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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

B. GROUP 18 ELEMENTS

1. The elements in Group 18 are

Helium 2
Neon 2.8
Argon 2.8.8
Krypton 2.8.18.8
Xenon 2.8.18.18.8
Radon 2.8.18.32.18.8

2. They are also known as noble gases, which are chemically

unreactive. Noble gases are monoatomic.

3. Helium has two valence electrons. This is called duplet

electron arrangement.

4. Other noble gases have eight valence electrons. This is called

octet electron arrangement.
5. Duplet and octet electron arrangements are very stable
because the outermost occupied shells are full.

6. All nobles gases are inert which means chemically unreactive.

Why noble gases exist as monoatomic

gases and are chemically unreactive?

BECAUSE THE OUTERMOST OCCUPIED

SHELLS ARE FULL

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Physical Properties of Group 18 Elements

1. Group 18 elements have very small atom.

2. They are colourless gases a room temperature and pressure.

3. They have low melting and boiling point.

4. They have low densities.

Elements/ Electron Atomic Melting Boiling Density

symbol arrangement radius points points (g cm-3)
(nm) (°C) (°C)
Helium 2 0.050 -270 -269 0.17
Neon 2.8 0.070 -248 -246 0.84
Radon 2.8.8 0.094 -189 -186 1.66
Krypton 2.8.18.8 0.109 -156 -152 3.45
Xenon 2.8.18.18.8 0.130 -112 -107 5.45
Radon 2.8.18.32.18.8 - -71 -62 -
Table 1: Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements
4. From Table 1, when going down the group, atomic size and
density increase.
5. When going down the group, melting points and boiling points
decrease
Uses of Group 18 elements

Helium
 Used to fill airships and weather balloons, because the
gas is very light.
 The diver’s oxygen tank contains a mixture of helium
(80%) and oxygen (20%).

Neon
 Advertising lights.
 Television tubes.

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 Airport landing bulb to help aero plane landing safely.

Argon
 To fill light bulbs, it can last longer
 To provide inert atmosphere for welding at high
temperature.

Krypton
 Used in lasers to repair the retina of the eye.
 To fill photographic flash lamps.

Radon
 Used in treatment of cancer.

Xenon
 Used in bubble chambers in atomic energy reactors.

Hw: QR B pg. 65 no. 1,2

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

C. GROUP 1 ELEMENTS

7. The elements in Group 1 are

Lithium 2.1
Sodium 2.8.1
Potassium 2.8.8.1
Rubidium 2.8.18.8.1
Caesium 2.8.18.18.8.1
Francium 2.8.18.32.18.8.1

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8. They are also known as alkali metals which react with water to
form alkaline solutions.

9. All Group 1 elements have one valence electron in their

outermost occupied shells.

Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

1. Group 1 elements are soft metals with low densities and
low melting points as compared to other metals such as iron
and copper.

2. They have silvery and shiny surfaces.

3. They are good conductor of heat and electricity.

Elements/ Electron Atomic Melting Boiling Density

symbol arrangement radius points points (g cm-3)
(nm) (°C) (°C)
Lithium, Li 2.1 0.15 180 1336 0.57
Sodium, Na 2.8.1 0.19 98 883 0.97
Potassium, K 2.8.8.1 0.23 64 756 0.86
Rubidium, Rb 2.8.18.8.1 0.25 39 701 1.53

Table 1: Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

6. From Table 1, when going down the group, atomic size and
density increase.

7. When going down the group, melting points and boiling points
decrease

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements

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Lithium, sodium and potassium have similar chemical

properties
but differ in reactivity.

Let us carry out this Experiment!

Practical Book Experiment 4.1, page 35
Activity 4.3, page 38

1. Alkali metals react vigorously with water to produce alkaline

metal hydroxide solutions and hydrogen gas.

Chemical equation;

2Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH + H2

Lithium Water Lithium Hydrogen
hydroxide gas

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2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

Sodium Water Sodium Hydrogen
hydroxide gas

2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2
Potassium Water Potassium Hydrogen
hydroxide gas

2. Alkali metals react rapidly with oxygen gas, to produce white

solid metal oxides.

