarya actually

begins with the precisely timed launch of
Endeavour. Periodically during the 48 hours
following launch, a series of rendezvous
maneuvers will be performed by Cabana and
Sturckow to slowly close in on the orbiting
Zarya. A day before the final rendezvous with
Zarya, Currie will use the Shuttle's robotic arm to
lift Unity from its horizontal berth in the aft cargo
bay and securely latch it vertically atop the
Orbiter Docking System in the forward portion of
the bay. The early approach to Zarya will be
similar to those flown by the Shuttle during
Artist's concept: STS-88 rendezvous dockings with the Russian Mir Space Station. As
the Shuttle closes in on Zarya, Currie will
maneuver the robotic arm to a position above the cargo bay, in place to latch onto the
module. The final approach to the Zarya will be flown manually by Cabana, beginning
about an hour before capture as he crosses about 600 feet directly beneath Zarya, crossing
an imaginary line running from Zarya toward Earth called the "R-Bar," or radius vector.
Cabana will then fly a half circle around Zarya, crossing the module's direction of travel, to
again reach what is referred to the minus R-bar at a point about 250 feet directly above the
module. Cabana will then move down toward Zarya along the R-bar. Cabana will
complete the rendezvous by placing the edge of Endeavour’s payload bay within about 10
feet of Zarya, allowing Currie to capture the module with the arm and dock it on the
Node's mating adapter.
Because the view of the Zarya from the crew cabin windows will be blocked by Unity, the
final minutes of the rendezvous and capture will be conducted by the crew using only
television monitors and the assistance of the Orbiter Space Vision System, an optical
alignment aid that has been extensively tested on Shuttle flights leading up to STS-88. The
alignment system uses the orbiter’s closed circuit television system’s view of special
markings on the Zarya module to create a precise maneuvering aid for the crew when a
direct line of sight is unavailable. To mate Zarya and Unity, Currie will precisely position
Zarya's docking mechanism above and adjacent to the mechanism on Unity. Then, as she
puts the arm in a "limp" mode that allows movement, Cabana will fire Endeavour's
thrusters to force the mechanisms together, similar to operations done earlier in the flight
to dock Unity to the shuttle's docking mechanism. Following the completion of assembly
on flight day 11, Cabana will undock from the newly assembled International Space
Station and back away above, in reverse of the final approach. Then, he will perform a
full-circle flyaround of the modules from a distance of about 450 feet for about an hour
before firing thrusters to separate Endeavour from the vicinity.
39
Unity Connecting Module: Cornerstone for a Home in Orbit
The first U.S.-built component of the International Space Station, a six-sided connecting
module and passageway, or node, named Unity, will be the primary cargo of Space Shuttle
mission STS-88, the first mission dedicated to assembly of the station.
The Unity connecting module, technically referred to as node 1, will lay a foundation for
all future U.S. International Space Station modules with six berthing ports, one on each
side, to which future modules will be attached. Built by The Boeing Company at a
manufacturing facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, Unity is
the first of three such connecting modules that will be built for the station. Sometimes
referred to as Node 1, the Unity module measures 15 feet in diameter and 18 feet long.
Carried to orbit aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour, Unity will be mated with the already
orbiting Zarya control module, or Functional Cargo Block (Russian acronym FGB), a
U.S.-funded and Russian-built component that will have been launched earlier aboard a
Russian rocket from Kazakstan. In addition to connecting to the Zarya module, Unity
eventually will provide attachment points for the U.S. laboratory module; Node 3; an early
exterior framework, or truss for the station; an airlock; and a multi-windowed cupola.
Unity, seen in interior and exterior views, is a building block for future U.S. modules
40
Essential space station

resources such as fluids,
environmental control and
life support systems,
electrical and data systems
are routed through Unity
to supply work and living
areas.
More than 50,000

