COMPACTION

KAEA4337
Low T.H.
Introduction
 Compaction is required to increase the dry
density – increase the shear strength of the
ground
 Soil must be properly compacted in order to
withstand the structural/embankment load
The objectives
 To control the moisture change after
construction
 To increase the shear strength of the ground
 To increase the unit weight /dry density of soil
 To reduce the permeability of soil
 To reduce settlement especially soil is subjected
to dynamic loading i.e., traffic load.
The principles of compaction
 When water is added into soil with relatively dry
condition, the water element will act as the
lubricant in between the soil particles. The
existence of water facilitate soil particles to be
arranged/packed easily.
 But when the water content become to much,
this will increase the void ratio of the soil and
therefore, dry density reduces.
Laboratory test
 The standard test – Standard Proctor test (2.5kg
rammer)
 Modified AASHO method (4.5 kg rammer)
Field Compaction
 The standard procedures for determining the field unit
weight of compaction include:
 Sand Cone or Sand replacement Method
 A hole is excavated in the area where the soil has been
compacted and the dry weight of the soil can be
obtained by determining the weight of the moist soil
and the moisture content. The volume for the hole
excavated is calculated by reintroducing the sand into
the hole and then the dry unit weight of compaction is
calculated by dividing the dry weight of the soil by the
volume of the hole.

 Core cutter method
 After the cutter has been first presses into the
soil and then dug out, the soil is trimmed to the
size of the cutter and both cutter and soil are
weighed; knowing the weight and dimensions of
the cutter, the bulk density of the soil can be
obtained.
 Nuclear Method
 Nuclear density meters measure the weight of
the wet soil per volume and also the weight of
the water present in a unit volume of soil. The
dry unit weight of compaction is then
determined by subtracting the weight of the
water from the moist unit weight of soil.
Vibro Floatation
KAEA4337
Low T.H.
 Introduction
 In 1930, Granular soil densification was adopted in
Germany using vibro pile.
 Today, Vibro floatation is used to densified cohesive
soil by compacting granular materials in a hole formed
by vibro.
 Hole is formed with the combination of vibro load,
vibration and air/water injection.
 Sometimes is called vibro replacement or stone column.
 Vibro is also used for deep compaction for granular soil
(fines <15%)
 Introduction
 Effect of vibro densification can increase the
shear strength of the existing ground and reduce
the total and differential settlement.
 In sand compaction, loose sand will be
compacted – to reduce the risk of liquefaction
under dynamic loading.
 Same as lime column. Stone column sometimes
was used as vertical drain system as the
permeability of the column is high.
Vibro compaction
Vibro Replacement
 Vibro compaction
 Active pressure reduces and passive resistance
increase when relative density increases.
 In general, vibro compaction will be carried out
in triangular grid.
 Relative density, 85%< Dr>55%
 Stone column
 Replacing soft materials
with compacted stone.
 Diamater 900mm to
1200mm
 Depth of treatment is
subjected to loading, soil
stratum, need for
settlement /stability.
 shear strength consider
after treatment is not
limited to stone column
but subjected to overall
strength increase.
Vibro Floatation
KAEA4337
Low T.H.
 Introduction
 In 1930, Granular soil densification was adopted in
Germany using vibro pile.
 Today, Vibro floatation is used to densified cohesive
soil by compacting granular materials in a hole formed
by vibro.
 Hole is formed with the combination of vibro load,
vibration and air/water injection.
 Sometimes is called vibro replacement or stone column.
 Vibro is also used for deep compaction for granular soil
(fines <15%)
 Introduction
 Effect of vibro densification can increase the
shear strength of the existing ground and reduce
the total and differential settlement.
 In sand compaction, loose sand will be
compacted – to reduce the risk of liquefaction
under dynamic loading.
 Same as lime column. Stone column sometimes
was used as vertical drain system as the
permeability of the column is high.
Vibro compaction
Vibro Replacement
 Vibro compaction
 Active pressure reduces and passive resistance
increase when relative density increases.
 In general, vibro compaction will be carried out
in triangular grid.
 Relative density, 85%< Dr>55%
 Stone column
 Replacing soft materials
with compacted stone.