Chemical equations;

4Li + O2 → 2Li2O
Lithium Oxygen Lithium
gas oxide

4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
Sodium Oxygen Sodium
gas oxide

4K + O2 → 2K2O
Potassium Oxygen Potassium
gas oxide

3. Alkali metals burn in chlorine gas to form white solid metal

chlorides.

Chemical reaction;

2Li + Cl2 → 2LiCl

Lithium Chlorine Lithium

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gas chloride

2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

Sodium Chlorine Sodium
gas chloride

2K + Cl2 → 2KCl
Potassium Chlorine Lithium
gas chloride

4. Alkali metals burn in bromine gas to form metal bromides.

For example,

2Li + Br2 → 2LiBr

Lithium Bromine Lithium
gas bromide

2Na + Br2 → 2NaBr

Sodium Bromine Sodium
gas bromide

2K + Br2 → 2LiBr
Potassium Bromine Potassium
gas bromide

5. Therefore, alkali metals have similar chemical properties.

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Why alkali metals have similar

chemical properties?

Alkali metals have one valence electron in their outermost

occupied shells.

Each of them reacts by donating one electron from its

outermost occupied shell to form an ion with a charge of +1,
thus achieving the stable electron arrangement of the atom of
noble gas.

Li  Li+ + 1e-
2.1 2
+ -
Na  Na + 1e
2.8.1 2.8

K  K+ + 1e-
2.8.8.1 2.8.8

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6. The reactivity of Group 1 elements increases down the group.

Why The reactivity of Group 1

elements increases down the group?

Going down Group 1, the atomic size (atomic radius)

increases.

The single valence electron in the outermost occupied shell

becomes further away from the nucleus

Hence, the attraction between the nucleus and the valence

electron becomes weaker

Therefore, it is easier for the atom to donate the single valence

electron to achieve the stable electron arrangement.

Safety precautions in handling Group 1 elements

Alkali metals are very reactive. Safety precautions must be taken when
handling alkali metals.

The elements must be stored in paraffin oil in bottles

Do not hold alkali metals with your bare hands
Use forceps to handle them
Wear safety goggles
Wear safety gloves
Use a small piece of alkali metal when conducting experiments
Hw: QR C pg. 69 no. 1,2,3

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

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D. GROUP 17 ELEMENTS

1. The group 17 elements are:

Flourine 2.7

Chlorine 2.8.7

Bromine 2.8.18.7

Iodine 2.8.18.18.7

Astatine 2.8.18.32.18.7

2. Group 17 elements are known as halogens

3. Halogens exist as diatomic molecules.

4. Halogens have seven valence electrons.

Physical Properties of Group 17 Elements

1. All Group 17 elements are non-metals.

Physical
Boiling
Proton state at Melting
Element Symbol Colour point
Number room point
temperature

Flourine F 9 Gas Pale yellow

Greenish-
Chlorine Cl 17 Gas
yellow Increase Increase
Reddish-
Bromine Br 35 Liquid
brown

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Purplish-
Iodine I 53 Solid
black

2. Halogen have low melting and boiling points because

their molecules are attracted to each other by weak
forces. Less energy is needed to overcome the forces .

3. When going down the group, the melting and boiling

points increases. This is because the molecular size
increases.

Diagram:

Cl2
Cl2
van der
Waals
forces

Cl2 Cl2

What is physical
state of astatine?

Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements

1. Group 17 elements react with water, metal and alkali.

a) Halogen react with water Practical book Carry out an

experiment 4.2 page 39
to form 2 acids
HW: Draw diagram and answer
In general: the question

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X 2 + H 2O HX + HOX ; X is halogen

HX and HOX solutions are acidic. HOX solution exhibits bleaching

properties.

Example:

Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl

Chlorine Water Hydrochloric Hypochlorus
acid acid

Br2 + H2O HBr + HOBr

Bromine Water Hydrobromic Hypobromus
acid acid

I2 + H2O HI + HOI
Iodine Water Hydrobromic Hypoiodus
acid acid

b) Halogens in gaseous state react with hot iron

 To form a brown solid , iron(III) halides.