mechanical items, 216
lines to carry fluids and
gases, and 121 internal
and external electrical
Node 1 launch processing at Kennedy Space Center
cables using six miles of
wire were installed in the Unity node. The detailed and complex hardware installation
required more than 1,800 drawings. The node is made of aluminum.
Two conical docking adapters will be attached to each end of Unity prior to its launch
aboard Endeavour. The adapters, called pressurized mating adapters (PMAs), allow the
docking systems used by the Space Shuttle and by Russian modules to attach to the
node's hatches and berthing mechanisms. One of the conical adapters will attach Unity to
the Zarya, while the other will serve as a docking port for the Space Shuttle. The Unity
node with the two mating adapters attached, the configuration it will be in for launch, is
about 36 feet long and weighs about 25,600 pounds.
Attached to the exterior of one of the pressurized mating adapters are computers, or
multiplexer-demultiplexers (MDMs), which will provide early command and control of
the Unity node. Unity also will be outfitted with an early communications system that will
allow data, voice and low data rate video with Mission Control, Houston, to supplement
Russian communications systems during the early station assembly activities.
The two remaining nodes are being built by the European Space Agency (ESA) for
NASA in Italy by Alenia Aerospazio. Nodes 2 and 3 will be slightly longer than the Unity
node, measuring almost 21 feet long, and each will hold eight standard space station
equipment racks in addition to six berthing ports. ESA is building the two additional
nodes as partial payment for the launch of the ESA Columbus laboratory module and
other equipment on the Space Shuttle. Unity holds four equipment racks.
41
STS-88 Spacewalks, Unity and Zarya Interior Activities
Once Zarya and Unity are attached, Ross and Newman will conduct three spacewalks, or
EVAs, to connect power and data transmission cables between Unity, the mating adapters
and Zarya; to install antennas and remove protective covers from some exterior
equipment; and to install spacewalking gear that will be used on later assembly missions.
One approximately six-hour spacewalk will be carried out every other day, with the first
occurring on the fifth day of the mission, the day after the Zarya rendezvous and docking.
The first spacewalk will consist primarily of attaching umbilicals and connectors between
the mating adapters, Unity and Zarya. Ross and Newman will begin by setting up the
Shuttle payload bay and worksites for the three spacewalks. A slidewire will be installed
for safety and to provide clearance while the spacewalkers connect umbilicals between the
first mating adapter and Unity. Eight umbilicals will be connected, four primary and four
backup. Following the umbilical connections, Ross and Newman will remove thermal
covers from the exterior computers, called multiplexer-demultiplexers (MDMs), on Unity.
Command checks between Mission Control, Houston, and Mission Control, Moscow, will
be conducted the next day, day six of the flight, while the crew pressurizes the Orbiter
Docking System vestibule, completes leak checks and prepares S-band communications
equipment for installation on the second spacewalk. The ground control checks will
include verifying the ability to command Zarya from Houston via the Moscow control
center. The mating adapter attached to the Zarya will be pressurized via remote commands
and checked for leaks. Filters and fans in Unity and Zarya will be powered on as well.
On the second spacewalk, day seven of the mission, Ross and Newman will install six
handrails and other worksite interfaces as well as remove hatch and petal launch restraints
from both the left and top berthing ports on Unity. The two astronauts also will install
antennas on the port and starboard hatches of Unity for an S-band early communications
system as well as a cable for that communications system that runs to the Zarya. Finally a
sunshade for the MDM computers will be installed as well as covers for the trunnion pins
which latched Unity in the Shuttle cargo bay.
The next day, day eight, the day before the final spacewalk, the crew will enter Unity and
Zarya through the Shuttle docking mechanism for the first time. Once inside, portable fans
and lights will be installed along with additional components of the S-band early
communications system. The crew will perform an early checkout of the early
communications system, exterior components of which were installed by Ross and
Newman on the previous day. They also will transfer spare equipment from Endeavour to
the station modules. Inside the Zarya, they will checkout the video teleconference
capability of the early communications system, conduct a photographic survey of the
interior, and replace filters.
42
The third and final spacewalk will be mostly devoted to tasks that prepare for future
station assembly work and not activities needed specifically for Zarya and Unity assembly.
The astronauts will start out disconnecting a wiring harness on one of Unity's mating
adapters and safely covering the connectors. Next, tool boxes will be stowed on the
outside of Unity for use by future assembly spacewalkers. Ross and Newman then will
venture to the far end of Zarya to install a handrail that cannot be installed on the module
prior to launch due to the fairing that covers the module during liftoff.
Near the end of the third spacewalk, Ross will test fire the Simplified Aid for
Extravehicular Activity Rescue jet backpack. The SAFER backpacks act as a type of
space lifejacket, available for use by a crew member in the event they become untethered
and need to fly back to the station. During an earlier flight test, on Shuttle mission STS-
86, a valve failed and prevented the propulsion jets on the backpack from firing. The valve
was redesigned and extensively tested on the ground, however this test, during which
Ross will remain tethered at all times, will assist in checking out the new design.
The next day, Endeavour will undock from the new station, completing the first
International Space Station assembly mission.
43
STS-88 Crew Responsibilities
Primary Secondaries
Shuttle Systems
Crew equipment Currie Cabana
Deorbit prep Ross Newman, Krikalev
Data processing Cabana Currie
Earth observations Cabana
EVA Ross (EV1) Newman (EV2), Sturckow (IV1), Krikalev (IV2)
Medical Cabana Ross
Photo/TV Cabana Currie, Krikalev
Rendezvous Cabana Sturckow, Newman
Robotic arm Currie Newman, Cabana
Station Systems
Computers Currie Newman
Early comm Ross Cabana
Early ingress Cabana Ross
Zarya systems Krikalev Currie, Ross
Secondary Payloads
MightySat Sturckow Cabana
SAC-A Sturckow Cabana
SVS Newman Ross, Currie
IMAX Ross Cabana
GAS payloads Ross Newman
44
STS-88 Crew
Robert D. (Bob) Cabana, 48, Col., USMC, will command STS-88.