 Diamater 900mm to
1200mm
 Depth of treatment is
subjected to loading, soil
stratum, need for
settlement /stability.
 shear strength consider
after treatment is not
limited to stone column
but subjected to overall
strength increase.
Vibro Floatation
KAEA4337
Low T.H.
 Introduction
 In 1930, Granular soil densification was adopted in
Germany using vibro pile.
 Today, Vibro floatation is used to densified cohesive
soil by compacting granular materials in a hole formed
by vibro.
 Hole is formed with the combination of vibro load,
vibration and air/water injection.
 Sometimes is called vibro replacement or stone column.
 Vibro is also used for deep compaction for granular soil
(fines <15%)
 Introduction
 Effect of vibro densification can increase the
shear strength of the existing ground and reduce
the total and differential settlement.
 In sand compaction, loose sand will be
compacted – to reduce the risk of liquefaction
under dynamic loading.
 Same as lime column. Stone column sometimes
was used as vertical drain system as the
permeability of the column is high.
Vibro compaction
Vibro Replacement
 Vibro compaction
 Active pressure reduces and passive resistance
increase when relative density increases.
 In general, vibro compaction will be carried out
in triangular grid.
 Relative density, 85%< Dr>55%
 Stone column
 Replacing soft materials
with compacted stone.
 Diamater 900mm to
1200mm
 Depth of treatment is
subjected to loading, soil
stratum, need for
settlement /stability.
 shear strength consider
after treatment is not
limited to stone column
but subjected to overall
strength increase.
Vibro Floatation
KAEA4337
Low T.H.
 Introduction
 In 1930, Granular soil densification was adopted in
Germany using vibro pile.
 Today, Vibro floatation is used to densified cohesive
soil by compacting granular materials in a hole formed
by vibro.
 Hole is formed with the combination of vibro load,
vibration and air/water injection.
 Sometimes is called vibro replacement or stone column.
 Vibro is also used for deep compaction for granular soil
(fines <15%)
 Introduction
 Effect of vibro densification can increase the
shear strength of the existing ground and reduce
the total and differential settlement.
 In sand compaction, loose sand will be
compacted – to reduce the risk of liquefaction
under dynamic loading.
 Same as lime column. Stone column sometimes
was used as vertical drain system as the
permeability of the column is high.
Vibro compaction
Vibro Replacement
 Vibro compaction
 Active pressure reduces and passive resistance
increase when relative density increases.
 In general, vibro compaction will be carried out
in triangular grid.
 Relative density, 85%< Dr>55%
 Stone column
 Replacing soft materials
with compacted stone.
 Diamater 900mm to
1200mm
 Depth of treatment is
subjected to loading, soil
stratum, need for
settlement /stability.
 shear strength consider
after treatment is not
limited to stone column
but subjected to overall
strength increase.
Vibro Floatation
KAEA4337
Low T.H.
 Introduction
 In 1930, Granular soil densification was adopted in
Germany using vibro pile.
 Today, Vibro floatation is used to densified cohesive
soil by compacting granular materials in a hole formed
by vibro.
 Hole is formed with the combination of vibro load,
vibration and air/water injection.
 Sometimes is called vibro replacement or stone column.
 Vibro is also used for deep compaction for granular soil
(fines <15%)
 Introduction
 Effect of vibro densification can increase the
shear strength of the existing ground and reduce
the total and differential settlement.
 In sand compaction, loose sand will be
compacted – to reduce the risk of liquefaction
under dynamic loading.
 Same as lime column. Stone column sometimes
was used as vertical drain system as the
permeability of the column is high.
Vibro compaction
Vibro Replacement
 Vibro compaction
 Active pressure reduces and passive resistance
increase when relative density increases.
 In general, vibro compaction will be carried out
in triangular grid.
 Relative density, 85%< Dr>55%
 Stone column
 Replacing soft materials
with compacted stone.
 Diamater 900mm to
1200mm
 Depth of treatment is
subjected to loading, soil
stratum, need for
settlement /stability.
 shear strength consider
after treatment is not
limited to stone column
but subjected to overall
strength increase.
 Rubber Balloon Method
 It follows the similar procedure as above except
that the hole volume is determined by
introducing into it a rubber balloon filled with
water from a calibrated vessel. The dry unit
weight of compaction is calculated the same
way.