In general:

2Fe + 3X2  2FeX3 ; X is halogen

Example :

2Fe + 3Br2  2FeBr3

Iron Bromine Iron(III) bromide

2Fe + 3Cl2  2FeCl3

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Iron Chlorine Iron(III) chloride

2Fe + 3I2  2FeI3

Iron Iodine Iron(III) iodide

c) Halogens react with sodium hydroxide solution , NaOH.

 To form sodium halide, sodium halate and water

 The halogens are decolourised during these reaction.

In general:
X2 + NaOH  NaX + NaOX + H 2O

[X is halogen]

Example:

2 NaOH + I2 NaI + NaOI + H2O

Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements

Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine have similar

chemical properties but differ in reactivity.

Fluorine is the most electronegative element

Elelctronegativity of an element refers to the measurement of the

strength of an atom in its molecule to attract electrons towards its
nucleus.
WHY they have similar chemical properties???

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Halogens have 7 valence electrons.

When halogens take part in chemical reactions, their atom

always gain one electron to achieve a stable octet electron
arrangement.

The Reactivity of Halogens decrease down the group.

Do You Know WHY???
The explanation ……

a) The atomic size increases down the group.

b) The distance of the outermost shell becomes

further from the nucleus.

c) The force of attraction of the nucleus on the electrons

of the outermost shell decrease.

d) The tendency of an atom to receive one electron to

achieve an octet electron arrangement decrease
Safety Precautions in handling Group 17 elements

1. The vapour of Flourine, Chlorine and Bromine are

poisonous.

2. The following precaution should be taken when handling

halogen:

a) Halogen gas and liquid should be handled inside a

fume chamber

b) Wear safety goggles when handling halogen fumes.

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c) Wear safety gloves when handling halogen materials.

Do It Yourself

Element X Y Z
Proton number 9 17 35

1. Elements X, Y and Z are same group in the periodic

table.

a. What is the valence electron of the elements X,Y and

Z?

seven(7)

b. Which group in the periodic table can you find the

elements X,Y and Z?

group 17

c. Element Y can react with water. What are the

properties of the solution produced?

Acidic and bleaching properties

d. Write an equation for the reaction between element Z

and hot iron.

2Fe + 3Z2  2FeZ3

3. List all halogen elements from the top to the bottom of

group 17.

Flourine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine

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4. Which are the most reactive and least reactive

halogen?

Most reactive: Flourine least reactive : Astatine

4. Write the chemical equations for the following reaction:

a) Chlorine with water

Cl2 + H2O  HCl + HOCl

b) bromine with iron

2 Fe + 3Br2  2FeBr3

c) iodine with sodium hydroxide

2 NaOH + I2  NaI + NaOI + H 2O

5. Explain the changes to the reactivity of halogens when

going down group 17.

The atomic size of halogen increases down the group.

The distance of the outermost shell becomes further

from the nucleus.

Therefore, the force of attraction of the nucleus on the

electrons of the outermost shell
decrease.

The tendency of an atom to receive one electron to

achieve an octet electron arrangement decrease. This
causes the reactivity to decrease down the group.

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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

E. Elements in a PERIOD 3

Elements in period 3

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8

Physical properties
symbol Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Proton number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Atomic radius (pm) 186 160 143 118 110 104 100 94
electronegativity 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 -
Melting point (oC) 98 650 660 1411 44 115 -101 -189
Boiling point (oC) 892 1105 2517 3231 280 444 -34 -186

Metal properties
- element in period 3 can be classified into three type
metal : Na, Mg, Al
semi-metal : Si
non-metal : P, S, Cl, Ar

The oxide of the elements changes from basic to amphoteric and

then acidic across the period.

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- the metal oxides are usually basic

Na2O (p) + H2O (ce) → 2NaOH (ak)

- non-metallic oxides are acidic oxide

SO2 (p) + H2O (ce) → H2SO3 (ak)

- Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 is an amphoteric

Amphoteric oxides is oxide that had acidic and basic properties

i. Aluminium oxide is a bases/alkaly when reacted with acid.

Al2O3 (p) + 6HCl (ak) → 2AlCl (ak) + 3H2O (ce)

ii. Aluminium oxide is an acid when react with alkali.