Selected as an astronaut in 1985, Cabana was born in Minneapolis, Mn., and
will be making his fourth space flight. Cabana’s first flew as pilot of STS-41
in October 1990, deploying the Ulysses probe to study the Sun's polar
regions. He flew as pilot of STS-53 in December 1992, a classified mission,
and he commanded STS-65 in July 1994, a lab flight with 80 experiments
from 15 countries. He has logged over 353 hours in space and over 5,000 flying hours in
33 types of aircraft.
Frederick (Rick) Sturckow, 35, Capt., USMC, will be pilot. Selected as
an astronaut in 1994, Sturckow considers Lakeside, Ca., his hometown and
will be making his first space flight. Sturckow earned his wings in the
Marine Corps in 1987 and attended the Navy Fighter Weapons (Topgun)
School in 1990. He flew 41 combat missions during Operation Desert
Storm. He later attended the Air Force Test Pilot School and was a test
pilot at the Naval Air Warfare Center, Patuxent, Md. He has logged more than 2,500
flying hours in over 40 different aircraft.
Nancy J. Currie, Ph. D., 38, Major, USA, will be a mission specialist on
STS-88. Selected as an astronaut in 1990, Currie considers Troy, Oh., her
hometown and will be making her third space flight. Currie first flew on
STS-57 in June 1993, a mission that retrieved the EURECA satellite. She
next flew on STS-70 in July 1995, a mission that deployed a NASA
communications satellite. Currie has logged over 454 hours in space.
Jerry L. Ross, 49, Col., USAF, will be a mission specialist and EVA crew
member. Selected as an astronaut in 1980, Ross was born in Crown Point,
In., and will be on his sixth space flight. Ross flew as a mission specialist on
STS 61-B in December 1985; STS-27 in December 1988; STS-37 in April
1991; STS-55 in April 1993; and STS-74 in November 1995. He has logged
over 850 hours in space, including 23 hours on four spacewalks.
James H. (Jim) Newman, Ph.D., 40, will serve as a mission specialist and
extravehicular activity crew member. Selected as an astronaut in 1990,
Newman considers San Diego, Ca., his hometown and will be making his
third space flight. Newman served as a mission specialist on STS-51 in
September 1993 and on STS-69 in September 1995. He has logged more
than 496 hours in space, including 7 hours on one spacewalk.
45
Sergei Krikalev, 40, Russian cosmonaut, will be a mission specialist.

Selected as a cosmonaut in 1985, Krikalev was born in Leningrad (now St.
Petersburg), Russia, and will be on his fourth space flight. He flew twice on
the Mir space station, in 1988 and in 1991. He flew once on the Space
Shuttle, the first cosmonaut to do so, on STS-60 in 1994, the first Shuttle
rendezvous with Mir. He also is a member of the first crew set for launch
to the International Space Station in July 1999. He has logged more than 1 year and 3
months in space, including seven spacewalks.
46
Media Assistance Information
NASA Television Transmission

NASA Television is available through the GE2 satellite system which is located on
Transponder 9C, at 85 degrees west longitude, frequency 3880.0 MHz, audio 6.8 MHz.
The schedule for television transmissions from the Space Shuttle for mission briefings will
be available during the mission at Kennedy Space Center, FL; Marshall Space Flight
Center, Huntsville, AL; Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, CA; Johnson Space
Center, Houston, TX; and NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC. The television schedule
will be updated to reflect changes dictated by mission operations.
Status Reports
Status reports on countdown and mission progress, on-orbit activities and landing
operations will be produced by the appropriate NASA newscenter
Briefings
A mission press briefing schedule will be issued before launch. During the mission, status
briefings by a flight director or mission operations representative and when appropriate,
representatives from the payload team, will occur at least once each day. The updated
NASA television schedule will indicate when mission briefings are planned.
Internet Information
Information is available through several sources on the Internet. The primary source for
mission information is the NASA Shuttle Web, part of the World Wide Web. This site
contains information on the crew and its mission and will be updated regularly with status
reports, photos and video clips throughout the flight. The NASA Shuttle Web's address
is:
http://shuttle.nasa.gov
If that address is busy or unavailable, Shuttle Information is available through the Office of
Space Flight Home Page:
http://www.hq.nasa.gov/osf/
47
An online International Space Station first launches press kit, including a complete Shuttle
mission STS-88 press kit, is available at:
http://shuttle.presskit.com
The International Space Station web address is:
http://station.nasa.gov
General information on NASA and its programs is available through the NASA Home
Page and the NASA Public Affairs Home Page:
http://www.nasa.gov
or
http://www.nasa.gov/newsinfo/index.html
Information on other current NASA activities is available through the Today@NASA

page:
http://www.nasa.gov/today.html
The NASA TV schedule is available from the NTV Home Page:
http://www.nasa.gov/ntv
Status reports, TV schedules and other information also are available from the NASA
headquarters FTP (File Transfer Protocol) server, ftp.hq.nasa.gov. Log in as anonymous
and go to the directory /pub/pao. Users should log on with the user name "anonymous"
(no quotes), then enter their E-mail address as the password. Within the /pub/pao
directory there will be a "readme.txt" file explaining the directory structure:
* Pre-launch status reports (KSC): ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/statrpt/ksc

* Mission status reports (KSC): ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/statrpt/jsc
* Daily TV Schedules: ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/statrpt/jsc/tvsked.
NASA Spacelink, a resource for educators, also provides mission information via the
Internet. Spacelink may be accessed at the following address:
http://spacelink.nasa.gov
48
Access by Compuserve
Users with Compuserve accounts can access NASA press releases by typing "GO
NASA" (no quotes) and making a selection from the categories offered.
International Space Station status reports