Al2O3 (p) + 2NaOH (ak) + 3H2O (ce) → 2NaAl(OH)4 (ak)

Proton number
Proton number is increasing at one unit when across the period

Size of atom
The atomic radius is decreasing when across the period

why?
- All the element in period 3 have three filled electron shell but
the proton is increasing by one unit across the period
- As a result, the increase of proton number is increasing the
electrostatic force between the nucleus and the valence
electron

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- The valence electron are pulled closer to the nucleus,

causing the atomic radius to decrease

Electronegativity
The electronegativity increases across the period
why?
- Electronegativity is a measurement of the tendency of an
element to attract the electrons
- The force of attraction of the nucleus is increase when
across the period because the size of atomic radius is
decreasing and the proton number is increasing.

Uses of semi-metals
- Silicon is a semi-metal, known as metalloid.
- Silicon is use in microelectronic industry like transistor,diode
and another electronic component.
- Silicon can be built onto a crystal of silicon to make a
microchip.

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

E. Transitions Elements

Transitions elements are elements from group 3 to Group 12.

Character:
- solid with shiny surfaces
- ductile
- malleable
- high tensile strength
- high melting and boiling points
- high densities

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- good conductors of heat and electricity

(typical character of metals)

How to differentiate transition metal from other metal?

Three special characteristic for transition elements

1. Transition elements show different oxidation number in
their compounds.
2. Transition elements form coloured ions or compounds.
3. Transition elements and their compounds are useful
catalyst.
1. Transition elements show different oxidation number in their
compounds.

They exhibit a wide range of oxidation states or positively charged

forms. The positive oxidation states allow transition elements to
form many different ionic and partially ionic compounds.

All the transition elements except scandium and zinc have

more than one oxidation number.

For example iron. Iron have 2 oxidation number as in

iron(II), Fe2+ and iron(III), Fe3+

Example:
Compound Formula Oxidation number
Iron(II) sulphate FeSO4 +2
Iron(III) chloride FeCl3 +3
Copper(I) oxide Cu2O +1
Copper(II) sulphate CuSO4 +2
Manganese(II) sulphate MnSO4 +2
Manganese(IV) oxide MnO2 +4

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2. Transition elements form coloured ions or compounds

Do you know why the gemstones

have different colour?

Gemstones

Ruby Emerald Sapphire Amethyst

Transition metals solutions

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potassium dichromate copper(II) sulfate

(orange) (blue)

nickel(II) chloride
cobalt(II) nitrate
(light blue)
(red)

potassium chromate potassium permanganate

(yellow) (purple)

http://chemistry.about.com

3. Transition elements and their compounds are useful catalyst

Catalyst: Chemical substance use to speed up the chemical

reactions

A specific catalyst is used for a specific reaction.

Example
Process Catalyst To produce
Haber Process Iron filling, Fe Ammonia
Contact Process Vanadium(v) oxide, Sulphuric acid
V2O5
Ostwald Process Platinum, Pt Nitric acid
Hydrogenation Nikel, Ni Margarine

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Transitions elements are widely used in our daily lives.

Chapter 4 : Periodic Table of Elements

Exercise :

1. Below is a list of elements represented by the symbols as shown:

1
1 P , 126Q , 19
9 R, 27
13 S, 35
T,
17
39
U
19

(a) Pick a pair of elements that belongs to the same Group in the Periodic Table.
Explain your answer.

[2 marks]

(b) State the

(i) Group in which element Q belongs to.

[1 mark]
(ii) Period in which element Q belongs to.

[1 mark]

(c) State elements which are

(i) metals :

(ii) non-metals :

[2 marks]

(d) Which element will form amphoteric oxide?

[1 mark]

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(e) (i) Which element reacts with cold water?

[1 mark]
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

[1 mark]

(f) Write the formula of the ion formed by element S.

[1 mark]

(g) (i) Explain the meaning of the term electronegativity.

[1 mark]
(ii) Which of the two elements R and T is more electronegative?

[1 mark]
(iii) Explain your answer in (g)(ii).

[2 marks]

(h) (i) Which of the two elements S and T has smaller atomic size?

[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer in (h)(i).

[3 marks]

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