International Space Station status reports will be provided daily or as events warrant and
will be available online at
http://station.nasa.gov
49
Media Contacts
International Space Station Media Contacts
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Headquarters, Washington D.C:
Dwayne Brown
Phone: (202) 358-1726
Fax: (202) 358-2983
E-mail: dwayne.brown@hq.nasa.gov
Debra Rahn
Phone: (202) 358-1638
Fax: (202) 358-2983
E-mail: debra.rahn@hq.nasa.gov
NASA Human Space Flight Operations, Moscow, Russia
Kyle Herring
Phone: (256) 961-6225 (office)
Phone: (256) 961-6204 (MCC-M)
E-mail: kyle.j.herring1@jsc.nasa.gov
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX:
James Hartsfield
Phone: (281) 483-4934
Fax: (281) 483-2000
E-mail: james.hartsfield1@jsc.nasa.gov
Kennedy Space Center, FL:
George Diller
Phone: (407) 867-2468
Fax: (407) 867-2692
E-mail: george.diller-1@ksc.nasa.gov
50
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville AL:
Tim Tyson
Phone: (256) 544-0994
Fax: (256) 544-5852
E-mail: Tim.Tyson@msfc.nasa.gov
Lewis Space Flight Center, Cleveland OH:
Sally Harrington
Phone: (216) 433-2037
Fax: (216) 433-8143
E-mail: s.harrington@lerc.nasa.gov
International Partners
Russian Space Agency, Moscow, Russia:

Press Office
Phone: 011-7-095-975-4458
Fax: 011-7-095-975-4781
Canadian Space Agency, St. Hubert, Quebec, Canada:

Diane LaFontaine
Phone: 450-926-4423
Fax: 450-926-4423
E-mail: Diane.Lafontaine@space.gc.ca
European Space Agency, Washington D.C.:

Jane Mellors
Phone: (202) 488-4158
Fax: (202) 488-4930
European Space Agency, Paris, France:

Clare Mattok
Phone: 011-33-1-5369-7412
Fax: 011-33-1-5369-7690
National Space Development Agency of Japan, Tokyo, Japan:

Yosuke Nishijo
Phone: 011-81-3-3438-6109
Fax: 011-81-3-5470-4259
E-mail: nishijo.yosuke@nasda.go.jp
51
General NASA Public Affairs/Space Shuttle Media Contacts
Fred Brown
DFRC Landing Operations
Ph. 805-258-2663
Dryden Flight Research Center
Edwards, CA
fred.brown@dfrc.nasa.gov
June Malone
External Tank, Solid Rocket Boosters, Shuttle Main Engines
205-544-7061
Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, AL
June.Malone@msfc.nasa.gov
Bruce Buckingham
Launch Processing, KSC Landing Information
407-867-2468
John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida
bruce.buckingham-1@kmail.ksc.nasa.gov
Eileen Hawley
Shuttle Flight Crew Operations, Mission Operations, Astronauts
281-483-5111
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
Houston, Tx
eileen.hawley1@jsc.nasa.gov
Jennifer McCarter
Space Shuttle, Space Station, NASA Policy
202-358-1639
NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C.,
jennifer.mccarter@hq.nasa.gov
Dwayne Brown
Space Shuttle, Space Station, NASA Policy
202-358-1726
NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C.,
dwayne.brown@hq.nasa.gov
52
International Space Station Video
These video products may be obtained by contacting the Lyndon B. Johnson Space
Center's Media Resource Center, Film and Video Distribution Library, at (281) 483-2977,
8 a.m.-5 p.m. Central time, Monday through Friday. They may be obtained in almost any
format. Please note the reference master (RM) number and the JSC number, if present, as
well as the title and other descriptive information when ordering.
Video Resource Reels Loosely Edited, Comprehensive Materials Created for use by
News Media as B-roll:
ISS General Resource Reel, November 1998
JSC# 1770
This comprehensive reel includes all major, recent station video scenes, including the latest
scenes of the Zarya module's construction at Khrunichev Space Center, Moscow, and
launch preparations at its launch site at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakstan. Also
featured are the Unity, Service Module, Expedition-1 crew training, the Lab, the Hab, the
ISS Airlock, solar arrays, international partner station contributions, and the latest
animation, including detailed animation of the first ISS flights as well as the latest Revision
D Assembly Sequence. Animation of the proposed TransHab inflatable module station
concept and footage of testing of the X-38 prototype crew return vehicle are included.
This is the most comprehensive resource reel available, containing the best available
footage of all aspects of ISS construction, flight preparation and planned operations. It is
intended to include everything a producer could want concerning ISS.
STS-88 Resource Reel, November, 1998

JSC# 1771
Reference Master 616566.
TRT: 36:08
This resource includes everything available on the STS-88 mission so far. Animation of
FGB launch and FGB in space. Animation of Node-1 and shuttle, and animation of
assembly of the two ISS components. Actual footage of the Zarya module under
construction and at the roll out ceremony in Moscow. Also includes recent Unity
construction. Various training sessions for the Shuttle crew are included: underwater
NBL training, virtual reality lab, Shuttle Engineering Simulator dome training, space
station trainers with both station racks and the Unity interior. Footage is also included of
the crew inspecting the actual Unity at the Space Station Processing Facility at KSC.
Finally, a Mission Update news package summing up the training taking place for the crew
is included.
53
Expedition 1 Resource Reel, August 1998

JSC#1756
TRT: 55:25
Bill Shepherd, Yuri Gidzenko and Sergei Krikalev will be the first International Space
Station Crew. This tape details the training for their mission in Russia- with water
survival training in the Black Sea, winter survival training near Star City and Soyuz
training. In addition, training footage shot at JSC is included, featuring NBL training
exercises and tours of the Space Station Training Facility and Mission Contol. Past
footage of Shepherd, Krikalev and Gidzenko working in space are also included, along
with a Soyuz launch and footage of the Soyuz in space.
Expedition 1 crew interviews

JSC# 1747A ... Bill Shepherd
JSC# 1747B ... Yuri Gidzenko
JSC# 1747C ... Sergei Krikalev
Individual interviews with each member of the first crew that will inhabit the International
Space Station: Commander Bill Shepherd, Soyuz Commander Yuri Gidzenko, Flight
Engineer Sergei Krikalev.
ISS Service Module Resource Reel, December 1997

JSC#1716
RM# 615086
TRT: 17:27
This reel includes animation of the Service Module in orbit; animation of the Zarya and
Unity rendezvous and docking with the Service Module; the Service Module under
construction at the Khrunichev Space Center in Moscow, Russia; in Oct. 1997 and in
1996 and 1995. Also includes future space station crew members touring the Service
Module
FGB Resource Reel, October 1997

JSC 1704
RM# 614843
The latest on the Zarya (FGB) shot at the Khrunichev Space Center in Moscow, Russia in
September of 1997. Includes animation of FGB launch and connection to the Node-1.
Video depicts the construction of the vehicle, both exteriors and interiors.
X-38 Resource Reel, June 1998

JSC# 1745
RM# 615831
TRT:26:32
A comprehensive tape containing everything on the X-38 through May 1998.
Construction of the first Atmospheric Test Flight Vehicles, the move from Ellington Field
to Dryden, the first drop test and free flight, construction of the Space Flight Test Vehicle,
54
and X-38 animation. In addition, archive footage of early lifting body design vehicles is
included, illustrating the design the X-38 is based on.
Narrated Video Productions and Other Material Created for Informational Use in
Exhibits, Educational Activities and Speaking Engagements:
"A New Star Dawns"

International Space Station Video Progress Report, April 1998
JSC# 1736
RM# 615776
TRT 8:07
A video detailing the current status of the International Space Station. The first two
station components, the Zarya and Unity modules, are the main focus of this video, as they
prepare for their launch this year. Featured are: Zarya construction and roll out ceremony
footage; ISS Program Manager Randy Brinkley’s thoughts on the Zarya launch; Proton
rocket construction; Unity construction; STS-88 crew training as they prepare for their
mission to join the two modules together in orbit, including underwater EVA training,
virtual reality training and domed shuttle simulator training; and recent footage of the
Service Module and first station crew training in Russia. This video updates progress on
other international station contributions: the Italian-built logisitics module, the Japanese
laboratory, the European laboratory and the Canadian robotic arm. It also provides an
update on U.S.-built station parts, such as the laboratory, airlock and truss. The program
also features the latest International Spce Station animation.
"Go for Assembly: Building the International Space Station"

(September 1997)
JSC 1674
RM# 614249
TRT: 11:01
This video presentation explores the assembly of the International Space Station and what
NASA has done to prepare for this new era of space walks, or EVA. The video looks
back at past EVA Flight Development Tests to trace the evolution of space suits and EVA
tools and hardware. The viewer gets a behind the scenes look at the underwater training
taking place for the space walks in the Neutral Buoyancy Lab. Also, the program takes a
look at robots and the role they will play in station assembly. Animation illustrates the
future Station robot arm, and the AERCAM robot. Finally, the video looks ahead to the
benefits that can be derived from learning how to build a station, as humankind prepares to
leave Earth orbit and explore other planets.
55
ISS Overview Video

(May 1997)
RM# 614178
TRT: 11:07
Fully narrated production that gives the viewer the big picture on what the International
Space Station is about and how the international partners will work together to build.
This is a very generic video, dates and times were intentionally left out in order to allow
for more extensive use of the product considering the dynamic nature of the ISS program.
Translated versions of this video are also available in Portuguese (RM#614170); Japanese
(RM#614178); Italy (RM#614227).
ISS First Flights Presentation Video

TRT 4:34
RM 614794
(No audio – designed for speaker to voice over in real time) The first ISS assembly flights
are illustrated in a flowing animation sequence, complete with lower third titles to label the
mission. The tape begins with animation of the first element launch, the FGB on a Proton
rocket and concludes with the first station crew arriving on a Soyuz.
56

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Launch of the

International Space Station:

GENERAL OVERVIEW........................................................................... Page 2

SECTION I – THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

The International Space Station: An Overview............................................ Page 4

The Zarya Control Module: First Station Component to Launch................. Page 24

SECTION III – UNITY AND SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION STS-88

MEDIA ASSISTANCE INFORMATION.................................................. Page 47

MEDIA CONTACTS................................................................................. Page 50

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION VIDEO........................................ Page 53

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FIRST STATION MODULES LAUNCH NEW ERA OF SPACE

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SECTION I – THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

The International Space Station: Overview

The station will be in an

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communications and tracking; ground operations facilities and launch-site processing

• Canada is providing a 55-foot-long robotic arm to be used for assembly and

Canadian Robotics ESA Columbus Lab Japanese Lab Russian Segment

The Shuttle-Mir Program

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Research on the International Space Station

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• Commercialization: As part of the Commercialization of space research on the

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Overview of Early Assembly Flights

1. Space Tugboat: Zarya control module –

2. Building Block: Unity connecting module (Shuttle

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4. Living Quarters: Service Module – To be

6. Gyroscopes: First Exterior Framework

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7. Solar Power: First U.S. Solar Panels

9. Research Lab: U.S. Laboratory Module

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12. Station Airlock: Early Assembly

Wingspan – 360 feet

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International Space Station Assembly: A Construction Site in Orbit

To assemble the 1-million pound International

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Preparing for Hands-On Construction in Space

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Since 1991, more than a dozen

To prepare for International Space Station

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Taking a Walk: Working Outside the International Space Station

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A New Generation of Space Robotics

Space Station Remote Manipulator System: a new generation of space robotics

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Flight Control of the International Space Station: Unity and Zarya

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Flight Director (Flight)

Assembly and Checkout Officer (ACO)

Attitude Determination and Control Officer (ADCO)

Communication and Tracking Officer (CATO)

Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)

Extravehicular Activity Officer (EVA)